Employing anthropology, field research, and humanities methodologies as well as digital cartography, and foregrounding the voices of Indigenous scholars, this text examines digital projects currently underway, and includes alternative modes of "mapping" Native American, Alaskan Native, Indigenous Hawaiian and First Nations land. The work of both established and emerging scholars addressing a range of geographic regions and cultural issues is also represented. Issues addressed include the history of maps made by Native Americans; healing and reconciliation projects related to boarding schools; language and land reclamation; Western cartographic maps created in collaboration with Indigenous nations; and digital resources that combine maps with narrative, art, and film, along with chapters on archaeology, place naming, and the digital presence of elders. This text is of interest to scholars working in history, cultural studies, anthropology, Native American studies, and digital cartography.

Disease Mapping: From Foundations to Multidimensional Modeling guides the reader from the basics of disease mapping to the most advanced topics in this field. A multidimensional framework is offered that makes possible the joint modeling of several risks patterns corresponding to combinations of several factors, including age group, time period, disease, etc. Although theory will be covered, the applied component will be equally as important with lots of practical examples offered. Features: Discusses the very latest developments on multivariate and multidimensional mapping. Gives a single state-of-the-art framework that unifies most of the previously proposed disease mapping approaches. Balances epidemiological and statistical points-of-view. Requires no previous knowledge of disease mapping. Includes practical sessions at the end of each chapter with WinBUGs/INLA and real world datasets. Supplies R code for the examples in the book so that they can be reproduced by the reader. About the Authors: Miguel A. Martinez Beneito has spent his whole career working as a statistician for public health services, first at the epidemiology unit of the Valencia (Spain) regional health administration and later as a researcher at the public health division of FISABIO, a regional bio-sanitary research center. He has been also the Bayesian Hierarchical Models professor for several seasons at the University of Valencia Biostatics Master. Paloma Botella Rocamora has spent most of her professional career in academia although she now works as a statistician for the epidemiology unit of the Valencia regional health administration. Most of her research has been devoted to developing and applying disease mapping models to real data, although her work as a statistician in an epidemiology unit makes her develop and apply statistical methods to health data, in general.

Gender inequality is entrenched in the cultural, political, and market systems that operate at household, community, and national levels. Overarching global changes in access to markets, climatic conditions, and the availability of natural resources intensify disparities in income, assets, and power among genders. This book explains these gender dynamics at macro and micro levels through GIS and spatial analysis. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the current role of GIS in the context of gender inequalities, how it still exists globally despite substantial national and international measures that have been taken toward gender equality. It illustrates global and country-level maps of measures of gender inequalities, such as gender equality index, access to basic education, health and life expectancy, equality of economic opportunity, and political empowerment. The global case studies provided in the consequent chapters explore the world of gender inequalities and get directly involved with some of the GIS and mapping applications. Chapter 2 investigates how GIS can be adapted for the criminal justice response to domestic violence (DV) and to eliminate gender-based violence. Chapter 3 discusses applying GIS and spatial analysis to the prevalence and incidence mapping of intimate partner violence (IPV) and geospatial factors that influence help-seeking and resource availability. Chapter 4 discusses the spatial disparity of gender-representation across industry types in the United States. Chapter 5 explores the social and environmental injustice experienced by female migrant workers at Guiyu town, China, in the context of both environmental pollution and governance. Chapter 6 presents a social vulnerability index to identify spatial patterns of social vulnerability and gender inequalities among Mexican households. Chapter 7 presents the United States' opioid crisis over the past two decades and analysis of mortality by gender, race, age, and urbanicity. Chapter 8 discusses the commitment to "leave no one behind" as the heart of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and identifies inequalities among women and girls by mapping multiple deprivations in Pakistan. Chapter 9 discusses the long-standing challenges in establishing gender parity in the transportation workforce in the United States. Chapter 10 presents a study that utilizes geospatial statistical tools and state-level admission data to examine gender inequalities in higher-education enrollment in Nigeria and investigates the key factors on enrollment. This book fosters engagement with the newest mapping and GIS application in contemporary issues regarding gender inequalities and nurtures recognition of how institutional global, everyday, and intimate spaces are inherently gendered, classed, raced, and sexualized. It demonstrates the spatiality of the politics of gender difference, and the contributions of GIS and spatial analysis to the struggles for equality and social justice. A unique work that Lays out a step-by-step approach to identify relevant GIS applications, spatial methods, data collection, and mapping techniques for gender inequalities research Has a strong international and global perspective. The author is well-informed in global perspectives Investigates the patterns/processes and indicators driving gender inequality at various temporal scales and at comparably detailed resolutions Illustrates finer-scale case studies, appropriate for local programs and interventions, as well as global scale studies contributing to international and national-level policy discussions on gender inequality Since gender inequality is a research area that is very wide and with strands into many academic traditions, this book is aimed at different and diverse academics/research. It is written for geographers, public health practitioners, sociologists, epidemiologists, criminologists, politicians, economists, environmentalists, GIScientists, and health and research professionals interested in applying GIS and spatial analysis to the study of gender inequalities.

This book contains papers presented at the 6th Global Workshop on Digital Soil Mapping, held 11-14 November 2014 at the Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences of Nanjing, China. Digital soil mapping is advancing on different fronts at different paces throughout the world. The researches and applications on DSM are moving from method development to realizations in different scales and regions, serving the generation of national and continental to global soil grids. Meanwhile, new ideas and insights on mapping complex soil-landscapes such as flat plains,anthropogenically altered agriculture and urban spaces are emerging, with the help of new paradigms and models.The goal of the sixth workshop was to review and discuss the state of the art in digital soil mapping, and to explore strategies for bridging research, production, and environmental applications. This book provides a very useful and comprehensive overview of the status of digital soil mapping, in which graduate students, scientists and specialists working within the field of geography can find the spatial prediction approaches and related theory.

The International Scientific and Professional Conference on Geodesy, Cartography and Geoinformatics 2017 (GCG 2017) was organized under the auspices of the Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Kosice (SK), Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice (SK), Faculty of Civil Engineering, STU Bratislava (SK), Faculty of Civil Engineering, CTU Prague (CZ), University of Technology, Kielce (PL), AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow (PL), Upper Nitra Mines Prievidza, plc. (SK) and the Slovakian Mining Society (SK). The conference was held from October 10 - 13, 2017, in Low Tatras, Slovakia. The purpose of the conference was to provide a forum for prominent scientists, researchers and professionals from Slovakia, Poland and the Czech Republic to present novel and fundamental advances in the fields of geodesy, cartography and geoinformatics. Conference participants had the opportunity to exchange and share their experiences, research and results solved within scientific research projects with other colleagues. The conference focused on a wide spectrum of actual topics and subject areas in Surveying and Mine Surveying, Geodetic Control and Geodynamics, and Cartography and Geoinformatics and collected in this proceedings volume.

Remote sensing is a technology that engages electromagnetic sensors to measure and monitor changes in the earth's surface and atmosphere. Normally this is accomplished through the use of a satellite or aircraft. This book, in its 3rd edition, seamlessly connects the art and science of earth remote sensing with the latest interpretative tools and techniques of computer-aided image processing. Newly expanded and updated, this edition delivers more of the applied scientific theory and practical results that helped the previous editions earn wide acclaim and become classroom and industry standards. Dr. Schowengerdt presents an advanced unified framework and rationale that uniquely empowers the reader with the latest critical thinking skills and prerequisite knowledge needed to successfully design, develop and incorporate maintainable remote sensing solutions for real-world application. Advanced remote sensing image processing techniques such as hyperspectral image analysis, fusion of multisensor images and digital elevation model extraction from stereo imagery are discussed theoretically in terms of spectral, spatial, and geometric models. An expanded exercise section is also included at the end of each chapter allowing for the greatest level of mastery ever.
*Features a new lively discussion of the NASA EOS satellites, Terra and Aqua, and the commercial satellites IKONOS and Quickbird.
*New larger format provides additional access to 32 PAGE - FULL COLOR plate insert and improved readability
*Additional data processing algorithms help connect and enhance the collective understanding of engineering design and remotely sensed data

The result of a workshop bringing together an international advisory board of experts in science, satellite technologies, industry innovations, and public policy, this book addresses the current and future roles of satellite Earth observations in solving large-scale environmental problems. The book showcases the results of engaging distinct communities to enhance our ability to identify emerging problems and to administer international regimes created to solve them. It also reviews the work of the Policy and Earth Observation Innovation Cycle (PEOIC) project, an effort aimed at assessing the impact of satellite observations on environmental policy and to propose a mission going forward that would launch an "innovation cycle". The achievements of such a mission would feed back to innovations in next-generation observation technology, thus contributing to global policy demand for policy-relevant information. This book is open access under a CC BY license.

Radar scattering and imaging of rough surfaces is an active interdisciplinary area of research with many practical applications in fields such as mineral and resource exploration, ocean and physical oceanography, military and national defense, planetary exploration, city planning and land use, environmental science, and many more. By focusing on the most advanced analytical and numerical modeling and describing both forward and inverse modeling, Radar Scattering and Imaging of Rough Surfaces: Modeling and Applications with MATLAB (R) connects the scattering process to imaging techniques by vivid examples through numerical and experimental demonstrations and provides computer codes and practical uses. This book is unique in its simultaneous treatment of radar scattering and imaging. Key Features Bridges physical modeling with simulation for resolving radar imaging problems (the first comprehensive work to do so) Provides excellent basic and advanced information for microwave remote-sensing professionals in various fields of science and engineering Covers most advanced analytical and numerical modeling for both backscattering and bistatic scattering Includes MATLAB (R) codes useful not only for academics but also for radar engineers and scientists to develop tools applicable in different areas of earth studies Covering both the theoretical and the practical, Radar Scattering and Imaging of Rough Surfaces: Modeling and Applications with MATLAB (R) is an invaluable resource for professionals and students using remote sensing to study and explain the Earth and its processes. University and research institutes, electrical and radar engineers, remote-sensing image users, application software developers, students, and academics alike will benefit from this book. The author, Kun-Shan Chen, is an internationally known and respected engineer and scientist and an expert in the field of electromagnetic modeling.

Sensor technology is an increasingly important area of research This will be the only book entirely devoted to the topic

This is a book about how ecologists can integrate remote sensing and GIS in their research. It will allow readers to get started with the application of remote sensing and to understand its potential and limitations. Using practical examples, the book covers all necessary steps from planning field campaigns to deriving ecologically relevant information through remote sensing and modelling of species distributions. An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis introduces spatial data handling using the open source software Quantum GIS (QGIS). In addition, readers will be guided through their first steps in the R programming language. The authors explain the fundamentals of spatial data handling and analysis, empowering the reader to turn data acquired in the field into actual spatial data. Readers will learn to process and analyse spatial data of different types and interpret the data and results. After finishing this book, readers will be able to address questions such as "What is the distance to the border of the protected area?", "Which points are located close to a road?", "Which fraction of land cover types exist in my study area?" using different software and techniques. This book is for novice spatial data users and does not assume any prior knowledge of spatial data itself or practical experience working with such data sets. Readers will likely include student and professional ecologists, geographers and any environmental scientists or practitioners who need to collect, visualize and analyse spatial data. The software used is the widely applied open source scientific programs QGIS and R. All scripts and data sets used in the book will be provided online at book.ecosens.org. This book covers specific methods including: what to consider before collecting in situ data how to work with spatial data collected in situ the difference between raster and vector data how to acquire further vector and raster data how to create relevant environmental information how to combine and analyse in situ and remote sensing data how to create useful maps for field work and presentations how to use QGIS and R for spatial analysis how to develop analysis scripts

The Routledge Companion to Spatial History explores the full range of ways in which GIS can be used to study the past, considering key questions such as what types of new knowledge can be developed solely as a consequence of using GIS and how effective GIS can be for different types of research. Global in scope and covering a broad range of subjects, the chapters in this volume discuss ways of turning sources into a GIS database, methods of analysing these databases, methods of visualising the results of the analyses, and approaches to interpreting analyses and visualisations. Chapter authors draw from a diverse collection of case studies from around the world, covering topics from state power in imperial China to the urban property market in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro, health and society in twentieth-century Britain and the demographic impact of the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915. Critically evaluating both the strengths and limitations of GIS and illustrated with over two hundred maps and figures, this volume is an essential resource for all students and scholars interested in the use of GIS and spatial analysis as a method of historical research.

"Global Positioning System" is the first book to guide social scientists with little or no mapping or GPS experience through the process of collecting field data from start to finish.

The book takes readers step-by-step through all the key stages of a GPS fieldwork project, covering planning, implementation, and data integration. For each phase, the authors supply clear and concise explanations of relevant technical topics, such as accuracy issues, the selection of appropriate GPS equipment, and the use of coordinate systems. Separate text boxes highlight important practical considerations and give sample solutions for real GPS data collection issues. Model checklists for project planning and equipment can be used as a basis for readers' own projects.

Researchers and students from fields as diverse as sociology, anthropology, geography, and public health will find this an invaluable resource.

This book offers an overview of geospatial technologies in land resources mapping, monitoring and management. It consists of four main sections: geospatial technologies - principles and applications; geospatial technologies in land resources mapping; geospatial technologies in land resources monitoring; and geospatial technologies in land resources management. Each part is divided into detailed chapters that include illustrations and tables. The authors, from leading institutes, such as the ICAR-NBSS&LUP, IIT-B, NRSC, ICRISAT, share their experiences and offer case studies to provide advanced insights into the field. It is a valuable resource for the scientific and the teaching community, extension scientists at research institutes and agricultural universities/colleges as well as those involved in planning and managing land resources for sustainable agriculture and livelihood security.

Now in full color, the sixth edition of this leading text features new chapters on remote sensing platforms (including the latest satellite and unmanned aerial systems), agriculture (including agricultural analysis via satellite imagery), and forestry (including fuel type mapping and fire monitoring). The book has introduced tens of thousands of students to the fundamentals of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting remotely sensed images. It presents cutting-edge tools and practical applications to land and water use analysis, natural resource management, climate change adaptation, and more. Each concise chapter is designed as an independent unit that instructors can use in any sequence. Pedagogical features include over 400 figures, chapter-opening lists of topics, case studies, end-of-chapter review questions, and links to recommended online videos and tutorials.

New to This Edition

*Discussions of Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2; the growth of unmanned aerial systems; mobile data collection; current directions in climate change detection, fire monitoring, and disaster response; and other timely topics.

*Additional cases, such as river erosion; the impact of Hurricane Sandy on Mantoloking, New Jersey; and Miami Beach as an exemplar of challenges in coastal communities.

*Revised throughout with 60% new material, including hundreds of new full-color figures.

*New chapters on remote sensing platforms, agriculture, and forestry.

Table of Contents

I. Foundations

1. Introducing Remote Sensing Basics

2. Electromagnetic Radiation

3. Remote Sensing Platforms

II. Image Acquisition

4. Digital Mapping Cameras

5. Digital Imagery

6. Image Interpretation

7. Land Observation Satellites

8. Active Microwave

9. Lidar

10. Thermal Imagery

III. Analysis

11. Statistics and Preprocessing

12. Image Classification

13. Accuracy Assessment

14. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

15. Change Detection

IV. Applications

16. Plant Science Fundamentals

17. Agricultural Remote Sensing

18. Forestry

19. Earth Sciences

20. Coastal Processes and Landforms

21. Land Use and Land Cover

Index

Radar polarimetry has been highly sought after for its use in the precise monitoring of Earth's surface. Polarimetric SAR Imaging explains the basic concepts of polarimetry and its diverse applications including: deforestation, tree classification, landslide detection, tsunamis, volcano eruptions and ash distribution, snow accumulation, rice field monitoring, urban area exploration, ship detection, among other applications. The explanations use actual data sets taken by Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS and ALOS2). With the increasing problems presented by climate change, there is a growing need for detailed earth observation using polarimetric data. As the treatment of vector nature of radar waves is complex, there is a gap between the theory and the application. Polarimetric SAR Imaging: Theory and Applications addresses and fills this gap. Features: Provides cutting-edge polarimetric applications for earth observation with full color images. Includes detailed descriptions of theory, equations, expansions, and flowcharts, and numerous real examples. Explains concepts, data analysis, and applications in simple and clear language aimed at an intuitive comprehension. Provides specific and unique examples of PolSAR images derived from actual space and airborne systems (ALOS/ALOS2, PiSAR-x/L) Covers the wide range of the radar polarimetry, especially the decomposition of the polarimetry data, an original method developed by the author using the Japanese polarimetric SAR data Illustrated in full color using images generated by polarimetric techniques, this book is easy to understand and use for both student and expert, and is an excellent resource both in the classroom and in the field.

There have been major advances in technologies to support crisis response in the last few years. However, many aspects related to the efficient collection and integration of geo-information, applied semantics and situation awareness for disaster management are still open. To advance the systems and make them intelligent, an extensive collaboration is required between emergency responders, disaster managers, system designers and researchers. To facilitate this process the Geo-information for Disaster Management (Gi4DM) conference has been organized since 2005. Gi4DM is coordinated by the Joint Board of Geospatial Information Societies (JB GIS) and the ad-hoc Committee on Risk and Disaster Management. This volume presents the results of the Gi4DM 2012 conference, held in Enschede, the Netherlands, on 13-15 December . It contains a selection of around 30 scientific and 25 best-practice peer-reviewed papers. The 2012 Gi4DM focuses on the intelligent use of geo-information, semantics and situation awareness.

Drone Futures explores new paradigms in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in landscape and urban design. UAS or drones can be deployed with direct application to the built environment; this book explores the myriad of contemporary and future possibilities of the design medium, its aesthetic, mapping agency, AI, mobility and contribution to smart cities. Drones present innovative possibilities, operating in a 'hover space' between human scales of landscape observation and light aircraft providing a unique resolution of space. This book shows how UAS can be utilised to provide new perspectives on spatial layout, landscape and urban conditions, data capture for construction monitoring and simulation of design proposals. Author Paul Cureton examines both the philosophical use of these tools and practical steps for implementation by designers. Illustrated in full colour throughout, Drone Futures discusses UAS and their connectivity to other design technologies and processes, including mapping and photogrammetry, AR/VR, drone AI and drones for construction and fabrication, new mobilities, smart cities and city information models (CIMs). It is specifically geared towards professionals seeking to understand UAS applications and future development and students seeking an understanding of the role of drones and airspace in the built environment and its powerful geographic imaginary. With international contributions, multidisciplinary sources and case studies, Drone Futures examines new powers of flight for visualising, interpreting and presenting landscapes and urban spaces of tomorrow.

Planning This book stems from a Research Project financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research (MIUR) which has been carried out in the period 1999-2002. The Project, entitled Knowledge Engineering in Planning Process was aimed at developing Artificial Intelligent technologies in analysis, project and evaluation in territorial planning. This approach, which has recently been defined Geocomputation in the scientific literature, constitutes an emerging paradigm in territorial sciences. The final research results were presented in a workshop which took place in Milan in November 2001. In addition to the parties of the project, the meeting hosted speakers internationally well known as the cutting edge of researchers in the field. Among them: Mike Batty (Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA)-UCL- London), Dino Borri (Polytechnic of Bari), Chris Webster (Cardiff University), Kai Nagel (Computer Science Institut- Zurich), Katerina Hlavackova-Schindler (Vienna University of Economic and Business Administration), Lena Sanders - CNRS, Paris, Paul Torrence CASA-UCL London. The book collects the proceedings of this concluding workshop.

This book gathers the proceedings of the 9th International Symposium "Information Fusion and Intelligent Geographic Information Systems 2019" (IF&IGIS'2019), which was held in St. Petersburg, Russia from May 22 to 24, 2019. The goal of the symposium was to provide a forum for exchange among leading international scholars in the fields of spatial data, information integration and Intelligent Geographic Information Systems (IGIS). The symposium was an opportunity to discuss sound and effective lines of modeling in the fusion of spatial data and information within the broader scope of intelligent GIS. The topics of the 2019 Symposium essentially fall into three broad categories of developments aimed at leveraging the power of spatial information, namely: artificial intelligence; algorithmic and computations processes; and data-informed simulation models. All papers collected here present compelling, cutting-edge research on cloud computing, deep learning, visual analytics, and large-scale optimization. They discuss information fusion and intelligent GIS research in the context of surface and sub-surface maritime activities, port asset management, land-based trip and travel planning, smart city and e-government, emergency management, and environmental monitoring. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to students, researchers and professionals working in GIS, remote sensing, and cloud computing.

Terrain modelling has been a well recognised topic for many years in the geo-sciences and it has found wide application, especially since the introduction of GIS.;Digital Terrain Modelling: Principles and Methodology is the only up-to-date book covering this range of topics. It provides comprehensive coverage of the field, starting from terrain analysis (using terrain descriptors), data sampling strategy, data acquisition technology, data quality control, theory and methodology for surface modelling, algorithms for triangulation formations, interpolation methods, models for the prediction of DTM accuracy, management of DTM data, multi-scale representation, contouring and other extraction of other features, as well as various applications.;The book treats the topic at a medium level of technical detail and is suitable for use as an MSc-level GIS textbook or for GIS researchers and professionals. Li; Zhilin Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Zhu; Qing Hong Kong Polytechnic Unv.,Gold; Chris The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China,

Contents:
PART ONE
Chapter 1
1. Introduction
2. Expert Systems: what about space?
3. Geographical Information Systems: more than display tools?
4. GIS problems and potential
5. Impact Assessment: ripe for automation?
6. The IA process
7. Environmental Statements
8. Integration: the way ahead?
REFERENCES

Chapter 2
1. Introduction
2. Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence
2.1.The classical period
2.2.The romantic period
2.3.The modern period
2. Expert systems: structure and design
3. The promise of Expert Systems?
4. From Expert Systems to Decision Support Systems
5. Conclusions: expert systems are dead, long live expert systems?
REFERENCES

Chapter 3
1. Introduction
2. Impact Assessment and Environmental Management
3. The role of GIS
4. GIS for Impact Assessment
4.1. GIS mapping for Impact Assessment
4.2. GIS linked to external models for IA
4.3. Using GIS' own functionality for IA
4.4. Multi-purpose GIS systems
5. Conclusions
REFERENCES

Chapter 4
1. Introduction
2. GIS for environmental mapping and management
3. GIS linked to external models for environmental management
3.1.Water modelling
3.2.GIS and other environmental modelling
3.3.GIS for model design and development
3.4.GIS and other modelling approaches
4. Using GIS' own functionality for environmental management
4.1.Pre-programmed GIS applications
5. General-purpose environmental management systems
6. Conclusions
REFERENCES

Chapter 5
1. Introduction
2. Expert Systems without GIS for Environmental Assessment
2.1.Expert Systems without GIS for Impact Assessment
2.2.Expert Systems without GIS for environmental management
3. Expert Systems with GIS
3.1.GIS and Expert Systems: methodological issues
3.1.1.Methodological issues: visualisation
3.1.2.Methodological issues: classification
3.2.GIS and Expert Systems in the Regional Research Laboratories
3.2.1.The RRLs Research Agenda
3.2.2.RRL-related work and publications
3.3.3.GIS and AI in the RRLs: conclusions
3.3.ES and GIS for Impact Assessment
3.4.ES and GIS for Environmental Management
4. Decision Support Systems (and ES) with GIS
4.1.GIS and DSS for Impact Assessment
4.2.GIS and DSS for Environmental Management
5. Conclusions
REFERENCES

PART TWO
Chapter 6
1. Introduction
2. The logic of Project Screening
3. The SCREEN Expert System at Oxford Brookes University
4. Scoping
5. The SCOPE Expert System at Oxford Brookes University
6. Adding GIS to the SCREEN-SCOPE suite at Oxford Brookes
6.1.Procedures linking ES and GIS
6.2.Evaluating the GIS links
7. Conclusions
REFERENCES

Chapter 7
1. Intrduction
2. Air Pollution
2.1.Project design and location
2.2.Baseline assessment
2.3.Impact prediction and assessment
2.3.1.Variations in the modelling approach
2.3.2.Model output and accuracy
2.4.Mitigation measures
3. Noise
3.1.Project design
3.2.Noise baseline assessment
3.3.Noise-impact prediction
3.3.1.Construction noise
3.3.2.Traffic noise
3.3.3.Vibration
3.3.4.Re-radiated noise
3.4.Mitigation
4. Conclusions: expert systems for air-pollution and noise impact assessment
REFERENCES

Chapter 8
1. Introduction
2. Terrestrial Ecology
2.1.Project characteristics and potential impacts
2.2.Area characterisation and ecological baseline
2.3.Quality assessment
2.4.Impact assessment
2.5.Mitigation
3. Landscape impact assessment
3.1.Project characteristics
3.2.Area of study
3.3.Preliminary landscape quality assessment
3.4.Field study and baseline assessment
3.5.Impact assessment
3.6.Mitigation
4. Conclusions: the limits of expert systems
REFERENCES

Chapter 9
1. Introduction
2. Socio-economic impacts
2.1.Understanding the project
2.2.Understanding the baseline
2.3.Economic impact prediction
2.3.1.The multiplicand
2.3.2.The multiplier
2.3.2.1.Location Quotients
2.4.Social impact prediction
2.5.Impact significance
2.6.Mitigation
3. Traffic impacts
3.1.The development project
3.2.Baseline study
3.3.Traffic generation
3.4.Impact assessment
3.4.1.Loop-back
3.5.Mitigation
4. Conclusions: expert systems and models, problems and choices
REFERENCES

Chapter 10
1. Introduction
2. The project
3. Hydrogeology: the baseline
3.1.Hydrogeological impacts
3.2.Hydrogeological mitigation and monitoring
4. Water quantity and quality: the baseline
4.1.Water quantity impacts
4.2.Water quality impacts
4.3.Water use impacts
4.4.Water impact mitigation
5. Freshwater ecology impact assessment: the baseline
5.1.Freshwater ecology impacts and mitigation
6. Coastal water ecology impact assessment: the baseline
6.1.Coastal water ecology impacts and mitigation
7. Conclusions: impact sequences
REFERENCES

Chapter 11
1. Meta-assessment: reviewing Environmental Statements
2. The building blocks of the assessment
3. Evaluation
3.1.Scoring individual aspects
3.2.Overall evaluation
4. Conclusions: expert systems for highly structured quantity-quality conversions
REFERENCES

Chapter 12
1. Expert Systems for Impact Assessment
2. Conclusions: the limits of Expert Systems and GIS
2.1.GIS and IA in retrospect
2.2.Expert Systems and IA in retrospect
3. Conclusions
REFERENCES

Sonic Detection and Ranging (SODAR) systems and Radio Acoustic Sounding Systems (RASS) use sound waves to determine wind speed, wind direction, and turbulent character of the atmosphere. They are increasingly used for environmental and scientific applications such as analyzing ground-level pollution dispersion and monitoring conditions affecting wind energy generation. However, until now there have been no reliable references on SODAR and RASS for practitioners in the field as well as non-experts who wish to understand and implement this technology to their own applications. Authored by an internationally known expert in the design and use of SODAR/RASS technology, Atmospheric Acoustic Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications systematically explains the underlying science, principles, and operational aspects of acoustic radars. Abundant diagrams and figures, including eight pages of full-color images, enhance clear guidelines and tools for handling calibration, error, equipment, hardware, sampling, and data analysis. The final chapter explores applications in environmental research, boundary layer research, wind power and loading, complex terrain, and sound speed profiles. Atmospheric Acoustic Remote Sensing offers SODAR and RASS users as well as general remote sensing practitioners, environmental scientists, and engineers a straightforward guide for using SODARs to perform wind measurements and data analysis for scientific, environmental, or alternative monitoring applications.

There has been an increasing demand in GIS for systems that support historical data: time-series data as well as mobility information. From a modelling perspective, there are advantages in integrating object-oriented analysis and design to databases as well as to visualisation capabilities of GIS. Object-Oriented Design for Temporal GIS explores the major components of the object-oriented analysis and design methods, how they can be used for modelling spatio-temporal data, and how these components are developed and maintained within a GIS. It also offers practical guidance to object-oriented methods by demonstrating the feasibility of applying such methods to issues involved in handling spatio-temporal data. The author demonstrates how this knowledge might be used in a wide range of applications such as political boundary record maintenance (historical data), disease incidence rate analysis in epidemics (diffusion rate), and environmental studies of climate change (time-series data). This understanding contributes to the development of theory in GIS and improves the design of GIS to support the modelling of semantics, space and time elements of geographical information.

To date, no one volume in the Innovations in GIS series has been given over to solely highlighting the use of up-to-date GIS-based techniques in a range of socio-economic applications. This monograph redresses this gap. The book begins with a short introductory chapter on the fundamental principles of GIS, followed by an examination of recent innovative research in the areas of crime applications, planning, urban and rural policy, and finally the use of GIS to examine various aspects of socio-economic policy. Socio-Economic Applications of Geographic Information Science is the ninth book in the series, based on contributions at the 2001 GIS Research UK conference, which continues to include innovative papers that are at the cutting edge of GIS research in the UK and beyond, and maintains a valued position in the conference calendar.

This text reflects the interdisciplinary nature of GIS research and includes coverage of such themes as: virtual GIS; spatial analysis; artificial intelligence; spatial agents and fuzzy systems; and space-time GIS and GIS applications.