Optical components are essential key elements in modern engineering and everyday life. The education of skilled personnel and specialists in the fields of theoretical and practical optics manufacturing is of essential importance for next-generation technologies. Against this background, this book provides the basis for the education and advanced training of precision and ophthalmic optics technicians, craftsmen, and foremen, and it is an extensive reference work for students, academics, optical designers or shop managers, and production engineers. It not only covers particularly used and applied machines, working materials, testing procedures, and machining steps for classical optics manufacturing, but it also addresses the production and specification of optical glasses as well as unconventional production techniques and novel approaches. Optics Manufacturing: Components and Systems furthermore covers the basics of light propagation and provides an overview on optical materials and components; presents an introduction and explanation of the necessary considerations and procedures for the initial definition of manufacturing tolerances and the relevant industrial standards for optics manufacturing; and addresses the production of micro optics, the assembly of opto-mechanical setups and possible manufacturing errors, and the impact of the resulting inaccuracies. In order to allow fast and clear access to the most essential information, each chapter ends with a short summary of the most important aspects, including an explanation of relevant equations, symbols, and abbreviations. For further reading, extensive lists of references are also provided. Finally, exercises on the covered basic principles of optics, approaches, and techniques of optics manufacturing-including their corresponding detailed solutions-are found in the appendix.

Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 206, merges two long-running serials, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy. The series features extended articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science, digital image processing, electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy, and the computing methods used in all these domains.

Electrical Engineering Quasioptical Systems Gaussian Beam Quasioptical Propagation and Applications The increasing commercial use of millimeter wavelengths for remote sensing, communications, and radar systems has driven the need for new low-cost, high-performance systems, and with it, the need for quasioptical systems. Advantages of quasioptical propagation include broader bandwidth, lower insertion loss, better polarization purity, and higher power-handling capability. As this book illustrates, quasioptical system design using Gaussian beam propagation is relatively straightforward, yielding valuable insights without requiring extensive computations. Combining a general introduction to Gaussian beams and quasioptical propagation with practical applications, Quasioptical Systems provides a state-of-the-art treatment of the design of low-loss, broadband systems at microwave to submillimeter wavelengths. The approach presented involves utilizing a beam with a Gaussian distribution of field strength perpendicular to its axis, which in turn propagates in a simple, predictable fashion. Features include:

• A convenient summary of Gaussian beam propagation formulas
• Extensive coverage of present-day quasioptical components and their performance
• In-depth coverage of dielectric materials uses at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths
• An analysis of lenses and mirrors used as beam focusing elements
• An integrated approach to quasioptical system design

This book will be of key interest to systems designers, antenna engineers, communications and radar systems engineers, and researchers.

Optical imaging is a rapidly emerging imaging technique that has been successfjully translated into biomedical applications ranging from clinical diagnosis to molecular biology. This book includes an introductory section to explore various optical imaging devices and their functionality and roles for biomedical applications such as dermatology and ophthalmology. Recent developments as exemplified with the authors research are explored in detail. In depth discussion of other disease conditions and their diagnosis with optical imaging techniques are also covered.

The large scale integration and planar scaling of individual system chips is reaching an expensive limit. If individual chips now, and later terrabyte memory blocks, memory macros, and processing cores, can be tightly linked in optimally designed and processed small footprint vertical stacks, then performance can be increased, power reduced and cost contained. This book reviews for the electronics industry engineer, professional and student the critical areas of development for 3D vertical memory chips including: gate-all-around and junction-less nanowire memories, stacked thin film and double gate memories, terrabit vertical channel and vertical gate stacked NAND flash, large scale stacking of Resistance RAM cross-point arrays, and 2.5D/3D stacking of memory and processor chips with through-silicon-via connections now and remote links later. Key features: * Presents a review of the status and trends in 3-dimensional vertical memory chip technologies. * Extensively reviews advanced vertical memory chip technology and development * Explores technology process routes and 3D chip integration in a single reference

There are several popular books published in Healthcare Computational Informatics like Computational Bioengineering and Bioinformatics (2020), Springer; Health Informatics (2017), Springer; Health Informatics Vision: From Data via Information to Knowledge (2019), IOS Press; Data Analytics in Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare (2020), Elsevier. However, in all these mentioned books, the challenges in Biomedical Imaging are solved in one dimension by use of any specific technology like Image Processing, Machine Learning or Computer Aided Systems. In this book, the book it has been attempted to bring all technologies related to computational analytics together and apply them on Biomedical Imaging.

Discusses the basic physical principles underlying the technology instrumentation of photonics This volume discusses photonics technology and instrumentation. The topics discussed in this volume are: Communication Networks; Data Buffers; Defense and Security Applications; Detectors; Fiber Optics and Amplifiers; Green Photonics; Instrumentation and Metrology; Interferometers; Light-Harvesting Materials; Logic Devices; Optical Communications; Remote Sensing; Solar Energy; Solid-State Lighting; Wavelength Conversion * Comprehensive and accessible coverage of the whole of modern photonics * Emphasizes processes and applications that specifically exploit photon attributes of light * Deals with the rapidly advancing area of modern optics * Chapters are written by top scientists in their field Written for the graduate level student in physical sciences; Industrial and academic researchers in photonics, graduate students in the area; College lecturers, educators, policymakers, consultants, Scientific and technical libraries, government laboratories, NIH.

Intelligent Nanotechnology: Merging Nanoscience and Artificial Intelligence provides an overview of advances in science and technology made possible by the convergence of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI). Sections focus on AI-enhanced design, characterization and manufacturing and the use of AI to improve important material properties, with an emphasis on mechanical, photonic, electronic and magnetic properties. Designing benign nanomaterials through the prediction of their impact on biology and the environment is also discussed. Other sections cover the use of AI in the acquisition and analysis of data in experiments and AI technologies that have been enhanced through nanotechnology platforms. Final sections review advances in applications enabled by the merging of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, including examples from biomedicine, chemistry and automated research.

Diffractive Optics and Nanophotonics is devoted to achievements in diffractive optics, focusing on the creation of new nanophotonic components and devices, as well as instrumentation and available information technology. The author describes methods of calculation of diffractive optical elements to solve actual problems of nanophotonics. Coverage includes mathematical methods for calculation of diffraction gratings, calculation of modes of inhomogeneous waveguides, integral methods of calculation of electromagnetic field near the focus, and methods of calculation of diffractive optical elements generating vortex laser beams.

"This text covers key mathematical principles and algorithms for nonlinear filters used in image processing. Readers will gain an in-depth understanding of the underlying mathematical and filter design methodologies needed to construct and use nonlinear filters in a variety of applications.
The 11 chapters explore topics of contemporary interest as well as fundamentals drawn from nonlinear filtering's historical roots in mathematical morphology and digital signal processing. This book examines various filter options and the types of applications for which they are best suited. The presentation is rigorous, yet accessible to engineers with a solid background in mathematics."

A guide to the theory and application of methods of projections.

With the rise of powerful personal computers, methods of vector space projections have moved rapidly from the realm of theory into widespread use. This book reflects the growing interest in the application of these methods to problem solving in science and engineering. It brings together material previously scattered in disparate papers, book chapters, and articles, and offers a systematic treatment of vector space projections.

Written by two leading authorities in the field, this self-contained volume provides a tutorial on projection methods and how to apply them in science and engineering. It details effective problem-solving strategies, and explores key applications in communication and signal processing, neural networks and pattern recognition, and optics and image processing. This book:

• Reviews the fundamentals of vector space theory
• Covers principles and applications of vector space projections in general, and projections onto convex sets in particular
• Provides real-world examples solvable on PCs and modest workstations
• Features more than 100 illustrations
• Includes end-of-chapter exercises and references.

This extremely useful reference for practicing engineers, scientists, and educators can also be used for graduate-level study in science, mathematics, and engineering. Portions of the book have been used as material in short courses on applications of vector space projections.

Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 204, merges two long-running serials, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy. The series features extended articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science, and digital image processing, electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy, and the computing methods used in all these domains.

Provides up-to-date developments in the field of remote sensing by assessing scale issues in land surface, properties, patterns, and processes

Scale is a fundamental and crucial issue in remote sensing studies and image analysis. GIS and remote sensing scientists use various scaling techniques depending on the types of remotely sensed images and geospatial data used. Scaling techniques affect image analysis such as object identification and change detection.

This book offers up-to-date developments, methods, and techniques in the field of GIS and remote sensing and features articles from internationally renowned authorities on three interrelated perspectives of scaling issues: scale in land surface properties, land surface patterns, and land surface processes. It also visits and reexamines the fundamental theories of scale and scaling by well-known experts who have done substantial research on the topics.

Edited by a prominent authority in the geographic information science community, "Scale Issues in Remote Sensing" Offers an extensive examination of the fundamental theories of scale issues along with current scaling techniquesStudies scale issues from three interrelated perspectives: land surface properties, patterns, and processesAddresses the impact of new frontiers in Earth observation technology (high-resolution, hyperspectral, Lidar sensing, and their synergy with existing technologies) and advances in remote sensing imaging science (object-oriented image analysis and data fusion)Prospects emerging and future trends in remote sensing and their relationship with scale

"Scale Issues in Remote Sensing" is ideal as a professional reference for practicing geographic information scientists and remote sensing engineers as well as supplemental reading for graduate level students.

Advanced Optical Instruments and Techniques includes twenty-three chapters providing processes, methods, and procedures of cutting-edge optics engineering design and instrumentation. Topics include biomedical instrumentation and basic and advanced interferometry. Optical metrology is discussed, including point and full-field methods. Active and adaptive optics, holography, radiometry, the human eye, and visible light are covered as well as materials, including photonics, nanophotonics, anisotropic materials, and metamaterials.

This book focuses on soft computing and how it can be applied to solve real-world problems arising in various domains, ranging from medicine and health care, to supply chain management, image processing and cryptanalysis. It gathers high-quality papers presented at the International Conference on Soft Computing: Theories and Applications (SoCTA 2022), held at University Institute of Technology, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. The book offers valuable insights into soft computing for teachers and researchers alike; the book inspires further research in this dynamic field.

Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 200, the latest release in a series that merges two long-running serials, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy features extended articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science, digital image processing, electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy, and computing methods. Topics in this latest release include Past and Present Attempts to Attain the Resolution Limit of the Transmission Electron Microscope, Phase Plates for Transmission Electron Microscopy, and X-Ray Lasers in Biology: Structure and Dynamics.

This comprehensive handbook covers all major aspects of optomechanical engineering - from conceptual design to fabrication and integration of complex optical systems. The practical information within is ideal for optical and optomechanical engineers and scientists involved in the design, development and integration of modern optical systems for commercial, space, and military applications. Charts, tables, figures, and photos augment this already impressive text. Fully revised, the new edition includes 4 new chapters: Plastic optics, Optomechanical tolerancing and error budgets, Analysis and design of flexures, and Optomechanical constraint equations.

Since the field of nematonics is relatively new, there is a need for a comprehensive introduction to nematonics theory and application. "Nematonics Spatial Optical Solitons in Nematic Liquid Crystals" breaks barriers of the field by being the first book of its kind to introduce the fundamentals, basic features and models, potential applications and novel phenomena and its important applications in liquid crystal technology. Recognized leader in the field Gaetano Assanto outlines the peculiar characteristics of nematicons and the promise they have for the future growth of this captivating new field.

The international standard for optics drawing notations, ISO 10110, uses a set of coded notations to indicate optical tolerances and requirements to mitigate any ambiguity in an optics drawing. This set of notations can be very confusing for the uninitiated, but once understood, it simplifies communication between designer and manufacturer. This book provides a foundation for understanding the fundamentals of ISO 10110. It is meant as a guide for users to familiarize themselves with the notation and symbology, leading to a better understanding of the ISO 10110 drawing notation system. Its purpose is to explain not only the ISO 10110 drawing format but also the various other standards that enable a greater understanding and implementation of ISO 10110. Each chapter discusses different subjects of optical properties and tolerances, showing the implementation of ISO 10110 through various examples, each highlighting a separate subject or tolerance on an optical component drawing. A detailed example of an optical system is also provided.

This handbook introduces speckle techniques to nonspecialists to help them understand the basic principles of speckle interferometry. The book mainly focuses on the use of speckle patterns with direct phase-measuring methods that produce an instantaneous phase. The major electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) techniques are presented using simplified mathematical notation that includes rigid-body and standard-body displacements to estimate object pose changes with six degrees of freedom. Additionally, the adoption of temporal phase unwrapping instead of spatial phase unwrapping is promoted. This handbook also includes a summary of recent industrial applications, with an update on current research in the ESPI field.

In order to truly understand data signals transmitted by satellite, one must understand scintillation theory in addition to well established theories of EM wave propagation and scattering. Scintillation is a nuisance in satellite EM communications, but it has stimulated numerous theoretical developments with science applications. This book not only presents a thorough theoretical explanation of scintillation, but it also offers a complete library of MATLAB codes that will reproduce the book examples. The library includes GPS coordinate manipulations, satellite orbit prediction, and earth mean magnetic field computations.

The subect matter is for EM researchers; however, also theory is relevant to geophysics, acoustics, optics and astoronomy.

This book is a collection of the high-quality research articles in the field of computer vision and robotics which are presented in International Conference on Computer Vision and Robotics (ICCVR 2022), organized by BBD University Lucknow India, during 21 – 22 May 2022. The book discusses applications of computer vision and robotics in the fields like medical science, defence and smart city planning. This book presents recent works from researchers, academicians, industry, and policy makers.

As the need for geographical data rapidly expands in the 21st century, so too do applications of small-format aerial photography for a wide range of scientific, commercial and governmental purposes. Small-format Aerial Photography (SFAP) presents basic and advanced principles and techniques with an emphasis on digital cameras. Unmanned platforms are described in considerable detail, including kites, helium and hot-air blimps, model airplanes, and paragliders. Several case studies, primarily drawn from the geosciences, are presented to demonstrate how SFAP is actually used in various applications. Many of these integrate SFAP with ground-based investigations as well as conventional large-format aerial photography, satellite imagery, and other kinds of geographic information.

This book presents the peer-reviewed proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Applications (ICICA 2020), held at Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India, during December 22-24, 2020. The book includes the latest research on advanced computational methodologies such as neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary algorithms, hybrid intelligent systems, uncertain reasoning techniques, and other machine learning methods and their applications to decision-making and problem-solving in mobile and wireless communication networks.