Scholars exploring the history of science under the Nazis have generally concentrated on the Nazi destruction of science or the corruption of intellectual and liberal values. Racial Hygiene focuses on how scientists themselves participated in the construction of Nazi racial policy. Robert Proctor demonstrates that the common picture of a passive scientific community coerced into cooperation with the Nazis fails to grasp the reality of what actually happened-namely, that many of the political initiatives of the Nazis arose from within the scientific community, and that medical scientists actively designed and administered key elements of National Socialist policy. The book presents the most comprehensive account to date of German medical involvement in the sterilization and castration laws, the laws banning marriage between Jews and non-Jews, and the massive program to destroy "lives not worth living." The study traces attempts on the part of doctors to conceive of the "Jewish problem" as a "medical problem," and how medical journals openly discussed the need to find a "final solution" to Germany's Jewish and gypsy "problems." Proctor makes us aware that such thinking was not unique to Germany. The social Darwinism of the late nineteenth century in America and Europe gave rise to theories of racial hygiene that were embraced by enthusiasts of various nationalities in the hope of breeding a better, healthier, stronger race of people. Proctor also presents an account of the "organic" health movement that flourished under the Nazis, including campaigns to reduce smoking and drinking, and efforts to require bakeries to produce whole-grain bread. A separate chapter is devoted to the emergence of a resistance movement among doctors in the Association of Socialist Physicians. The book is based on a close analysis of contemporary documents, including German state archives and more than two hundred medical journals published during the period. Proctor has set out not merely to tell a story but also to urge reflection on what might be called the "political philosophy of science"-how movements that shape the policies of nations can also shape the structure and priorities of science. The broad implications of this book make it of consequence not only to historians, physicians, and people concerned with the history and philosophy of science, but also to those interested in science policy and medical ethics.

International Workshop organised by the Marcel Merieux Foundation, 21 to 23 June 2000. The debate over the ethical issues raised by stem cell research concerns essentially the practice of taking cells from human embryos and the consequent destruction of the embryo. This work, going to the heart of the controversy over such manipulations, discusses the ethical question of the legal status of the embryo. At the moment when, in France, the bioethics laws have come up for review, questions regarding the statute of the embryo return in the heart of scientific debates. Breakthroughs in the field of embryonic stem cell biology offer a glimpse of the considerable therapeutic possibilities. Research Institutes and Governments, hailed by these new therapeutic perspectives, are attempting to put in place modes of regulation this research that both respond to citizen's aspirations and conform to ethical norms.

Best Practice in Lameness Diagnostics This guide to systematic, step by step lameness examination is based on the latest findings in locomotion research. Each step of the examination is clearly described and informatively illustrated. Video demonstrations of techniques used throughout the examination process are also provided. An introductory chapter delivers the key to a functional understanding of canine anatomy. Anatomical structures relevant to each stage of the examination are depicted in detailed graphics to faciliate elucidation of findings derived from palpation. The most common observations and their interpretation are presented in convenient, quick-reference summaries. Investigation of lameness is complemented by a comprehensive guide to neurological examination, including accompanying videos. The most important orthopedic and neurological disorders are presented through video examples of abnormal gaits, as well as detailed descriptions of diagnostics and therapeutics. The complete guide to lameness examination in the dog. 38 videos included.