Since 1980, progress in research on the fission-track dating method and its applications to earth and related sciences has been evaluated during an International Workshop that takes place every four years. This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the International Workshop held in Gent (Belgium) from 26 to 30 August, 1996. Primarily the articles will be of interest to the active fission-track scientists but the combination of research papers and critical reviews that is presented may also provide the interested non-specialist reader with a valuable insight into the fission-track dating method and its role in the earth sciences. This reader will undoubtedly note the evolution that the method has undergone during the last fifteen years, from a technique that was debated in most of its facets to an established chronometric tool with unique qualities in geothermochronology.

Natural and Laboratory-Simulated Thermal Geochemical Processes compares a series of thermal natural geochemical events with thermally laboratory-simulated processes. The emphasis is on the geothermal events occurring in nature compared with those simulated in the laboratory, thus furnishing important information at the molecular level for such processes. The book covers the following topics:

-Generation of petroleum and its thermal cracking;
-Pyrolysis of oil-shales;
-Formation of coal and its gasification and liquification;
-Thermal liquification of biomass;
-Geothermal energy;
-Thermal generation of fullerenes;
-Thermal formation of diamonds;
-Thermal analysis of organo-clay complexes;
-Geochemical conditions for life emergence.

This book updates the academic and industrial scientific community with the fate of organic and inorganic matter in our environment and especially in the geosphere when subjected to thermal treatment under natural and laboratory-simulation processes.
The book is of interest to researchers in chemistry, geology, engineering, petrology, energy, and analytical laboratories, as well as for students specialising in the chemistry of natural products and geochemistry.

This is a unique collection of reviews of the significance of geochemistry in the earth sciences, with contributions from a range of internationally distinguished scientists. It deals with both the historical contribution (Part 1) and the current and likely future importance of the subject in dealing with key environmental issues (Part 2). The book is based on contributions given to the 2008 IGC session with same name: * Provides the most comprehensive review of the scope and achievements of modern geochemistry in a form accessible to and affordable by students (advanced undergraduates and graduates) * The contributors are all world leaders in their particular field * Co-published with the IAGC - the worlds premiere learned society for the geochemistry community. * The only affordable and single-volume overview of the entire subject.

The Evolution of Matter explains how all matter in the Universe developed following the Big Bang and through subsequent stellar processes. It describes the evolution of interstellar matter and its differentiation during the accretion of the planets and the history of the Earth. Unlike many books on geochemistry, this volume follows the chemical history of matter from the very beginning to the present, demonstrating connections in space and time. It provides also solid links from cosmochemistry to the geochemistry of Earth. The book presents comprehensive descriptions of the various isotope systematics and fractionation processes occurring naturally in the Universe, using simple equations and helpful tables of data. With a glossary of terms and over 900 references, this volume is a valuable reference for researchers and advanced students studying the chemical evolution of the Earth, the Solar System and the wider Universe.

Marine geochemistry uses chemical elements and their isotopes to study how the ocean works in terms of ocean circulation, chemical composition, biological activity and atmospheric CO2 regulation. This rapidly growing field is at a crossroad for many disciplines (physical, chemical and biological oceanography, geology, climatology, ecology, etc.). It provides important quantitative answers to questions such as: What is the deep ocean mixing rate? How much atmospheric CO2 is pumped by the ocean? How fast are pollutants removed from the ocean? How do ecosystems react to anthropogenic pressure? This text gives a simple introduction to the concepts, the methods and the applications of marine geochemistry with a particular emphasis on isotopic tracers. Overall introducing a very large number of topics (physical oceanography, ocean chemistry, isotopes, gas exchange, modelling, biogeochemical cycles), with a balance of didactic and indepth information, it provides an outline and a complete course in marine geochemistry. Throughout, the book uses a hands-on approach with worked out exercises and problems (with answers provided at the end of the book), to help the students work through the concepts presented. A broad scale approach is take including ocean physics, marine biology, ocean-climate relations, remote sensing, pollutions and ecology, so that the reader acquires a global perspective of the ocean. It also includes new topics arising from ongoing research programs. This textbook is essential reading for students, scholars, researchers and other professionals.

This carefully targeted and rigorous new textbook introduces engineering students to the fundamental principles of applied Earth science, highlighting how modern soil and rock mechanics, geomorphology, hydrogeology, seismology and environmental geochemistry affect geotechnical and environmental practice. Key geological topics of engineering relevance including soils and sediments, rocks, groundwater, and geologic hazards are presented in an accessible and engaging way. A broad range of international case studies add real-world context, and demonstrate practical applications in field and laboratory settings to guide site characterization. End-of-chapter problems are included for self-study and evaluation, and supplementary online materials include electronic figures, additional examples, solutions, and guidance on useful software. Featuring a detailed glossary introducing key terminology, this text requires no prior geological training and is essential reading for senior undergraduate or graduate students in civil, geological, geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering. It is also a useful reference and bridge for Earth science graduates embarking on engineering geology courses.

Noble Gas Geochemistry discusses the fundamental concepts of using noble gases to solve problems in the earth and planetary sciences. The discipline offers a powerful and unique tool in resolving problems such as the origin of the solar system, evolution of the planets, earth formation, mantle evolution and dynamics, atmospheric degassing and evolution, ocean circulation, dynamics of aquifer systems, and numerous applications to other geological problems. This book gives a comprehensive description of the physical chemistry and cosmochemistry of noble gases, before leading on to applications for problem-solving in the earth and planetary sciences. There have been many developments in the use of the noble gases since publication of the first edition of this book in 1983. This second edition has been fully revised and updated. The book will be invaluable to graduate students and researchers in the earth and planetary sciences who use noble gas geochemistry techniques.

Of the many techniques that have been applied to the study of crystal defects, none has contributed more to our understanding of their nature and influence on the physical and chemical properties of crystalline materials than transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM is now used extensively by an increasing number of earth scientists for direct observation of defect microstructures in minerals and rocks. Transmission Electron Microscopy of Rocks and Minerals is an introduction to the principles of the technique and is the only book to date on the subject written specifically for geologists and mineralogists. The first part of the book deals with the essential physics of the transmission electron microscope and presents the basic theoretical background required for the interpretation of images and electron diffraction patterns. The final chapters are concerned with specific applications of TEM in mineralogy and deal with such topics as planar defects, intergrowths, radiation-induced defects, dislocations and deformation-induced microstructures. The examples cover a wide range of rock-forming minerals from crustal rocks to those in the lower mantle, and also take into account the role of defects in important mineralogical and geological processes.

This book discusses the application of geochemical models to environmental practice and studies, through the use of numerous case studies of real-world environmental problems, such as acid mine drainage, pit lake chemistry, nuclear waste disposal, and landfill leachates. In each example the authors clearly define the environmental threat in question; explain how geochemical modeling may help solve the problem posed; and advise the reader how to prepare input files for geochemical modeling codes and interpret the results in terms of meeting regulatory requirements.

This book is a comprehensive treatment of fine particle magnetism and the magnetic properties of rocks. Starting from atomic magnetism and magnetostatic principles, the authors explain why domains and micromagnetic structures form in ferrimagnetic crystals and how these lead to magnetic memory in the form of thermal, chemical and other remanent magnetizations. One chapter is devoted to practical tests of domain state and paleomagnetic stability. Another deals with pseudo-single-domain magnetism, i.e., particles that contain domain walls but behave like a single domain. The final four chapters place magnetism in the context of igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, and extraterrestrial rocks. This book will appeal to researchers in the earth sciences, physics, and engineering.

Cosmochemistry is a rapidly evolving field of planetary science and the second edition of this classic text reflects the exciting discoveries made over the past decade from new spacecraft missions. Topics covered include the synthesis of elements in stars, behaviour of elements and isotopes in the early solar nebula and planetary bodies, and compositions of extra-terrestrial materials. Radioisotope chronology of the early Solar System is also discussed, as well as geochemical exploration of planets by spacecraft, and cosmochemical constraints on the formation of solar systems. Thoroughly updated throughout, this new edition features significantly expanded coverage of chemical fractionation and isotopic analyses; focus boxes covering basic definitions and essential background material on mineralogy, organic chemistry and quantitative topics; and a comprehensive glossary. An appendix of analytical techniques and end-of-chapter review questions, with solutions available at www.cambridge.org/cosmochemistry2e, also contribute to making this the ideal teaching resource for courses on the Solar System's composition as well as a valuable reference for early career researchers.

Modern geochemistry aims to provide an accurate description of geological processes, and a set of models and quantitative rules that help predict the evolution of geological systems. This work is an introduction to the mathematical methods of geochemical modeling, largely based on examples presented with full solutions. It shows how geochemical problems, dealing with mass balance, equilibrium, fractionation and dynamics and transport in the igneous, sedimentary and oceanic environments, can be reformulated in terms of equations. Its practical approach then leads to simple but efficient methods of solution. This book should help the motivated reader to overcome the formal difficulties of geochemical modeling, and bring state-of-the-art methods within reach of advanced students in geochemistry and geophysics, as well as in physics and chemistry.

The deep oceans and global seafloor are truly Earth's last frontier: largely unexplored, yet critical to our survival on this planet. This magnificent, full-color volume provides a unique, fascinating view of Earth's seafloor and underlying oceanic crust, beginning with a historical summary of seafloor exploration and its developing technologies. Later chapters discuss the major geological components of Earth's crust and the myriad environments along the global mid-ocean ridges, including active volcanoes, rift zones and hydrothermal vents - Earth's most extreme environments. The authors present simple explanations of how the various geological and hydrothermal features of the seafloor are formed through physical, chemical and biological processes, and also describe the life they host. Supported by online visual and teaching resources, including video clips and images, this book forms an indispensable reference for researchers, teachers and students of marine geoscience, and a visually stunning resource which all oceanographers and enthusiasts will want on their bookshelves.

This book is written as an addition to Darwin's work and that of molecular biologists on evolution so as to include views of it from the point of view of chemistry rather than just from our knowledge of the biology and genes of organisms. By concentrating on a wide range of chemical elements, not just those in traditional organic compounds, we show that there is a close relationship between the geological or environmental chemical changes from the formation of Earth and those of organisms from the time of their origin. These are considerations which Darwin or other scientists could not have explored until very recent times since sufficient analytical data were not available. They lead us to suggest that there is a combined geo- and bio-chemical evolution, that of an ecosystem, which has had a systematic chemical development. In this development the arrival of new very similar species is shown to be by random Darwinian competitive selection processes such that a huge variety of species coexist with only minor differences in chemistry and advantages. This is in agreement with previous studies. On the large scale of evolution of very different organisms, and over greater timescales, by way of contrast, we observe that groups of species have special, different, chemical features and function. It is more difficult to understand how they evolved and therefore we examine their chemical development in detail. Overall there is a cooperative evolution of a chemical system driven by capture of energy, mainly from the sun, and its degradation in which the chemistry of both the environment and organisms are facilitating intermediates. We shall suggest that the overall drive of the whole joint system is to optimise the rate of this energy degradation. Since the environmental changes are inorganic and relatively fast they move inevitably to equilibrium. The living part of the system, the organisms, under the influence of this inevitable environmental change are forced to follow but as they are increasingly energised and their reactions are slow, they move further away from equilibrium. We are able to explore the ways in which this chemical system evolved, recognising that as complexity of the chemistry of organisms increased, they had to be formed from more and more compartments and to become part of a chemically cooperative overall activity. They could not remain as isolated species. Only in the last chapter do we attempt to make a connection between the changing chemistry of organisms with the coded molecules of each cell which have to exist to explain reproduction.

Geologically Active contains over 500 papers from 44 countries worldwide, which were presented at the 11th Congress of the IAEG, and includes the state-of-the-art on practise in engineering geology. Engineering geology now extends into a host of linked fields: disaster risk management and climate change, preservation of lifelines, geophysics, interpretation of satellite imagery, communication, instrumentation, mining, tunnelling, groundwater, rehabilitation and brown-field development, wine, recyclable materials, ethics, and education. Communication with non-specialists and developing green solutions has never been more important and the industry is evolving tools and emerging ideas to more appropriately achieve this.

This volume brings together engineering, science and practice to focus on the very real effects of active geological processes on communities and infrastructure and their development. The theme of Geologically Active is developed through five chapters focussing on assessment and identification of natural hazards, the meeting of geological phenomena with people and infrastructure to create risk, approaches to hazard mitigation around the world, application of engineering geological techniques and practice, site investigation and geotechnical modelling, and engineering geology in the global economy, bridging the gap between scientists, engineers and non-practitioners in a changing world environment. Geologically Active encourages the transformation of science research into practice, offering a connection between scientific progress and community resilience, and will be invaluable to engineering and geological academics and consultants, government organizations, and power and mining companies.

Rocks, more than anything else, underpin our lives. They make up the solid structure of the Earth and of other rocky planets, and are present at the cores of gas giant planets. We live on the rocky surface of the planet, grow our food on weathered debris derived from rocks, and we obtain nearly all of the raw materials with which we found our civilization from rocks. From the Earth's crust to building bricks, rocks contain our sense of planetary history, and are a guide to our future. In this Very Short Introduction Jan Zalasiewicz looks at the nature and variety of rocks, and the processes by which they are formed. Starting from the origin of rocks and their key role in the formation of the Earth, he considers what we know about the deep rocks of the mantle and core, and what rocks can tell us about the evolution of the Earth, and looks at those found in outer space and on other planets. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

VI be improved if more time had been available. If the book on lead were to be rewritten thermochemists, electrochemists and theoreticians on elasticity would be required, besides technologists, to support the work of the metallurgist. In recent years the pace of research and development has increased enormously, resulting in the evolution of completely new technologies. In spite of the demand thereby created for new and exotic mate- rials with special properties, industry will continue to depend in large measure on classical materials and conventional processes. The older metals, including lead, will therefore always maintain their importance alongside the new materials, even in a world of rapidly changing technologies. Brunswick (Braunschweig), .July 1965 Wilhelm Hofmann Editor's Foreword Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. WILHELM HOFMANN, who died suddenlyon 16th November, 1965, had already completed the manuscript of the English edition before his death, together with the main Foreword repro- duced here. I have made every attempt to ensure that publication should be carried out as Prof. HOFMANN would himself have wished. This has been done with the cooperation of Frau Dr. MARGARETE BLUTH and the support of Frau AURELIE HOFMANN. Brunswick (Braunschweig), July 1969 Gerwig Vibrans Contents A. General I. History, Geochemistry, Production 1 II. Smelter Production 5 Types of Lead. . .

Mineral emissions from agriculture include nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals, derived particularly from fertilizer use and farm animal wastes in intensive agricultural systems. These have the potential to cause pollution and affect the quality of water, soils and agricultural produce. Interest in this subject has increased substantially in recent years, resulting in reforms of part of the Common Agricultural Policy as well as the development of special directives in the European Union. This book presents analyses of the economics and policy options related to nonpoint-source pollution in European agriculture. It brings together several disciplines and has been developed from a workshop held in Norway in January 1996. This workshop was one of four, each focusing on a key theme as part of the EU Concerted Action, Policy measures to control environmental impacts from agriculture . The book includes both theoretical analyses and empirical studies from several countries. It represents an important volume for research academics and professionals in soil science, environmental and pollution studies, and agricultural and environmental economics and policy."

in die Formbeschreibende Krystallographie. Von Dr. Victor Goldschmidt. Mit gg in den Text qedr-uckten F'iqur-en. Sonderausgabe der Einleitung zum Index der Krystallformen der Mineralien. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH,887- ISBN 978-3-662-23798-4 ISBN 978-3-662-25901-6 (eBook) DOI10. 1007/978-3-662-25901-6 Softcover reprintofthe hardcover 1st edition 1887 Vorwort. Durch selbststandige Herausgabe dieser Einleitung wollte ich dieselbe besonders solchen zugdnglich machen, die sich den Ankauf des g esammten "Index der Krystallformen" versagen miissen. Der theoretische Theil bildet mit der Schrift "Ueber krystallographische Demonstration" und der "Ueber Projection und graphische Krystallberechnung" ein Ganzes, unabhangig von den Formenverzeichnissen. Letztcre freilich konnen die Einleitung nicht ent- behren, Die auf die neuen Symbole gestiitzte neue Art der Krystallberech- nung ist in sich selbststandig, ebenso die Umwandlungs- und Urnrechnungs- tabellen, die d en Schliissc1 geben zum Lesen der alteren Literatur. Auch das Uebrige, die Untersuchungen tiber Transformation, iiber Buchstaben- bezeichnung u. s. w. ist fiir sich verwendbar, \"lenn diese Einleitung durch Hinweis auf den folgenden Index ohne diesen an manchen Stellen der Form nach nicht correkt erscheint, so wolle man dies clem zu Gute halten, dass jede Aenderung bei sachlicher Becleutungs- losigkeit grosse Kosten verursacht haben wiirde. Wien, Oktober 1887. Dr. Victor Goldschmidt. Einleitung. Zweck der Arbeit. Haupt-Aufgabe der Krystallographie ist die Ergriindung des molekularen Aufbaues der festen Korper und die Ermittelung der Intensitat und Wir- kungsweise der molekularen Krafte. Eines der Mittel, urn der Losung dieser Aufgabe naher zu kommen, ist die Untersuchung der Krystallgestalten und zwar auf zweierlei Weise: I.

All Earth Science students need to understand the origins, environments, and basic processes that produce igneous and metamorphic rocks. This concise introductory textbook provides students with the essential knowledge needed to understand how petrology relates to other topics in the geologic sciences, and has been written specifically for one-semester courses. Throughout, the emphasis is on interpreting the mineralogy and petrology of rock suites in terms of origin and environment, with the first half of the book concentrating on igneous rocks, and the second half on metamorphic rocks. This Second Edition has been thoroughly revised and brought completely up-to-date. It now includes a new chapter on the application of stable and radiogenic isotopes in petrology, introducing students to the concept of isotopic fractionation and describing the process of radioactive decay. The discussions of phase diagrams, connections between igneous and metamorphic rock suites, and convergent margin magmatism have also been expanded. There is a new glossary of terms, updated end-of-chapter exercises, and updated further readings.

Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on [title] held in Malvern, England, August 1989. No subject index. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.

Granites are emblematic rocks developed from a magma that crystallized in the Earth's crust. They ultimately outcrop at the surface of every continent. This book offers a modern presentation of granitic rocks. It considers granites in their geological spatial and temporal frame, and in relation to plate tectonics and Earth history. The book - translated, edited, and updated from the original French edition Petrologie des Granites published by Vuibert in 2011 - gives a modern presentation of granitic rocks, or granites, from magma genesis to their emplacement into the crust and their crystallization. Mineralogical, petrological, physical, and economical aspects are explored and developed in a succession. The text is supported throughout by a large number of illustrations, descriptions of modern techniques, and additional boxes holding further discussions for those wishing to deepen their knowledge of the subject.

Geochemical Modeling for Mine Site Characterization and Remediation is the fourth of six volumes in the Management Technologies for Metal Mining Influenced Water series about technologies for management of metal mine and metallurgical process drainage. This handbook describes the important components of hydrogeochemical modeling for mine environments, primarily those mines where sulfi de minerals are present-metal mines and coal mines. It provides general guidelines on the strengths and limitations of geochemical modeling and an overview of its application to the hydrogeochemistry of both unmined mineralized sites and those contaminated from mineral extraction and mineral processing. The handbook includes an overview of the models behind the codes, explains vital geochemical computations, describes several modeling processes, provides a compilation of codes, and gives examples of their application, including both successes and failures. Hydrologic modeling is also included because mining contaminants most often migrate by surface water and groundwater transport, and contaminant concentrations are a function of water residence time as well as pathways. This is an indispensable resource for mine planners and engineers, environmental managers, land managers, consultants, researchers, government regulators, nongovernmental organizations, students, stakeholders, and anyone with an interest in mining influenced water. The other handbooks in the series are Basics of Metal Mining Influenced Water; Mitigation of Metal Mining Influenced Water; Mine Pit Lakes: Characteristics, Predictive Modeling, and Sustainability; Techniques for Predicting Metal Mining Influenced Water; and Sampling and Monitoring for the Mine Life Cycle.

Understandable by anyone concerned with crystals or solid state properties dependent on structure Presents a general system using simple notation to reveal similarities and differences among crystal structures More than 300 selected and prepared figures illustrate structures found in thousands of compounds