This book of biology and medicine shows how diseases: Sickle cell anaemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, are related to the adaptation of our organism to aerial respiration. This adaptation is operated by a genetic switch substituting a set of foetal proteins, for more adequate, regulated, adult isoforms. We discover how foetal or adult metabolic pathways, may control the switch, and propose pharmacological treatments to boost the expression of the foetal gene, acting as a "spare wheel" to replace the adult gene when it is mutated. In fact this switch recapitulates a process reminding of the evolution of amphibians that left their pond to live in air and land. The foetus is also an aquatic creature that discovers at birth aerial respiration and the new weight of his body. His blood and muscle proteins will adapt. The metamorphosis is not as evident as for a tadpole, but still as deeply written in our genes. In fact, the switch is our second metamorphosis, the story started much earlier, when a host cell, already surviving oxygen, incorporated a bacteria, our future mitochondria, that had a more efficient oxidative metabolism. A symbiotic arrangement followed. In the course of development, the most ancient pathways come on stage first, followed by the most recent mitochondrial acquisitions. The developmental maturation of metabolic pathways changes our cells, it is our first metamorphosis. It is involved in apoptosis in diseases such as Azheimer's or Cancer. Since mitochondria took the burden of making ATP, the ancient oxidative mechanism became redundant. Its ATPase evolved forming acidic compartments that control neurotransmission or thermoregulation. This third metamorphosis is implicated in other diseases (adrenoleucodystrophy). Finally primates, who lost uricase, developed diseases related to the role of uric acid which became their new antioxidant: Gout, Autism or Schizophrenia seem to depend on this last, forth metamorphosis.

The Internship Handbook: A Guide for Students in the Health Professions provides readers with the knowledge and insight they need to effectively transition from academic coursework to workplace life. The textbook offers students a collection of best practices and resources surrounding internships, field placements, and clinical experiences. The opening chapter addresses the basics of getting started, beginning with selecting an internship site. Additional chapters review legal and ethical issues, offer practical tips on preparing an effective resume and acing interviews, and present professionalism basics such as social media presence, time management, and soft skills. The text reinforces the importance of diversity and inclusion in the workplace and reveals tips and resources to facilitate successful transition from the internship to the workplace. The closing chapter features real-world stories of six interns to help students connect the material in the textbook with practical, lived experiences. Throughout, readers are provided with journal prompts that are designed to help them organize their thoughts, expand their thinking and creativity, and provide them with opportunities for reflection. The Internship Handbook is an exemplary resource for students in the health professions who are pursuing, preparing for, or currently placed in internship experiences.

International Workshop organised by the Marcel Merieux Foundation, 21 to 23 June 2000. The debate over the ethical issues raised by stem cell research concerns essentially the practice of taking cells from human embryos and the consequent destruction of the embryo. This work, going to the heart of the controversy over such manipulations, discusses the ethical question of the legal status of the embryo. At the moment when, in France, the bioethics laws have come up for review, questions regarding the statute of the embryo return in the heart of scientific debates. Breakthroughs in the field of embryonic stem cell biology offer a glimpse of the considerable therapeutic possibilities. Research Institutes and Governments, hailed by these new therapeutic perspectives, are attempting to put in place modes of regulation this research that both respond to citizen's aspirations and conform to ethical norms.