This book provides readers with a collection of latest reviews written by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) research leaders who cover topics related to CHIKV replication, advances in CHIKV research reagents and model system development, as well as the pathogenesis of chronic CHIKV disease. Moreover, the volume updates on recent progress in the development of therapeutics and vaccines for treatment and prevention of CHIKV-induced disease. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that has re-emerged to become a significant global disease threat. Although CHIKV has historically been associated with localized outbreaks of debilitating polyarthralgia in Africa and Asia, factors such as increased global travel and viral adaptation to new mosquito vectors have led to the introduction and spread of CHIKV in new regions of the world, including the Americas. The re-emergence of CHIKV has stimulated significant interest both in understanding the biology of CHIKV and in the development of medical countermeasures against the virus.

Testing the immunogenicity, protective efficacy and safety in animal models is a crucial step in vaccine development. Pigs raised in germ-free environments, called gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs, are one of the most useful animal models for testing vaccines. The Gn pig model is a widely accepted model for studying pathogenesis and immunity and an ideal model for pre-clinical testing for the safety and efficacy of enteric viral vaccines. Through these studies and others, the Gn pig model has been established as the most reliable animal model for pre-clinical evaluation of human rotavirus and norovirus vaccines. This book provides detailed information on establishing Gn pig models, determining a proper virus inoculum pool and challenge dose, measuring protection and calculating efficacy, and delineating intestinal and systemic immune responses associated with the protection. Key Features Provides a natural history of human rotavirus and norovirus infection in Gn pigs Establishes the optimal virus challenge doses in Gn pigs for vaccine evaluation Evaluates various candidate rotavirus and norovirus vaccines Discusses human gut microbiota transplanted Gn pig models Documents the role of probiotics and rice bran as prophylactics and vaccine adjuvants

Osteoimmunology: Interactions of the Immune and Skeletal Systems, Second Edition, explores the advancements that have been made in the field during the last 40 years, including valuable information on our understanding of the interactions between hematopoietic, immune, and bone cells, now known as the field of osteoimmunology. This comprehensive work offers the most extensive summaries of research trends in the field and their translation into new therapeutics. Early chapters deal with the development of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, hematopoietic stem cells, T and B-lymphocytes, and communications between these cellular elements, while later sections contain discussions of the signaling pathways by which RANKL influences osteoclast development and function. Subsequent chapters explore the effects that estrogen has on bone and the immune system, the development of pathologic conditions, and the growing research around osteoporosis, Paget's disease, the genetics of bone disease, and bone cancer metastasis.

The volume sheds new light on role of gut dysbiosis in cancer and immunological diseases and their clinical manifestations. Contributions in the volume discuss about the gut microbiota as a therapeutic target and the role of probiotics in its management. The volume explores application of probiotics in the treatment of various cancers viz. colorectal, gastric, lung, and breast cancer and immunological diseases. The volume comprises of chapters from expert contributors organized into various important themes which include, introduction, relationship between gut microbiota and disease condition, mechanisms involved, clinical and in vivo status, conclusion and future directions. This is a highly informative and carefully presented book, providing recent and innovative insight for scholars and researchers with an interest in probiotics and its applications in cancer and immunological diseases.

This volume of the Handbook of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases series represents a medical collaboration focusing primarily on female aspects of rheumatic diseases. This collaboration recognizes the need to understand and optimally manage the care of women with autoimmune conditions that may affect their reproduction and hormonal status. This handbook will prove useful to clinicians and researchers alike. It covers practical points, ranging from which anti-rheumatic medications are safe in pregnancy to how to counsel women with scleroderma contemplating pregnancy.
* Authors share an academic interest in the unique relationship between being a woman and having an autoimmune disease
* Touches on controversial topics, such as the mechanism of antiphospholipid-related fetal loss and whether or not non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents should be used in pregnancy
* Includes critical and balanced reviews of the controversial association between autoimmune disease and female infertility

Testing the immunogenicity, protective efficacy and safety in animal models is a crucial step in vaccine development. Pigs raised in germ-free environments, called gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs, are one of the most useful animal models for testing vaccines. The Gn pig model is a widely accepted model for studying pathogenesis and immunity and an ideal model for pre-clinical testing for the safety and efficacy of enteric viral vaccines. Through these studies and others, the Gn pig model has been established as the most reliable animal model for pre-clinical evaluation of human rotavirus and norovirus vaccines. This book provides detailed information on establishing Gn pig models, determining a proper virus inoculum pool and challenge dose, measuring protection and calculating efficacy, and delineating intestinal and systemic immune responses associated with the protection. Key Features Provides a natural history of human rotavirus and norovirus infection in Gn pigs Establishes the optimal virus challenge doses in Gn pigs for vaccine evaluation Evaluates various candidate rotavirus and norovirus vaccines Discusses human gut microbiota transplanted Gn pig models Documents the role of probiotics and rice bran as prophylactics and vaccine adjuvants

This unique textbook provides information on the dramatic advances taking place in the field of inflammatory (autoimmune) diseases and their therapies. Experts in many different medical fields - allergology, dermatology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, rheumatology etc. - will describe the advances in our understanding of the most important inflammatory diseases linking basic science discoveries to the advances in therapeutics that have taken place over the past years and foreshadow even more dramatic changes which will occur in the years to come. This is a truly multi-specialty bench-to-bedside textbook that will enable readers to gain a wide-ranging but also solidly built understanding of the therapeutic areas of inflammatory diseases.

Given rapid research progress and advance of the techniques in studying HIV interactions with host cells and factors, there is a critical need for a book on HIV interactions with DCs. The proposed book will aim for a broad readership to facilitate HIV/AIDS research and provide a practical tool for HIV researchers to continuously address novel questions. Specifically, the editors will summarize the literature in this field and provide critical analysis and future directions. International researchers will be invited as contributors of the book, highlighting authors who have contributed significantly to the field from different angles and aspects of virology, cell biology and immunology, etc.

This book overviews cancer immunity from broad scientific fields, based on the concept that cancer is a sort of by-product of infection, inflammation, and host immune response. The innate and acquired arms of the immune system mainly participate in tumor immune surveillance, and their activation is critically modulated by the situation of the tumor microenvironment. Many types of immune cells join the formation of the microenvironment. In particular, macrophages and dendritic cells enter the tumor mass to be main players in the inflammatory milieu of tumors. After introducing these topics, the book discusses immunotherapy for cancer patients as an outgrowth of this concept of infection and inflammation. With the contributions of leading scientists actively involved in the field of antitumor immunity study, this book encourages readers to understand the mechanism of general cancers based on inflammation and will facilitate prevention and the development of therapeutics for cancer.

Chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and others typically stimulate a systemic response of the entire body. This response has a uniform character in many diseases because common pathways are switched on. The uniform response regulates systemic energy and water provision. However, long-term application of this program leads to typical disease sequelae such as fatigue / depressive symptoms, sleep disturbances, anorexia, malnutrition, muscle wasting - cachexia, cachectic obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, alterations of steroid hormone axes, disturbances of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, elevated sympathetic tone, hypertension, volume expansion, decreased parasympathetic tone, inflammation-related anemia, bone loss, hypercoagulability, circadian rhythms of symptoms, and disease exacerbation by stress . The Origin of Chronic Inflammatory Systemic Diseases and Their Sequelae demonstrates concepts of neuroendocrine immunology, energy and water regulation, and evolutionary medicine in order to show that the uniform response that regulates systemic energy and water provision, has been positively selected for acute physiological responses and short-lived disease states, but is a misguided program in chronic inflammatory diseases and aging.

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Glycobiology: The Basics: Novel Pathways in Complex-Type Oligosaccharide Synthesis: New Vistas Opened by Studies in Invertebrates; D.H. Van den Eijnden, et al. Defective Glycosyltransferases Are Not Good for Your Health; H. Schachter, et al. Probing CarbohydrateProtein Interactions by HighResolution NMR Spectroscopy; S.W. Homans, et al. Oligosaccharides and Protein Recognition: The Structure of a Human Rheumatoid Factor Bound to IgG Fc; B.J. Sutton, et al. Carbohydrate Recognition Systems in Innate Immunity; T. Feizi. Biosynthesis of Sulfated LSelectin Ligands in Human High Endothelial Venules (HEV); J.P. Girard, F. Amalric. Endothelial Sialyl Lewis x as a Crucial Glycan Decoration on LSelectin Ligands; R. Renkonen. Role of LectinGlycoconjugate Recognitions in CellCell Interactions Leading to Tissue Invasion; C. Kieda. Oligosaccharides and Biological Function: Protein OGlcNAcylation: Potential Mechanisms for the Regulation of Protein Function; B.K. Hayes, G.W. Hart. A Longitudinal Study of Glycosylation of a Human IgG3 Paraprotein in a Patient with Multiple Myeloma; M. Farooq, et al. The Role of The Lectin Calnexin in Conformation Independent Binding to NLinked Glycoproteins and Quality Control; J.J.M. Bergeron, et al. Glycosylation and Inflammation: Immunodetection of Glycosyltransferases: Prospects and Pitfalls; E.G. Berger, et al. Cytokine and Protease Glycosylation as a Regulatory Mechanism in Inflammation and Autoimmunity; P. Van den Steen, et al. Occurrence and Possible Function of InflammationInduced Expression of Sialyl Lewis-X on Acute-Phase Proteins; W. Van Dijk, et al. Glycosylation and Disease: The Glycosylation of the Complement Regulatory Protein, Human Erythrocyte CD59; P.M. Rudd, et al. Glycosylation and Rheumatic Disease; J.S. Axford. IgA Glycosylation in IgA Nephropathy; A. Allen, J. Feehally. Oligosaccharide Profiling of Acute-Phase Proteins: A Possible Strategy towards Better Markers in Disease; G.A. Turner, M.T. Goodarzi. The Role of NLinked Glycosylation in the Secretion of Hepatitis B Virus; A. Mehta, et al. Role of Glycan Processing in Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Protein Trafficking; T.M. Block, et al. Glycotherapeutics: Combinatorial Carbohydrate Chemistry; Z.G. Wang, O. Hindsgaul. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides: Candidate Vaccines to Prevent Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae Infections; E.R. Moxon, et al. Development of Double Copy Dicistronic Retroviral Vectors for Transfer and Expression of Glycosyltransferase Genes; D. Izycki, et al. Oligosaccharide Epitope Diversity and Therapeutic Potential; E.F. Hounsell, D.V. Renouf. The Group B Streptococcal Capsular Carbohydrate: Immune Response and Molecular Mimicry; R.G. Feldman, et al. Index.

"Molecular Biology of B Cells, Second Edition" is a comprehensive reference to how B cells are generated, selected, activated and engaged in antibody production.All of these developmental and stimulatory processes are described in molecular, immunological, and genetic terms to give a clear understanding of complex phenotypes.

"Molecular Biology of B Cells, Second Edition" offers an integrated view of all aspects of B cells to produce a normal immune response as a constant, and the molecular basis of numerous diseases due to B cell abnormality. The new edition continues its success with updated research on microRNAs in B cell development and immunity, new developments in understanding lymphoma biology, and therapeutic targeting of B cells for clinical application. With updated research and continued comprehensive coverage of all aspects of B cell biology, "Molecular Biology of B Cells, Second Edition" is the definitive resource, vital for researchers across molecular biology, immunology and genetics.
Covers signaling mechanisms regulating B cell differentiationProvides information on the development of therapeutics using monoclonal antibodies and clinical application of AbContains studies on B cell tumors from various stages of B lymphocytesOffers an integrated view of all aspects of B cells to produce a normal immune response"

Immunoendocrinology is a rapidly developing field of research that seeks to understand the intersection of the immune and endocrine systems. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects explores in detail the current knowledge of immunoendocrinology, namely endocrine disorders produced by disorders of immune function. Chapters cover both basic pathophysiology informed by studies of animal models as well as current understanding of multiple related clinical diseases-their pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects captures the central role of immunoendocrinologic processes in the pathogenesis of not only type 1 diabetes but in a range of other autoimmune and endocrine disorders.

Biomaterials associated infection (BAI) is one of the most common complications associated with implantation of any biomaterial regardless of form or function. These infections usually involve bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on the biomaterial itself, rendering the infection impervious to antimicrobials and host defenses. In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that infection of the surrounding tissues also plays an important role in BAI, and that the infection may be influenced by the composition and design of the implanted biomaterial. In this book, worldwide leaders in the field address this critical problem in the translation of biomaterials research into clinical practice. The book begins with an emphasis on the latest research in the pathogenesis of BAI from microbiological, immunological, and materials science perspectives. The current state of the art in antimicrobial activation of biomaterials through surface modification and the incorporation of antimicrobial agents is then discussed. In the concluding chapters, successful translation of a selection of antimicrobial technologies from preclinical research into clinical use is described alongside a discussion of the utility of these devices and perspectives for future development. This book is essential reading for researchers and clinicians who are interested in understanding the fundamentals of BAI, the latest in antimicrobial materials research, and the state of the art in clinically available antimicrobial containing medical devices.

This issue of Immunology and Allergy Clinics, edited by Dr. Cem Akin, is devoted to Mastocytosis.? Articles in this issue include Human Mast Cell Signal Transduction; Mast cell tryptase role in homeostasis and coagulation; Mastocytosis: Current Classification and Diagnostic criteria; Epidemiology, risk factors and prognosis of mastocytosis; Mast cell sarcoma: Clinical management; Molecular defects in mastocytosis: c-kit mutations and beyond; Flow cytometry in mastocytosis: Utility as a diagnostic and prognostic tool; Morphology of mastocytosis with special reference to immunophenotypical aberrancies; CD30 expression in mastocytosis; Extramedullary mastocytosis: Pathologic aspects; Bone involvement and osteoporosis in mastocytosis; Drug allergy in mastocytosis; Eosinophilia in mastocytosis; Venom allergy and mastocytosis; Skin disease in mastocytosis; Treatment of advanced mastocytosis; Treatment strategies of mediator related symptoms in mastocytosis; and Neuro and psychological involvement in Mastocytosis.

Autoimmune diseases are conditions where the immune system attacks the body organs instead of foreign invaders. This book deals with the various mechanisms by which infectious agents can trigger autoimmunity such as molecular mimicry and polyclonal activation. An overview is given with regard to bacteria, viruses, and parasites associated with autoimmunity, and a summary is given on classical autoimmune diseases and the infecting agents that can induce them.

Many pathogens and aberrant malignant cells express unique carbohydrates on their surface representing attractive targets for vaccine design. Considerable progress has recently been made in the identification of novel carbohydrate based vaccines and a large number has reached clinical phase studies. The success of several licensed carbohydrate based vaccines against bacterial pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis or Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrates their great potential. However, the study of anti-carbohydrate antibodies is technically challenging and partly because of low affinities and promiscuous specificity they have not been medically exploited to full potential. The study of antibody specificities and identification of protective carbohydrate epitopes lies at the heart of successful vaccine design. In addition to therapy, antibodies in general serve as diagnostic tools in medical and scientific laboratories. In this setting high affinity and exquisite specificity are important factors for their successful use. "Anticarbohydrate Antibodies - from molecular basis to clinical application" compiles current knowledge on the immunological recognition of carbohydrates by the adaptive immune system from a molecular perspective providing fundamental insight needed for advancing clinically relevant diagnostics and therapeutic applications. Based on significant progress in the fields of glycoimmunology and structural biology in recent years, the book comprehensively reviews the state-of-the-art in defining the key elements of carbohydrate recognition by antibodies, the molecular mimicry of carbohydrate epitopes as well as the molecular features leading to specific and relaxed binding modes. Backed-up by a combination of modern technologies to elucidate structural details of carbohydrate-antibody interactions, biomedically important carbohydrate antigens from viral, bacterial, parasite, insect and tumor cells have been analyzed in in-depth reviews written by well-known experts in the field. Fundamental knowledge of these molecular mechanisms eventually provides a rational basis to improve efficacy of carbohydrate-based vaccines and to further refine diagnostic tools in detection of pathogens and malignant cells.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of recent novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, their biology and associated challenges for their treatment and prevention of novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Discussing various aspects of COVID-19 infection, including global epidemiology, genome organization, immunopathogenesis, transmission cycle, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control strategies, it highlights host-pathogen interactions, host immune response, and pathogen immune invasion strategies toward developing an immune intervention or preventive vaccine for COVID-19. An understanding of the topics covered in the book is imperative in the context of designing strategies to protect the human race from further losses and harm due to SARS-CoV-2 infection causing COVID-19.

This volume presents standard approaches and the most recent technical advances used to study innate immune activation. Chapters detail the assessment of macrophage activation, measuring innate immune responses to bacterial viability, quantification of secreted proteins, reporter systems, protocols examining specific innate immune activation by TLRs, RLRs, cGAS, and inflammasomes. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Innate Immune Activation: Methods and Protocols aims to be a useful and informative reference tool for further study into this vital field.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The study of the intestinal ecosystem of bacteria in the human gut-the gut microbiome-is a new field that is rapidly evolving. This book serves as an introduction to some of the new and exciting research that is being done in this field. Included are chapters that examine the following: * Gut microbiome's roles in the pathogenesis of obesity and autoimmune disease * The effect of nutrition on the richness of the microbial community * The stability of the microbiome to various stressors * Emerging ways to diagnose diseases using the microbiome * Exciting prospects for using these microbes to cure disease This easily accessible reference volume offers a comprehensive guide to this relatively new field of study. Edited by a researcher from Yale University, Health and the Gut: The Emerging Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Disease and Therapeutics is an authoritative and easy-to-use reference, ideal for both researchers in the field and those who wish to gain more information about the impact of gut microbiota on human health.

Dendritic Cells: Origin and Differentiation: Thymic Dendritic Cells: Surface Phenotype, Developmental Origin, and Function; K. Shortman, et al. Dendritic Cells: Phenotype: Functional CD40 Antigen on B Cells, Dendritic Cells and Fibroblasts; J. Banchereau, et al. Dendritic Cells: Antigen Processing Presentation, Cell Migration: Establishment and Characterization of Antigenpresenting Cell Lines (XS Series) Derived from Newborn Mouse Epidermis; A. Takashima, et al. Follicular Dendritic Cells: Origin, Phenotype, and Maturation: Multiple Lines of Evidence Favoring a Bone Marrow Derivation of Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs); A.K. Szakal, et al. Follicular Dendritic Cells: Function: Germinal Center T Cells: Analysis of Their Proliferative Capacity; F. Bouzahzah, et al. Dendritic Cells: Lymphocyte Interactions: Dendritic Cells as Stimulator Cells of MHC Class Irestricted Immune Responses; A. Elbe, G. Stingl Dendritic Cell and HIV: Mechanisms of Retrovirallyinduced Immunosupression Acting via Dendritic Cells; S.C. Knight Dendritic Cells in Transplantation, Allergy, and Oncology: Early Events in Contact Sensitivity; S.I. Katz, et al. 117 additional articles. Index.

The aim of this volume is to provide a comprehensive description of methods and protocols useful for the further study of T-helper cells. Chapters guide readers through T-helper cell recovery, molecular study, signal transduction pathways, T-cell manipulation and, last but not least, "omic" approaches. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, T- Helper Cells: Methods and Protocols aims to be a useful practical guide to researches to help further their study in this field.

This contemporary book covers significant new knowledge that has emerged during the last two decades and, thus, provides novel antibody phylogenetic perspectives relevant to development of new antibody-based therapeutics and vaccines. It fills a much-needed niche in the area of immunoglobulin genetics across species from a comparative perspective. New insights and perspectives from immunoglobulin genetics from species such as sea lamprey, cattle, marsupial, bat, rat, rabbit, and swine other species than the traditional subjects of mice and humans are relevant to antibody design and engineering. These new perspectives find direct application in the cutting-edge areas of antibody design, engineering and therapeutics, antibody-drug conjugates, and novel antibody-based vaccines. This book fills the need to provide updated knowledge of this newly exploded area that is finding applications in new drug development. No other competing books on the topic are available in the market. The book will be of great interest to immunologists, immunology researchers, immunogeneticists, researchers in pharmaceutical science, those involved in the infectious disease and antibody therapeutics areas, and many others."

Cancer research has progressed enormously in recent years. This review volume will address recent findings in the area of T-cell therapy for cancer, including use of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as a therapy for melanoma, choice of target antigens, advances in engineered receptors, methods of gene transfer to T cells, review of cell processing methods and clinical trial design. Written by leadings scientists in the field, this up-to-date review on cancer research will be an important reference source to the researchers and healthcare professionals in the field.dari LOndon