A long long time ago, echoing philosophical and aesthetic principles that existed since antiquity, William of Ockham enounced the principle of parsimony, better known today as Ockham's razor: "Entities should not be multiplied without neces sity. " This principle enabled scientists to select the "best" physical laws and theories to explain the workings of the Universe and continued to guide scienti?c research, leadingtobeautifulresultsliketheminimaldescriptionlength approachtostatistical inference and the related Kolmogorov complexity approach to pattern recognition. However, notions of complexity and description length are subjective concepts anddependonthelanguage"spoken"whenpresentingideasandresults. The?eldof sparse representations, that recently underwent a Big Bang like expansion, explic itly deals with the Yin Yang interplay between the parsimony of descriptions and the "language" or "dictionary" used in them, and it became an extremely exciting area of investigation. It already yielded a rich crop of mathematically pleasing, deep and beautiful results that quickly translated into a wealth of practical engineering applications. You are holding in your hands the ?rst guide book to Sparseland, and I am sure you'll ?nd in it both familiar and new landscapes to see and admire, as well as ex cellent pointers that will help you ?nd further valuable treasures. Enjoy the journey to Sparseland! Haifa, Israel, December 2009 Alfred M. Bruckstein vii Preface This book was originally written to serve as the material for an advanced one semester (fourteen 2 hour lectures) graduate course for engineering students at the Technion, Israel.

This book explains why the finite topological space known as abstract cell complex is important for successful image processing and presents image processing methods based on abstract cell complex, especially for tracing and encoding of boundaries of homogeneous regions. Many examples are provided in the book, some teach you how to trace and encode boundaries in binary, indexed and colour images. Other examples explain how to encode a boundary as a sequence of straight-line segments which is important for shape recognition. A new method of edge detection in two- and three-dimensional images is suggested. Also, a discussion problem is included in the book: A derivative is defined as the limit of the relation of the increment of the function to the increment of the argument as the latter tends to zero. Is it not better to estimate derivatives as the relation of the increment of the function to the optimal increment of the argument instead of taking exceedingly small increment which leads to errors? This book addresses all above questions and provide the answers.

The book covers fundamentals and basics of engineering communication theory. It presents right mix of explanation of mathematics (theory) and explanation. The book discusses both analogue communication and digital communication in details. It covers the subject of 'classical' engineering communication starting from the very basics of the subject to the beginning of more advanced areas. It also covers all the basic mathematics which is required to read the text. It covers a two semester course as an undergraduate text and some topics in master's course as well.

The aim of this book is to exploit the advantages of holographic technology, namely the high storage capacity and fast access times, in order to implement optical devices for infrared fiber communication applications. The covered methods range from two-lambda to gated recording techniques, all of which can be applied to a variety of materials such as photorefractive crystals and photopolymers. Both techniques and materials are strictly related to the practical realization of signal processing devices, showing their feasibility and discussing their role in a realistic telecoms network. Research scientists, engineers and graduate students will benefit equally from the combined coverage of technological features, optical communications components, and network perspectives.

This book is intended for researchers active in the field of (blind) system identification and aims to provide new identification ideas/insights for dealing with challenging system identification problems. It presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in the area, which would save a lot of time and avoid collecting the scattered information from research papers, reports and unpublished work. Besides, it is a self-contained book by including essential algebraic, system and optimization theories, which can help graduate students enter the amazing blind system identification world with less effort.

This book is devoted to the theoretical and experimental investigation of the optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) with direct and external modulation of laser emission. Such devices, sources of precision radio frequency oscillations using laser excitation, are novel and technologically relevant, with manifold possible applications. The book includes a review of the present state of the theory and generation techniques in microwave and mm-wave ranges for traditional and optoelectronic oscillators, description of OEO construction and operation principles, theoretical oscillation analysis and mathematical description of the relevant semi-classical laser physics, and investigation of the power spectral density of noises. Technical features and advantages of OEOs with external and direct modulation of laser emission are discussed together with functional diagrams. The characteristics of OEOs are compared with other traditional RF oscillators, such as quartz, surface acoustic waves, and oscillators with electromagnetic wave cavities. Special attention is paid to Q-factors and phase noises of RF carriers at small offsets. The authors discuss the technical characteristics of modern optoelectronic methods for precision RF oscillation formation, such as commercial large-dimension and compact quantum frequency standards with optical pumping on cesium and rubidium cells. This book is aimed at scientists and engineers in academia and industry who work with sources of microwave and mm-wave signals.

The book shows that the analytic combinatorics (AC) method encodes the combinatorial problems of multiple object tracking-without information loss-into the derivatives of a generating function (GF). The book lays out an easy-to-follow path from theory to practice and includes salient AC application examples. Since GFs are not widely utilized amongst the tracking community, the book takes the reader from the basics of the subject to applications of theory starting from the simplest problem of single object tracking, and advancing chapter by chapter to more challenging multi-object tracking problems. Many established tracking filters (e.g., Bayes-Markov, PDA, JPDA, IPDA, JIPDA, CPHD, PHD, multi-Bernoulli, MBM, LMBM, and MHT) are derived in this manner with simplicity, economy, and considerable clarity. The AC method gives significant and fresh insights into the modeling assumptions of these filters and, thereby, also shows the potential utility of various approximation methods that are well established techniques in applied mathematics and physics, but are new to tracking. These unexplored possibilities are reviewed in the final chapter of the book.

This book comprises select proceedings of the international conference ETAEERE 2020. This volume covers latest research in advanced approaches in automation, control based devices, and adaptive learning mechanisms. The contents discuss the complex operations and behaviors of different systems or machines in different environments. Some of the areas covered include control of linear and nonlinear systems, intelligent systems, stochastic control, knowledge-based systems applications, fault diagnosis and tolerant control, and real-time control applications. The contents of this volume can be useful for researchers as well as professionals working in control and automation.

This book covers virtually all aspects of image formation in medical imaging, including systems based on ionizing radiation (x-rays, gamma rays) and non-ionizing techniques (ultrasound, optical, thermal, magnetic resonance, and magnetic particle imaging) alike. In addition, it discusses the development and application of computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) systems in medical imaging. Given its coverage, the book provides both a forum and valuable resource for researchers involved in image formation, experimental methods, image performance, segmentation, pattern recognition, feature extraction, classifier design, machine learning / deep learning, radiomics, CAD workstation design, human-computer interaction, databases, and performance evaluation.

Polaritonic chemistry is an emergent interdisciplinary field in which the strong interaction of organic molecules with confined electromagnetic field modes is exploited in order to manipulate the chemical structure and reactions of the system. In the regime of strong light-matter coupling the interaction with the electromagnetic vacuum obliges us to redefine the concept of a molecule and consider the hybrid system as a whole. This thesis builds on the foundations of chemistry and quantum electrodynamics in order to provide a theoretical framework to describe these organic light-matter hybrids. By fully embracing the structural complexity of molecules, this theory allows us to employ long-established quantum chemistry methods to understand polaritonic chemistry. This leads to predictions of substantial structural changes in organic molecules and the possibility of significantly influencing chemical reactions both in the excited and ground states of the system.

This book systematically discusses the signal design theory and technologies for next-generation satellite navigation systems. It provides comprehensive information on the basic concept, theory, and key technologies employed in satellite navigation system signal design. Starting from the basic elements of the navigation signal, it combines traditional and advanced technologies into an organic whole, offering readers a complete system for signal design. Thanks to its rich content and clear structure, it is well suited as a reference guide for researchers and engineers in the fields of satellite navigation, positioning, etc. The book can also be used as teaching material or supplemental reading material by professors and graduate students alike.

This book presents high-quality research in the field of 3D imaging technology. The second edition of International Conference on 3D Imaging Technology (3DDIT-MSP&DL) continues the good traditions already established by the first 3DIT conference (IC3DIT2019) to provide a wide scientific forum for researchers, academia and practitioners to exchange newest ideas and recent achievements in all aspects of image processing and analysis, together with their contemporary applications. The conference proceedings are published in 2 volumes. The main topics of the papers comprise famous trends as: 3D image representation, 3D image technology, 3D images and graphics, and computing and 3D information technology. In these proceedings, special attention is paid at the 3D tensor image representation, the 3D content generation technologies, big data analysis, and also deep learning, artificial intelligence, the 3D image analysis and video understanding, the 3D virtual and augmented reality, and many related areas. The first volume contains papers in 3D image processing, transforms and technologies. The second volume is about computing and information technologies, computer images and graphics and related applications. The two volumes of the book cover a wide area of the aspects of the contemporary multidimensional imaging and the related future trends from data acquisition to real-world applications based on various techniques and theoretical approaches.

This book focuses on various aspects of computer vision applications in the field of healthcare. It covers new tools and technologies in some of the important areas of medical science like histopathological image analysis, cancer taxonomy, use of deep learning architecture dental care, and many more. Furthermore, this book reviews and discusses the use of intelligent learning-based algorithms for increasing the precision in medical domain. The book discusses different computer vision algorithms which are useful in various industries and day-to-day life. It also highlights many challenges faced by research community, like view point variations, scale variations, illumination variations, multi-modalities, and noise.

This book presents materials on the implementation of modern technologies for aircraft information support and ground-based radio equipment for flights in the Russian Federation, especially in the Arctic and far Eastern regions, as well as new methods for monitoring the flight of civil aviation aircraft based on the use of local control and correction stations and optical systems that fully meet the requirements of international and domestic organizations for the reliability and integrity of transmitted information. The book is intended for engineering and technical specialists involved in the development, manufacturing and operation of aircraft avionics and ground-based radio electronic flight support systems, as well as graduate students and senior students of radio engineering specialties. It is useful to researchers and professionals whose activities are related to air traffic control.

This book focuses on the principles and technology of environmental perception in unmanned systems. With the rapid development of a new generation of information technologies such as automatic control and information perception, a new generation of robots and unmanned systems will also take on new importance. This book first reviews the development of autonomous systems and subsequently introduces readers to the technical characteristics and main technologies of the sensor. Lastly, it addresses aspects including autonomous path planning, intelligent perception and autonomous control technology under uncertain conditions. For the first time, the book systematically introduces the core technology of autonomous system information perception.

This book describes the basic functions of the European Digital Radio DAB+ (Digital Audio Broadcasting plus) with its direct possible applications in a simple way. The book refers to fundamentals of DABs 80+ norms and specifications. Presented subjects are indicating problems of DAB signal propagation and possible multimedia applications. The book provides about 130 figures for explaining new concepts in an easy to approach manner. Applications include, but are not limited to audio compression MPEG, OFDM, SFN phasor representation, multiplexes, MOT, and conditional access. The book is intended for those interested in decisions regarding radio at various levels, owners of radio stations, and designers of various multimedia applications of digital radio in the field of security, students of wireless systems, etc. * Presents the fundamental functions of DAB / DAB+ (Digital Audio Broadcasting) along with its applications * Outlines the European Digital Radio system * Explains the functions of worldwide emerging digital radio subsystems

This is the first book written on using Blender (an open-source visualization suite widely used in the entertainment and gaming industries) for scientific visualization. It is a practical and interesting introduction to Blender for understanding key parts.

This book is focused on the challenges of digital transition in building construction, and potential solutions through the use of multi-criteria analysis. It provides clear explanations of proposed approaches from both a theoretical and practical point of view, including augmented reality and user-reporting. New Approaches for Multi-Criteria Analysis in Constructions begins by explaining classic multi-criteria analysis methods, such as Analytic Hierarchy Processes and the Simos-Roy-Figueira method, before moving on to discuss Augmented Reality - Decision Making. This new approach provides a tool to investigate user's perceptions, and utilises an interactive experience of the real-world environment combined with classic methods to provide a large amount of visual information. Finally, a detailed guide to user-reporting is presented. Offering new possibilities for applying multi-criteria analysis in a simpler, faster and more accessible way, this book supports analysis which considers users experience and perception. Architects, engineers, researchers and practitioners will be able to utilise augmented reality environments, multi-criteria analysis and user reporting for the building design choices, supply selection, maintenance strategies, risk and complex performance assessment.

This book presents the principles and applications of optical fiber communication based on digital signal processing (DSP) for both single and multi-carrier modulation signals. In the context of single carrier modulation, it describes DSP for linear and nonlinear optical fiber communication systems, discussing all-optical Nyquist modulation signal generation and processing, and how to use probabilistic and geometrical shaping to improve the transmission performance. For multi-carrier modulation, it examines DSP-based OFDM signal generation and detection and presents 4D and high-order modulation formats. Lastly, it demonstrates how to use artificial intelligence in optical fiber communication. As such it is a useful resource for students, researches and engineers in the field of optical fiber communication.

This book presents an extensive and timely survey of more than 30 surround and 20 stereo-microphone techniques. Further, it offers, for the first time, an explanation of why the RCA "Living Stereo" series of legacy recordings from the 1950s and 60s is still appreciated by music lovers worldwide, despite their use of an apparently incorrect recording technique from the perspective of psychoacoustics. Discussing this aspect in detail, the book draws on the author's study of concert hall acoustics and psychoacoustics. The book also analyzes the "fingerprint" features of a selected number of surround and - more importantly - stereo microphone techniques in depth by measuring their signal cross-correlation over frequency and also using an artificial human head. In addition, the book presents a rating of microphone techniques based on the assessment of various acoustic attributes, and merges the results of several subjective listening tests, including those conducted by other researchers. Building on this knowledge, it provides fresh insights into important microphone system features, from stereo to 3D audio. Moreover, it describes new microphone techniques, such as AB-PC, ORTF-T and BPT, and the recently defined BQIrep (Binaural Quality Index of reproduced music). Lastly, the book concludes with a short history of microphone techniques and case studies of live and studio recordings.

This book discusses various applications of machine learning using a new approach, the dynamic wavelet fingerprint technique, to identify features for machine learning and pattern classification in time-domain signals. Whether for medical imaging or structural health monitoring, it develops analysis techniques and measurement technologies for the quantitative characterization of materials, tissues and structures by non-invasive means. Intelligent Feature Selection for Machine Learning using the Dynamic Wavelet Fingerprint begins by providing background information on machine learning and the wavelet fingerprint technique. It then progresses through six technical chapters, applying the methods discussed to particular real-world problems. Theses chapters are presented in such a way that they can be read on their own, depending on the reader's area of interest, or read together to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to practitioners, engineers and researchers seeking to leverage the latest advances in machine learning in order to develop solutions to practical problems in structural health monitoring, medical imaging, autonomous vehicles, wireless technology, and historical conservation.

The proceedings of the 4th Stability and Control Processes Conference are focused on modern applied mathematics, stability theory, and control processes. The conference was held in recognition of the 90th birthday of Professor Vladimir Ivanovich Zubov (1930-2000). This selection of papers reflects the wide-ranging nature of V. I. Zubov's work, which included contributions to the development of the qualitative theory of differential equations, the theory of rigid body motion, optimal control theory, and the theory of electromagnetic fields. It helps to advance many aspects of the theory of control systems, including questions of motion stability, nonlinear oscillations in control systems, navigation and reliability of control devices, vibration theory, and quantization of orbits. The disparate applications covered by the book - in mechanical systems, game theory, solid-state physics, socio-economic systems and medical and biological systems, control automata and navigation - are developments from Professor Zubov's in-depth studies on the theory of stability of motion, the theory of automatic control and the theory of the motions of optimal processes. Stability and Control Processes presents research continuing the legacy of V. I. Zubov and updates it with sections focused on intelligence-based control. These proceedings will be of interest to academics, professionals working in industry and researchers alike.

This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the AMOLED technologies and applications which have become industry standard in a range of devices, from small mobile displays to large televisions. Unlike other books on the topic, which cover the fundamentals, materials, processing, and manufacturing of OLEDs, this one-stop book discusses the core components, such as TFT backplanes, OLED materials and devices, and driving schematics together in one volume with chapters written by experts from leading international companies in the field of OLED materials and OLED TVs. It also examines emerging areas, such as micro-LEDs, displays using quantum dots, and AR & VR displays. Presenting the latest research trends as well as the basic principles of each topic, this book is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students taking display-related courses, new researchers, and engineers in related fields.

This book reports the new results of intelligent robot with hand-eye-brain, from the interdisciplinary perspective of information science and neuroscience. It collects novel research ideas on attractive region in environment (ARIE), intrinsic variable preserving manifold learning (IVPML) and biologically inspired visual congnition, which are theoretically important but challenging to develop the intelligent robot. Furthermore, the book offers new thoughts on the possible future development of human-inspired robotics, with vivid illustrations. The book is useful for researchers, R&D engineers and graduate students working on intelligent robots.