Colorimetry is concerned with the measurement of, and discrimination between, colours. These are important topics in a wide range of the physical sciences, life sciences, and computing and engineering. Examples of specific areas where the techniques of colorimetry are used are: manufacturers of paints, textiles, plastics and cosmetics (and quality controllers in these industries), those interested in the effect of light in human environments (for example, in terms of its direct effects on the eye, laser safety and design of eye protection and ergonomics of hospital lighting), psychology, physiology and those involved in the technical aspects of photography. The book presents the physiological background behind how colour is perceived and discusses sources of visible radiation, before going on to describe in detail colorimetric techniques for measuring and discriminating between colours. Applications of these techniques are discussed and relevant mathematical data is provided. The book gives a comprehensive account of the physiological aspects of colour, the development of photometry and colorimetry, and applications of colorimetry in a single volume.

In the last 10 years organic dyes, traditionally used for coloring textiles and other materials, have become increasingly important in the hi-tech industries of electronics and optoelectronics. They can be used in optical data storage, new solar cells and biomedical sensors.
Functional Dyes discusses the synthesis of these new, high-value dyes and pigments as well as their applications and performance. The chapters are arranged so that the reader logically advances from the fundamental concepts to more practical aspects of the technology in which they are used.
In providing the reader with current information on functional dye chemistry, as well as important developments within the field, Functional Dyes is a valuable information source for dye and material chemists, researchers and graduates, who want a summary of the key advances in the field over the last 10 years and an authoritative view on future developments.
* Provides a broad introduction to the science technology of the functional dye application
* Reviews recent advances on synthesis and characteristics of the functional dyes and their applications
* Is a valuable information source for dye and material chemists and researchers

A collection of water-based trade paint formulations will be of value to technical and managerial personnel in paint manufacturing companies.

This treatise pertains to dyes composed of a central polymethine moiety and two cyclic terminal subunits. The polymethine linker can be unsubstituted or substituted, and at least one terminal subunit is a heterocyclic system. The classes of compounds reviewed range from classical cyanines, ?rst s- thesized in the 1850s, to hemicyanines, to styryl dyes, to merocyanines, to coumarinpolymethines, andtosquarylium dyesthatweresynthesized forthe ?rst time in the 1960s. These structurally diverse classes of compounds have one commondenominator, namely electronconjugation that involves the t- minalheterocyclic/aromaticsubunitsandthecentralpolymethinelinkerofthe molecule. Such conjugated molecules show absorption and ?uorescence that are a function of the structure of the three moieties. By changing the length and substitution of the polymethine linker and/or the structures of the t- minal moieties, molecules can be designed with absorption and ?uorescence ranging from the blue visible region (> 400nm) to the near-infrared region (> 700nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum. The synthetic developments of the last decade are reviewed and references to older but important work are provided tohelpdesignadye ofinterest fora desired speci?c application. It is the?uorescencepropertiesthataremostimportantforalargearrayofmodern applications of the dyes, especially in biotechnology. Some of the applications are clearly visible from the titles of the individual chapters, and additional featurescanbefounduponinspectionofthecorrespondingtablesofcontents. The subject index should be consulted for other properties and applications of the dyes that could not be elaborated on extensively in this relatively short reviewbook. Theauthorstookexcellentcareofsuchinformationbyproviding leading references on the additional subjects. I wish to thank the authors for their outstanding contributions. Thanks are also due to Ms. Birgit Kollmar- ThoniofSpringerandMs.

Today synthetic dyes are used extensively in the textile dyeing, paper printing, color photography, pharmaceuticals, food and drink, cosmetic and leather industries. As of now, over 100,000 different dyes are available, with an annual production of over 700,000 metric tons. These industries discharge an enormous amount of colored effluents into natural water bodies, with or without treatment. The textile industry alone discharges 280,000 tons of dyes every year, making it the largest contributor to colored effluent discharge. Although a variety of treatment technologies are available, including adsorption, chemical oxidation, precipitation, coagulation, filtration electrolysis and photodegradation, biological and microbiological methods employing activated sludge, pure cultures, microbial consortia and degradative enzymes are economically viable, effective and environmentally responsible options. As such, this book gathers review articles from international experts working on the microbial degradation of synthetic dyes, offering readers the latest information on the subject. It is intended as a quick reference guide for academics, scientists and industrialists around the world.

World-wide environmental legislation limiting the use of solvent based ink systems of the preceding decades has resulted in the development of a substitute and more environmentally safe alternative utilizing water base technologies. This has resulted in an enormous research and development effort by a multiplicity of related industries. Because of the tremendous evolution brought about by these changing technologies it has been extremely difficult for the water base ink chemist to keep abreast of the latest innovations. This book provides a working knowledge of the chemistry and technology of water base ink systems for chemists and engineers in the industry. It provides a foundation in all aspects of the industry, from the perception of color theory to the final starting point formulations. The articles in this volume have been specifically picked out to enlighten some of the most difficult problem areas in formulation and development. Highly practical, it is written by authors with many years of experience in the industry, ensuring commercial relevance throughout.

Contributions by scientists working in international laboratories provide the novice researcher with synthetic data and high-technology applications of leuco dyes. Covering leuco dye classes that exhibit reasonable stability, the book discusses photochromic materials that have wide-ranging applications in memory technology, leuco dyes for color photography, and a special class of dyes formulated by reduction instead of the oxidation process.

Lead-based paint has become a national issue and will continue to be a hi- priority focus ofnational, state, and local agencies until there is no lead-based paint in the United States. Lead-based paint has become a tremendous health hazard for people and animals. Lead-based paint has been in widespread use throughout Europe and the United States. Lead has been known to be a health hazard since the time ofPliny the Elder (A. D. 23-79), but it was deemed that the advantages of lead in paint outweighed the health hazards. There has been a change in outlook, and in 1973 the U. S. Congress banned all lead paint from residential structures. A voluminous number of law suits have been initiated since, and continue to be litigated with the purpose of determining the parties responsible for the lead poisoning of children and others and to exact the indemnities. Lead-based paint is still authorized for use on bridges and nonresidential structures, and thousands of city, state, military, and federal government housing projects still contain lead-based paint. This paint must be removed if these dwellings are to be safe living quarters, especially for children. Aba- ment techniques continue to be evaluated; some have been used successfully. Lead-based paint abatement will continue into the next century, and it is hoped that this comprehensive volume will serve as a guide for those seriously interested in this important subject.

Synthetic fibres are widely used for many applications, with their colour being of major commercial importance. This extensively referenced book provides a comprehensive account of the physical chemistry of the dyeing of synthetic fibres and microfibres.

The ancient Oriental dyestuff madder red was avidly sought by Europeans and finally cracked by the French in 1760, and it became the main crop in the Caspian Caucasus. The quest for Turkey Red spurred an avalanche of research that led to its chemical synthesis in 1870 and subsequently the collapse of the world-wide madder industry.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203400437

Colouring Textiles is an attempt to provide a new cross-cultural comparative approach to the art of dyeing and printing with natural dyestuffs in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Divided into thematic chapters, it uncovers new data from the vast historical heritage of natural dyestuffs from a range of European cities, to present new historiographic insights for the understanding of this technology. Through a sort of anatomic dissection, the book explores the study and cultivation of dye-plants in botanical gardens and plantations, and the tacit values hidden in dyeing workshops, factories, laboratories, or national and international exhibitions. It metaphorically submits the natural dyestuffs of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to a series of systematic historical tests, and traces back the circulation of those sources of colours through colonial spaces, dye works, cross-cultural networks, schools of artistic design, and science-based industries for the making of synthetic colorants. Colouring Textiles contributes to a better understanding of the role of natural dyestuffs in the processes of industrialization in Western Europe. Audience: Historians of science and technology, historians of chemistry, philosophers, economic historians, professional chemists, arts and crafts historians, and cultural anthropologists.

This book provides guidance on removing graffiti and protecting surfaces from further attack. It is based on experience built up by London Underground Ltd of dealing with the problem in their trains, buildings, platforms, passageways, public lavatories, bridges and other structures. It is designed to serve as a reference source for anyone who is responsible for managing and maintaining public areas prone to graffiti, and to those who supervise and carry out graffiti removal operations. Guidance on graffiti types, removal agents and equipment is given, effective mechanical and chemical treatments are explained and a series of easy-to-use guidance sheets detailing 15 proven graffiti removal methods are included. Common target locations are described, and the importance of identifying and understanding the nature of the surface before selecting the appropriate graffiti removal method is emphasized. Getting rid of graffiti lays special emphasis on safe working practices to minimize risk and takes account of current UK Health and Safety at work and COSHH legislation. Addresses of relevant sources of information and specialist materials and equipment are given in an appendix.

Since Surface Coatings first appeared in 1974, the industry has undergone dramatic and rapid changes both in direction and emphasis, and this new edition mirrors these changes. Volume I includes coverage of aqueous systems, with chapters on emulsions and aqueous resins as well as providing an excellent introduction to polymer science, pigments, solvents and additives.

Although the research actIvItIes of dyestuff chemists worldwide have been influenced to a great extent, in recent years, by the need to respond to a variety of environmental issues associated with the manufacture and application of synthetic dyes and pigments, a significant level of targeted research continues to be devoted to new chemistry aimed at enhancing the technical properties of dyes in commerce. This book is a presentation of various aspects of basic research conducted during the past decade but not reported in the recent review literature. The coverage herein is unique in that it emphasizes systematic approaches commonly utilized in the design and synthesis of dyes and pigments and the required intermediates. While it is well known that certain transition metals are important in the synthesis of technically viable metallized dyes for polyamide and protein fibers, these metals are demonstrated in Chapter 1 also to be effective agents in the regiospecific placement of substituents into azo compounds. The scope and limitations of this chemistry are presented. In other synthetic work, a description of the different processes employed to produce the major families of reactive dyes is presented. In Chapter 4, special attention is given to reactive dyes containing more than one reactive group, and to the more recent developments in the field. The two chapters which follow provide a review of the recent literature pertaining to novel chromophores and dyes for the D2T2 process, respectively.

More than one and a half decades have passed since the last book was published describing developments in the analytical chemistry of synthetic colorants. In the intervening period, the scope and technical capabilities of instrumentation for analysing dyes and pigments has significantly expanded. It is now possible to rapidly resolve a number of problems whose solutions were previously either unattainable or very difficult to achieve. For instance, the unambiguous assignment of all the signals in the proton NMR spectrum of a trisazo direct dye, and the confirmation of the molecular weight of involatile, and, in particular, sulphonated dyes, without derivatisation, are now routine analytical techniques in many laboratories today. In addition, it is now possible to record the NMR spectrum of a dye molecule on less than 1 mg of material, and we are no longer limited to solution spectra, since solid samples can now be routinely analysed in NMR experiments. Whilst not attempting to be all encompassing, this volume is intended to bridge the gap between what was covered in the earlier work edited by Professor Venkataraman and the developments which have since ensued in some key areas. It provides important updates in X-ray crystallography, proton NMR, IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and additionally covers topics such as ESR, micro spectrophotometry and emission spectroscopy.

In the early twentieth century lead had many domestic uses: in solder for cans, as a gasoline additive to prevent ""knocking"" in engines, in water pipes, and, most prominently, in interior paint prized for its durability and ability to hold color. Far from being the toxic hazard we recognize today, lead was a valuable commodity. However, by the end of the century, lead had largely disappeared from our environment as physicians discovered the threat it posed to children's health and mental development. Old Paint documents the history of lead-paint poisoning in the United States and the evolving responses of public health officials and the lead-paint industry to this hazard up to 1980, by which time lead had been banned from gasoline and paint. Peter C. English traces lead poisoning from a rare, but acute problem confined to a small group of children to the discovery by the end of the 1940s of the dangers of the crumbling lead-painted interiors of inner-city dwellings. He draws on a wide range of primary materials not only to illuminate our understanding of how this health hazard changed over time, but also to explore how diseases are constructed and evolve.

The role indigo has played elsewhere has been fairly well documented, but in the case of the Arab world, little or no thorough investigation has been previously undertaken. Sets out to provide comprehensive coverage of the subject from its earliest history to the present day.

A collection of interior water-based trade paint formulations of value to technical and managerial personnel in paint manufacturing companies.

A complete, up-to-date resource of information on more than 200 dyes and stains

"Handbook of Biological Dyes and Stains" is the most comprehensive volume available on the subject, covering all the available dyes and stains known to date in the literature for use in biology and medicine. Top dye expert Dr. Ram Sabnis organizes the compounds alphabetically by the most commonly used chemical name. He presents an easy-to-use reference complete with novel ideas for breakthrough research in medical, biological, chemical, and related fields.

This is the first book to give the CAS registry number, chemical structure, Chemical Abstracts index name, all other chemical names, Merck Index number, chemical/dye class, molecular formula, molecular weight, physical form, solubility, melting point, boiling point, pH range, color change at pH, pKa, absorption, and emission maxima of dyes and stains, as well as to provide access to synthesis procedures (lab scale and industrial scale) of dyes and stains. This user-friendly handbook also features references on safety, toxicity, and adverse effects of dyes and stains on humans, animals, and the environment, including: acute/chronic toxicityaquatic toxicitycarcinogenicitycytotoxicityecotoxicitygenotoxicityhepatotoxicitymarine toxicitymutagenicitynephrotoxicityneurotoxicityoral toxicityphototoxicityphytotoxicity

The use of biological dyes and stains has extremely high potential in today's business environment. This makes "Handbook of Biological Dyes and Stains" a convenient, must-have reference. Its staining, biological, and industrial applications make it a vital resource for industrial and academic researchers; the book also serves as a valuable desktop reference for medical professionals, biologists, chemists, chemical/optical engineers, physicists, materials scientists, intellectual property professionals, students, and professors.

Concentration on renewable resources, sustainability and replacement of oil based products are driving forces to reassess the potential of natural resources including natural colorants. The growing consumer interest in purchasing "green" products, which exhibit an improved environmental profile, can be seen as the break-through force needed to reintroduce natural colorants into the modern markets.

Written by scientists with specialised knowledge in the field, "Handbook of Natural Colorants" provides a unique source of information, summarising the present knowledge of natural colorants in depth. Supporting researchers in this emerging field of sustainable chemistry, it provides easy access to the theory and practice of natural colorants from different viewpoints, including agricultural, economic and legislative aspects.

Topics covered include:

History of coloration technologyPresent position of natural colorantsRegional plant source availabilitySpecific application techniquesChemical properties that professional dyers and chemists have to considerAgricultural sourcing of dyes with an emphasis on renewable resourcesDiscussions on energy and material balance issues arising from the sourcing of materialsProduction aspects of colorants, leading on to the key applicationsEnvironmental and economic aspects

Also included are the pros and cons of natural dyestuffs, presenting some promising results and evaluating the potential use of vegetable dyes as alternatives to chemical-based ones with a focus on green chemistry

Modern printing is based on digitizing information and then representing it on a substrate, such as paper, pixel by pixel. One of the most common methods of digital printing is through inkjet printers. The process of inkjet printing is very complicated, and the ink used must meet certain chemical and physicochemical requirements including those related to storage stability; jetting performance; color management; wetting; and adhesion on substrates. Obviously, these requirements - which represent different scientific disciplines such as colloid chemistry, chemical engineering, and physics - indicate the need for an interdisciplinary book that will cover all aspects of making and utilizing inkjet inks.This book provides basic and essential information on the important parameters which determine ink performance. It covers not only the conventional use of inkjet technology on graphic applications, but also the extension of this method to print various functional materials, such as the use of conductive inks to print light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and three-dimensional structures. Thus, the book will serve a large community: industrial chemists who deal with ink formulations and synthesis of chemicals for inks; chemical engineers and physicists who deal with the rheological and flow properties of inks; and researchers in academic institutes who seek to develop novel applications based on inkjet printing of new materials.