The deep oceans and global seafloor are truly Earth's last frontier: largely unexplored, yet critical to our survival on this planet. This magnificent, full-color volume provides a unique, fascinating view of Earth's seafloor and underlying oceanic crust, beginning with a historical summary of seafloor exploration and its developing technologies. Later chapters discuss the major geological components of Earth's crust and the myriad environments along the global mid-ocean ridges, including active volcanoes, rift zones and hydrothermal vents - Earth's most extreme environments. The authors present simple explanations of how the various geological and hydrothermal features of the seafloor are formed through physical, chemical and biological processes, and also describe the life they host. Supported by online visual and teaching resources, including video clips and images, this book forms an indispensable reference for researchers, teachers and students of marine geoscience, and a visually stunning resource which all oceanographers and enthusiasts will want on their bookshelves.

Granites are emblematic rocks developed from a magma that crystallized in the Earth's crust. They ultimately outcrop at the surface of every continent. This book - translated, edited, and updated from the original French edition Petrologie des Granites published by Vuibert in 2011 - gives a modern presentation of granitic rocks, or granites, from magma genesis to their emplacement into the crust and their crystallization. Mineralogical, petrological, physical, and economical aspects are developed in a succession of 14 chapters. Special 'info boxes' discuss topics for those wishing to deepen their knowledge of the subject. Also included is a glossary, a comprehensive bibliography, as well as descriptions of modern techniques. Granites are considered in their geological spatial and temporal frame, in relation with Plate Tectonics and Earth History, and assisted by a large number of high quality illustrations.

This book is written as an addition to Darwin's work and that of molecular biologists on evolution so as to include views of it from the point of view of chemistry rather than just from our knowledge of the biology and genes of organisms. By concentrating on a wide range of chemical elements, not just those in traditional organic compounds, we show that there is a close relationship between the geological or environmental chemical changes from the formation of Earth and those of organisms from the time of their origin. These are considerations which Darwin or other scientists could not have explored until very recent times since sufficient analytical data were not available. They lead us to suggest that there is a combined geo- and bio-chemical evolution, that of an ecosystem, which has had a systematic chemical development. In this development the arrival of new very similar species is shown to be by random Darwinian competitive selection processes such that a huge variety of species coexist with only minor differences in chemistry and advantages. This is in agreement with previous studies. On the large scale of evolution of very different organisms, and over greater timescales, by way of contrast, we observe that groups of species have special, different, chemical features and function. It is more difficult to understand how they evolved and therefore we examine their chemical development in detail. Overall there is a cooperative evolution of a chemical system driven by capture of energy, mainly from the sun, and its degradation in which the chemistry of both the environment and organisms are facilitating intermediates. We shall suggest that the overall drive of the whole joint system is to optimise the rate of this energy degradation. Since the environmental changes are inorganic and relatively fast they move inevitably to equilibrium. The living part of the system, the organisms, under the influence of this inevitable environmental change are forced to follow but as they are increasingly energised and their reactions are slow, they move further away from equilibrium. We are able to explore the ways in which this chemical system evolved, recognising that as complexity of the chemistry of organisms increased, they had to be formed from more and more compartments and to become part of a chemically cooperative overall activity. They could not remain as isolated species. Only in the last chapter do we attempt to make a connection between the changing chemistry of organisms with the coded molecules of each cell which have to exist to explain reproduction.

One challenge in atmospheric chemistry is understanding the intercontinental transport and transformation of gases and aerosols. This book describes observational and modeling techniques used to understand atmospheric composition from satellites, aircraft and ground based platforms. Common ideas presented throughout are the role of each component in an observing system for atmospheric composition, and advances necessary to improve understanding of atmospheric composition.

Coal Combustion Byproducts and Environmental Issues addresses the major implications and critical issues surrounding coal combustion products and their impact upon the environment. It provides essential information for scientists conducting research on coal and coal combustion products, but also serves as a valuable reference for a wide variety of researchers and other professionals in the energy industry and in the fields of public health, engineering, and environmental sciences. The ultimate goal of this volume is to benefit both our economy and our environment as humanity enters the second half of the fossil fuel era.

Updated Throughout With The Latest Data And Findings, The Second Edition Of Essentials Of Geochemistry Provides Students With A Solid Understanding Of The Fundamentals Of And Approaches To Modern Geochemical Analysis. The Text Uses A Concepts Of Chemical Equilibrium Approach, Which Considers The Reactions That Occur As A Result Of Changes In Heat Production And Pressure Within The Earth To Introduce Students To The Basic Geochemical Principles. This Text Is For Those Who Want A Quantitative Treatment That Integrates The Principles Of Thermodynamics, Solution Chemistry, And Kinetics Into The Study Of Earth Processes. This Timely Text Contains Numerous Examples And Problems Sets Which Use SUPCRT92 To Allow Students To Test Their Understanding Of Thermodynamic Theory And Maximize Their Comprehension Of This Prominent Field. New Sections Introduce Current "Hot" Topics Such As Global Geochemical Change With The Short And Long Term Carbon Cycle, Carbon Isotopes And The Permo-Triassic Extinction Event, Kinetics And The Origin Of Life And The Use Of Boron And Nitrogen Isotopes.

This book examines the impacts of radionuclides released from the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident on inland aquatic environments. The focus is on the dynamics of radiocesium in inland aquatic environments. The book comprises three parts: migration behavior of radiocesium in river and lake environment, accumulation of radiocesium into organisms in freshwater, and integrated environmental analysis in a lake system and a forest-freshwater system. Many studies on the dynamics of radionuclides have been published after the FDNPP accident, especially of radiocesium (134Cs 137Cs) in land and marine environment. The key features of this book are the new data of freshwater environment including transport of radionuclides in river and lake watershed, and accumulation of radiocesium in freshwater fishes and insects. Another feature of this book is that it summarizes the dataset of a model lake, Lake Akagi-Onuma, from geochemical and biological approaches. Readers will learn the actual dispersion behavior of radionuclides released from the Fukushima accident and their impacts on freshwater environments since the accident in 2011. The book presents valuable information for assessing the impacts of the FDNPP accident on ecosystem and human health, which are also useful in developing countermeasures for similar accidents and environmental contaminations.

Environmental chemistry has evolved into a discipline which is far more than a series of applications of chemistry to environmental problems. The complexity and diversity of environmental systems demands a corresponding variety in the group of researchers who call themselves environmental chemists. This unique volume reflects this diversity and provides an in-depth introduction to a wide variety of topics within environmental chemistry. It features state-of-the-art contributions from leading scientists who are actively involved in an extensive range of research areas within environmental chemistry. Written at a level accessible to general readers, this volume has been carefully edited for consistency of level and style, and is fully referenced and indexed. It is organized into sections describing fundamental work in the environmental chemistry of condensed-phase systems, studies in atmospheric chemistry, and chapters more directly related to field data.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by the mining, refining, industrial use, and recycling of platinum and selected platinum compounds. Because of its exceptional catalytic properties, resistance to chemical corrosion, and high mechanical strength, platinum is widely used in the chemical and petroleum industries, most notably in the production of catalysts, including devices for reducing hazardous gas emissions. The growing use of catalytic converters to reduce pollution from automobile exhausts has caused a sharp increase in the world demand for this metal. Compounds such as cisplatin also have important therapeutic applications.

Petroleum is not as easy to find as it used to be. In order to locate and develop reserves efficiently, it's vital that geologists and geophysicists understand the geological processes that affect a reservoir rock and the oil that is trapped within it. This book is about how and to what extent, these processes may be understood. The theme of the book is the characterization of fluids in sedimentary basins, understanding their interaction with each other and with rocks, and the application of this information to finding, developing and producing oil and gas. The first part of the book describes the techniques, and the second part relates real-life case histories covering a wide range of applications. Petroleum geology, particularly exploration, involves making the best of incomplete results. It is essentially an optimistic exercise. This book will remove some of the guesswork.
Brings together the most important geochemical methods in a single volume.
Authored by two well-respected researchers in the oil industry.
Real-life, international case histories.

Provides an introduction to the chemistry of the solid-water interface, progressing from the simple to more complex and applied. Discusses the important interfaces in natural systems, especially geochemistry, in natural waters, soils and sediments. The processes occurring at mineral-water, particle-water and organism-water interfaces play critical roles in regulating the composition and ecology of oceans and fresh waters, the development of soils and plant nutrient's supply, preserving the integrity of water repositories and in such applications as water technology and corrosion science.

This new edition of a bestseller presents updated technology advances that have occurred since publication of the first edition. It increases the utility and scope of the content through numerous case studies and examples and an entirely new set of problems and solutions. The book also has an accompanying instructor's guide and presents rubrics by which instructors can increase student learning and evaluate student outcomes, chapter by chapter. The book focuses on the increasing importance of water resources and energy in the broader context of environmental sustainability. Ita (TM)s interdisciplinary coverage includes soil science, physical chemistry, mineralogy, geology, ground pollution, and more.

This is the first book to provide a comprehensive and state-of-the-art introduction to the novel and fast-evolving topic of in-situ produced cosmogenic nuclides. It presents an accessible introduction to the theoretical foundations, with explanations of relevant concepts starting at a basic level and building in sophistication. It incorporates, and draws on, methodological discussions and advances achieved within the international CRONUS (Cosmic-Ray Produced Nuclide Systematics) networks. Practical aspects such as sampling, analytical methods and data-interpretation are discussed in detail and an essential sampling checklist is provided. The full range of cosmogenic isotopes is covered and a wide spectrum of in-situ applications are described and illustrated with specific and generic examples of exposure dating, burial dating, erosion and uplift rates and process model verification. Graduate students and experienced practitioners will find this book a vital source of information on the background concepts and practical applications in geomorphology, geography, soil-science, and geology.

Die 2. uberarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage der Hydrogeologischen Methoden basiert auf einer grundlichen Uberarbeitung. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Darstellung von Durchlassigkeit und Transmissivitat, Speicherkoeffizient und Porenraum sowie die Pumpversuche. Das von vielen Benutzern geschatzte Kapitel uber statistische Verfahren in der Hydrogeologie wurde nicht ubernommen. Dafur liegen im Schrifttum seit 1980 moderne, auf die elektronische Datenverarbeitung abgestimmte Bucher vor. Neue Darstellungen gibt es auch fur solche hydrogeologische Methoden, die manche Fachkollegen und Praktiker vermissen werden. Neu hinzu gekommen sind Kapitel uber die "Hydrogeochemie fur die Praxis," den Transport von Wasserinhaltsstoffen, Kontamination des Grundwassers und Sanierung von Grundwasserleitern, Grundwassermonitoring, Brunnenalterung und Regenerierung sowie Grundwasserwiedererganzung und -bilanz. Hydrogeologische Systemzusammenhange werden schlussig dargestellt und durch sehr viele anschauliche Abbildungen illustriert. Dies trifft auch auf die Definition und Ableitung der wichtigsten hydrogeologischen Kennwerte zu. In den Text eingefugte Beispiele erlauben es dem Benutzer, Losungsweg und Berechnung nachzuvollziehen."

An isotope is a variant form of a chemical element, containing a different number of neutrons in its nucleus. Most elements exist as several isotopes. Many are stable while others are radioactive, and some may only exist fleetingly before decaying into other elements. In this Very Short Introduction, Rob Ellam explains how isotopes have proved enormously important across all the sciences and in archaeology. Radioactive isotopes may be familiar from their use in nuclear weapons, nuclear power, and in medicine, as well as in carbon dating. They have been central to establishing the age of the Earth and the origins of the solar system. Combining previous and new research, Ellam provides an overview of the nature of stable and radioactive isotopes, and considers their wide range of modern applications. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

This book provides thorough knowledge and detailed information of oil shales using a range of conventional and unconventional techniques and methodologies combined to elucidate the composition of oil shale deposits. As these rocks are mined for energy production their composition and mineral constituents are of special interests to individuals and communities that are likely to be effected by these resources when mined and processed. The book highlights the environmental and health hazards of the spent shales after processing. These are significantly greater in volume than the rocks originally mined before processing. Toxic metals tend to double and triple their concentrations in the spent shales and will be leached into water sources and soils.Since oil shales as an energy resource are totally uneconomical; all oil shales, their mining and processing are heavily subsidised by governments and institutions using taxpayers money.

"A fine treatment of this critical time in geology's history. Although it goes against our standard histories of the field, Laudan defends her views convincingly. Her style is direct, with carefully reasoned personal opinions and interpretations clearly defined."--Jere H. Lipps, "The Scientist"

This book represents new structural-chemical minerals of A.A. Godovikov which reflects the latest data on communication of the chemical composition with structure and properties of minerals, conditions of their formation, their paragenesis. The following features lay its basis: a) the numerous, often not considered earlier chemical signs on which chemical properties of minerals, conditions of their formation or paragenesis may depend; b) the determined consistent patterns of communication between chemical compounds structure and fundamental properties of the elements forming them; c) regularities of structure change and properties of minerals depending on physical and chemical parameters of formation or environment systems. This systemati considers real associations, differences in physical and chemical parameters at which minerals are forming and existing. In this systematic sometimes the preference is given to the last signs because all natural associations aren't casual in an arrangement of minerals, so they formed as a result of difficult and longtime selection. The properties of minerals are coordinated with their structure, formation conditions. The transition conditions from one taxon to another both at one level and at its deepenings are accurately formulated. The primary type of a chemical bond was accepted as leading sign of five highest taxons. The lowest taxons were allocated on: a) the mineral belongings to izodesmichesky or anizodesmichesky connections; b) the type of anion, cation; c) the coordination number of an anionoobrazovatel; d) the size of CX; e) the type of the structure. The signs which are in the basis for systematization give the chance to find the place for new mineral types in the tables, to change the place of mineral in connection with specification of its formula or structure. They also allow to distinguish new taxons for the new mineral types representing chemical compounds, earlier not known in nature. Thus this systematic is not a stiffened representation but the developing system.

This well-organised, comprehensive reference and textbook describes rate models developed from fundamental kinetic theory and presents models using consistent terminology and notation. Major topics include rate equations, reactor theory, transition state theory, surface reactivity, advective and diffusive transport, aggregation kinetics, nucleation kinetics and solid-solid transformation rates. The theoretical basis and mathematical derivation of each model is presented in detail and illustrated with worked examples from real-world applications to geochemical problems. The book is also supported by online resources: self-study problems put students' new learning into practice, and spreadsheets provide the full data used in figures and examples, enabling students to manipulate the data for themselves. This is an ideal overview for graduate students, providing a solid understanding of geochemical kinetics. It will also provide researchers and professional geochemists with a valuable reference for solving scientific and engineering problems.

This is the first undergraduate textbook to fully integrate results from geophysics, geochemistry, and petrology to describe the structure, composition, and dynamic processes that operate throughout the solid Earth. It presents an Earth system science approach to studies of the Earth's interior and develops a global view of solid Earth cycles to explain geodynamic and plate tectonic processes. This book initially explores the formation and evolution of the early Earth, then considers the operative forces for plate tectonic movements at the Earth's surface, and finally discusses global cycles within the deep Earth and their effect on the surface environment. Interactions between the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, and their influence at and beneath the Earth's surface are examined in detail. This textbook thus provides a concise yet extensive coverage of the solid Earth. Written for intermediate undergraduates, it includes a wealth of features to support student learning at this level.

A comprehensive handbook of analytical techniques in geochemistry which provides the student and the professional with an understanding of the wide spectrum of different analytical methods that can be applied to Earth and environmental materials, together with a critical appreciation of their relative merits and limitations.

Isotopes provide important information on many geological processes, with key relevance to the mining and petroleum industries, yet the techniques to obtain, process and interpret the data can be complex to master. This accessible book provides broad coverage of radiogenic isotopes in geochronology and geochemistry, explaining the basic principles and state-of-the-art techniques used to study them, with an emphasis on industry applications. The major isotopic systems are fully summarised with relation to real-world applications, enabling readers to decide which technique is most relevant for the problem they want to solve, and then to rigorously evaluate existing data, or recalculate and reassess datasets to avoid duplication of effort. A comprehensive glossary clarifies the numerous acronyms used in the field. Written at a level appropriate for advanced undergraduate students, the book also includes detail which allows more experienced practitioners to maximise the potential value of isotopic datasets.

First published in 1957, this classic study has been reissued in a paperback version that includes an additional chapter bringing the material up to date. The author formulates the physical properties of crystals systematically in tensor notation, presenting tensor properties in terms of their common mathematical basis and the thermodynamic relations between them. The mathematical groundwork is laid in a discussion of tensors of the first and second ranks. Tensors of higher ranks and matrix methods are then introduced as natural developments of the theory. A similar pattern is followed in discussing thermodynamic and optical aspects.

The discussion on arsenic in the environment is complex and must grasp the importance of very many, mostly unrelated works on individual aspects. This volume represents one of the first comprehensive and interdisciplinary examinations into arsenic's behaviour in air, water, soils, sediments, plants and the human body. Based on state-of-the-art investigations into the global arsenic cycle, the related human toxicology and available remediation technologies, arsenic is assessed holistically in all the environmental compartments. Using the results of primary research, the authors offer concrete suggestions for risk reduction and management of environmental pollution that allow the reader to successfully tackle similar problems and find sustainable solutions. The book consists of three essential parts: Review of the current knowledge of arsenic behaviour in the environment (global biogeochemical cycles), toxicology, remediation techniques, immobilization technologies and environmental legislation Case studies for mining-related arsenic problems Discussion of mitigation and remediation technologies and approaches such as environmental education, hygiene training, backed by real experience and successful implementation in the study area In a highly coherent manner, the book makes use of 120 tables and figures, a large number of literature citations, and very detailed subject index (that encompasses references) to provide rapid and up-to-date access to all relevant information. Cross-references provide a great manoeuvrability between the chapters. The book delivers very insightful and hands-on approaches for graduate students and professionals working on arsenic questions not only in environmental science, but also in the fields of environmental engineering, medicine and social science.

Topical Issues of Rational Use of Natural Resources contains the contributions presented at International Forum-Contest of Young Researchers 2018 (St. Petersburg Mining University, Russia, 18-20 April 2018). The Forum-Contest is an excellent opportunity for young researchers to present their work to the scientific community involved in the extraction and processing of natural resources. The topics of the book include: * Prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits * Development of solid minerals deposits and safety of mining operations * Development of oil and gas fields and transportation of crude hydrocarbons * Modern technologies of construction work applied in the mineral complex * Metallurgy. Physical and chemical technologies of hydrocarbons treatment * Equipment, transport service and energy efficiency of mining enterprises * Economic tools of innovative development * Environmental protection * Geo information systems and nanotechnologies Topical Issues of Rational Use of Natural Resources collects the best reports presented at the Forum-Contest, and will be of interest to academics and professionals involved in the extraction and processing of natural resources.