Scholars exploring the history of science under the Nazis have generally concentrated on the Nazi destruction of science or the corruption of intellectual and liberal values. Racial Hygiene focuses on how scientists themselves participated in the construction of Nazi racial policy. Robert Proctor demonstrates that the common picture of a passive scientific community coerced into cooperation with the Nazis fails to grasp the reality of what actually happened-namely, that many of the political initiatives of the Nazis arose from within the scientific community, and that medical scientists actively designed and administered key elements of National Socialist policy. The book presents the most comprehensive account to date of German medical involvement in the sterilization and castration laws, the laws banning marriage between Jews and non-Jews, and the massive program to destroy "lives not worth living." The study traces attempts on the part of doctors to conceive of the "Jewish problem" as a "medical problem," and how medical journals openly discussed the need to find a "final solution" to Germany's Jewish and gypsy "problems." Proctor makes us aware that such thinking was not unique to Germany. The social Darwinism of the late nineteenth century in America and Europe gave rise to theories of racial hygiene that were embraced by enthusiasts of various nationalities in the hope of breeding a better, healthier, stronger race of people. Proctor also presents an account of the "organic" health movement that flourished under the Nazis, including campaigns to reduce smoking and drinking, and efforts to require bakeries to produce whole-grain bread. A separate chapter is devoted to the emergence of a resistance movement among doctors in the Association of Socialist Physicians. The book is based on a close analysis of contemporary documents, including German state archives and more than two hundred medical journals published during the period. Proctor has set out not merely to tell a story but also to urge reflection on what might be called the "political philosophy of science"-how movements that shape the policies of nations can also shape the structure and priorities of science. The broad implications of this book make it of consequence not only to historians, physicians, and people concerned with the history and philosophy of science, but also to those interested in science policy and medical ethics.

While significant progress has been seen in fields such as cardiovascular medicine and cancer in improving patient stratification and developing targeted drugs based on genetic findings, progress continues to lag for neuropsychiatric disorders. To address this issue, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened a workshop in October 2021. The workshop brought together government, philanthropic foundations, and disease-focused non--profit organizations to discuss new genetic and neuroscience technologies and explore how they can be used to elucidate disease mechanisms and to advance the development of biomarkers and targeted therapies for people with neurological and psychiatric disorders. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Background 2 Leveraging New Genetic and Neuroscience Technologies to Advance Therapeutic Development: Opportunities and Challenges 3 Increasing Ancestral Diversity to Enable Precision Medicine for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders 4 Leveraging New Methodologies to Interpret Genetic Data in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders 5 Identifying and Validating Molecular Pathways Using New Technologies for Human Biology 6 Enabling Patient Stratification through Deep Phenotyping and Biomarker Discovery 7 Potential Next Steps: Shifting the Trajectory of Treatment Development for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda