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Books > Academic & Education > Professional & Technical > Geophysics
"The Geologic Time Scale 2012," winner of a 2012 PROSE Award Honorable Mention for Best Multi-volume Reference in Science from the Association of American Publishers, is the framework for deciphering the history of our planet Earth. The authors have been at the forefront of chronostratigraphic research and initiatives to create an international geologic time scale for many years, and the charts in this book present the most up-to-date, international standard, as ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Union of Geological Sciences. This 2012 geologic time scale is an enhanced, improved and expanded version of the GTS2004, including chapters on planetary scales, the Cryogenian-Ediacaran periods/systems, a prehistory scale of human development, a survey of sequence stratigraphy, and an extensive compilation of stable-isotope chemostratigraphy. This book is an essential reference for all geoscientists, including researchers, students, and petroleum and mining professionals. The presentation is non-technical and illustrated with numerous colour charts, maps and photographs. The book also includes a detachable wall chart of the complete time scale for use as a handy reference in the office, laboratory or field. The most detailed international geologic time scale available that contextualizes information in one single reference for quick desktop access. Gives insights in the construction, strengths, and limitations of the geological time scale that greatly enhances its function and its utility. Aids understanding by combining with the mathematical and statistical methods to scaled composites of global succession of events. Meets the needs of a range of users at various points in the workflow (researchers extracting linear time from rock records, students recognizing the geologic stage by their content).
"Landscape Evolution in the United States "is an accessible text that balances interdisciplinary theory and application within the physical geography, geology, geomorphology, and climatology of the United States. Landscape evolution refers to the changing terrain of any given area of the Earth's crust over time. Common causes of evolution (or geomorphology-land morphing into a different size or shape over time) are glacial erosion and deposition, volcanism, earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, sediment transport into rivers, landslides, climate change, and other surface processes. The book is divided into three main parts covering landscape components and how they are affected by climactic, tectonic and ocean systems; varying structural provinces including the Cascadia Volcanic Arc and California Transpressional System; and the formation and collapse of mountain systems. The vast diversity of terrain and landscapes across the United
States makes this an ideal tool for geoscientists worldwide who are
researching the country s geological evolution over the past
several billion years.
"Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective "is a compelling
collection of research conducted by scientists and engineers around
the world. It presents the scientific and industrial communities as
well as the interested lay reader with studies about prehistoric as
well as historic coal and peat fires and magnificent illustrations
of such fires and related research from countries around the
world-a totally new contribution to science. The second of four
volumes in the collection, "Photographs and Multimedia Tours
"features stunning photographs from around the world, including
Australia, Canada, Northern China, India, Borneo, Italy, Poland,
Portugal, Russia, the United States, and more. This essential
reference also includes a companion website with a collection of
slide presentations and videosabout coal and peat fires.
Pulp and paper production has increased globally and will continue
to increase in the near future. Approximately 155 million tons of
wood pulp is produced worldwide and about 260 million is projected
for 2010. To cope with the increasing demand, an increase in
production and improved environmental performance is needed as the
industry is under constant pressure to reduce environmental
emissions to air and water. This book gives updated information on
environmentally benign approaches for pulp bleaching, which can
help solve the problems associated with conventional bleaching
technologies.
"Advanced Remote Sensing" is an application-based reference that
provides a single source of mathematical concepts necessary for
remote sensing data gathering and assimilation. It presents
state-of-the-art techniques for estimating land surface variables
from a variety of data types, including optical sensors such as
RADAR and LIDAR. Scientists in a number of different fields
including geography, geology, atmospheric science, environmental
science, planetary science and ecology will have access to
critically-important data extraction techniques and their virtually
unlimited applications. While rigorous enough for the most
experienced of scientists, the techniques are well designed and
integrated, making the book s content intuitive, clearly presented,
and practical in its implementation. * Comprehensive overview of various practical methods and algorithms * Detailed description of the principles and procedures of the state-of-the-art algorithms * Real-world case studies open several chapters * More than 500 full-color figures and tables * Edited by top remote sensing experts with contributions from authors across the geosciences"
Researchers in the field of exploration geophysics have developed new methods for the acquisition, processing and interpretation of gravity and magnetic data, based on detailed investigations of bore wells around the globe. "Fractal Models in Exploration Geophysics" describes fractal-based models for characterizing these complex subsurface geological structures. The authors introduce the inverse problem using a fractal
approach which they then develop with the implementation of a
global optimization algorithm for seismic data: very fast simulated
annealing (VFSA). This approach provides high-resolution inverse
modeling results-particularly useful for reservoir
characterization. * Serves as a valuable resource for researchers studying the application of fractals in exploration, and for practitioners directly applying field data for geo-modeling * Discusses the basic principles and practical applications of time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring technology-application rapidly advancing topic * Provides the fundamentals for those interested in reservoir geophysics and reservoir simulation study * Demonstrates an example of reservoir simulation for enhanced oil recovery using CO2 injection
Expert petroleum geologists David Roberts and Albert Bally bring
you "Regional Geology and Tectonics: Phanerozoic Rift Systems and
Sedimentary Basins," volume two in a three-volume series covering
Phanerozoic regional geology and tectonics. Experience in analyzing
and assessing rifts-locations where the Earth s outer shell and
crust have been stretched over time by seismic activity-is critical
for you as an exploration geologist in identifying Earth s most
lucrative hydrocarbon locations in which extraction is both
efficient and safe. Vast compilations of related industry data
present regional seismic lines and cross sections, and summaries of
analogue and theoretical models are provided as an essential
backdrop to the structure and stratigraphy of various geological
settings.
After the discovery that elements were commonly composed of isotopes, there developed a range of studies of the variability of isotopic compositions in Earth materials, which was able to add to our understanding of Earth processes and history. This collection of chapters from the Treatise on Geochemistry describes the range of isotopic studies. The chapters are grouped into the following categories: light stable isotopes, radiogenic tracers, noble gases and radioactive tracers. The first three groups depend on mass spectrometric measurements. The section on radioactive tracers employs both radioactive counting techniques and the newly developed accelerator mass spectrometric techniques. Comprehensive, interdisciplinary and authoritative content
selected by leading subject experts
Treatise on Geophysics: Mineral Physics, Volume 2, provides a comprehensive review of the current state of understanding of mineral physics. Each chapter demonstrates the significant progress that has been made in the understanding of the physics and chemistry of minerals, and also highlights a number of issues which are still outstanding or that need further work to resolve current contradictions. The book first reviews the current status of our understanding of the nature of the deep Earth. These include the seismic properties of rocks and minerals; problems of the lower mantle and the core-mantle boundary; and the state of knowledge on mantle chemistry and the nature and evolution of the core. The discussions then turn to the theory underlying high-pressure, high-temperature physics, and the major experimental methods being developed to probe this parameter space. The remaining chapters explain the specific techniques for measuring elastic and acoustic properties, electronic and magnetic properties, and rheological properties; the nature and origin of anisotropy in the Earth; the properties of melt; and the magnetic and electrical properties of mantle phases.
"Readingsfrom the Treatise onGeochemistry" offers an
interdisciplinary reference for scientists, researchers and upper
undergraduate and graduate levelgeochemistry students that ismore
affordable than the full Treatise. For professionals, this volume
will provide anoverview of the field as a whole. For students, it
will provide morein-depth introductory content thanis found
inbroad-based geochemistry textbooks. Articleswere selected from
chapters across all volumes of the full Treatise, and include: The
Origin and Earliest History of the Earth, Compositional Evolution
of the Mantle, Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks, Soil Formation,
Geochemistry of Groundwater, Geologic History of Seawater,
Hydrothermal Processes, and Biogeochemistry of Primary Production
in the Sea.
This is the first book dedicated to the developing knowledge on how
the world's largest ice sheet formed and changed over its 34
million years history. In explaining the story of Antartica,
information on terrestrial and marine geology, sedimentology,
glacier geophysics (including airborne reconnaissance), shipborne
geophysics, and numerical ice sheet and climate modelling, will be
interwoven within eleven chapters, each deling with an important
historical theme. The approach will be to first 'set the scene',
involving chapters dedicated to how ice sheets and their glacial
history can be measured. This opening section will provide
information necessary to comprehend the latter section of the book,
in which five chapters will related the glacial and climate
evolution of Antartica during the most important time-frames in
which changes have occurred.
In this book the author presents the state-of-the-art
electromagnetic (EM)
The Fly River and its tributaries, the Ok Tedi and Strickland
rivers, are located in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea.
All three rivers have their source in the rugged central mountain
range of the island and eventually flow, via the Fly River delta,
into the Gulf of Papua to the north of Australia's Great Barrier
Reef. With a catchment area still largely covered by tropical
rainforest and relatively few human inhabitants, this remote part
of Papua New Guinea presents a rare opportunity to document and
understand the dynamics of a large tropical river system largely
unaffected by human activity.
The book will include chapters which will span from the role of
geochemistry in the environment in general to the specific
investigations on site characterization (dealing with sampling
strategy, analytical procedures and problems). Specific articles
will deal with health problems related to environment pollution,
waste disposal, data base management, and illustration of specific
case histories for characterization and remediation of brownfield
sites.
This book illustrates a wide geographic and stratigraphic range of
the features and structures to be seen within the modern and
preserved rock record which can be ascribed to the presence and/or
influence of microbials mats; with an accent on the Precambrian
record. It restricts to the siliciclastic rock record and
equivalent modern settings. Much work by individuals and teams has
been done on these features in the past decade but the general
sedimentologist and geologist are not well informed or even aware
of the range and importance of these structures. This book
illustrates and fully describes all the relevant features, to
accoutn for their genesis and to place their occurrence within a
conceptual-process-related, and time-palaeoenvironmental context,
as well considering their implications for sequence architecture.
This volume covers the formation and biogeochemistry of a variety of important sediment types from their initial formation through their conversion (diagenesis) to sedimentary rocks. The volume deals with the chemical, mineralogical, and isotopic properties of sediments and sedimentary rocks and their use in interpreting the environment of formation and subsequent events in the history of sediments, and the nature of the ocean-atmosphere system through geological time.
The book documents and explains, in three parts, geochemical
anomaly and mineral prospectivity mapping by using a geographic
information system (GIS). Part I reviews and couples the concepts
of (a) mapping geochemical anomalies and mineral prospectivity and
(b) spatial data models, management and operations in a GIS. Part
II demonstrates GIS-aided and GIS-based techniques for analysis of
robust thresholds in mapping of geochemical anomalies. Part III
explains GIS-aided and GIS-based techniques for spatial data
analysis and geo-information sybthesis for conceptual and
predictive modeling of mineral prospectivity. Because methods of
geochemical anomaly mapping and mineral potential mapping are
highly specialized yet diverse, the book explains only methods in
which GIS plays an important role. The book avoids using language
and functional organization of particular commercial GIS software,
but explains, where necessary, GIS functionality and spatial data
structures appropriate to problems in geochemical anomaly mapping
and mineral potential mapping. Because GIS-based methods of spatial
data analysis and spatial data integration are quantitative, which
can be complicated to non-numerate readers, the book simplifies
explanations of mathematical concepts and their applications so
that the methods demonstrated would be useful to professional
geoscientists, to mineral explorationists and to research students
in fields that involve analysis and integration of maps or spatial
datasets. The book provides adequate illustrations for more
thorough explanation of the various concepts.
This self-contained monograph gives a thorough introduction to the
theory of gravity which is used as the basis for developing
applications in exploration and geodesy. In addition, a survey of
gravity instrumentation is given, with emphasis on the theory of
underlying these instruments. The book finishes with an exposition
of forward modeling and inverston, again emphasizing fundamental
principles.
The theory of the Earth's climate evolution based on universal
chemical-physical laws of matter-energy transformation is presented
in the book. It shows how the process of Earth's core separation
has led to formation and evolution of the hydrosphere and
atmosphere. Having analyzed the processes of heat transfer in the
atmosphere, the writers developed the adiabatic theory of the
greenhouse effect, which was applied for analysis of climatic
changes on the Earth. The influence of changes in climate on
formation of mineral deposits and development of life on Earth was
considered and presented based on modeling of typical climatic
regimes. It shows that the anthropogenic effect on the Earth's
global temperature is negligible in comparison with the effect of
global forces of nature.
Acoustic logging is a multidisciplinary technology involving basic theory, instrumentation, and data processing/interpretation methodologies. The advancement of the technology now allows for a broad range of measurements to obtain formation properties such as elastic wave velocity and attenuation, formation permeability, and seismic anisotropy that are important for petroleum reservoir exploration. With these advances, it is easier to detect and characterize formation fractures, estimate formation stress field, and locate/estimate petroleum reserves. The technology has evolved from the monopole acoustic logging into the multipole, including dipole, cross-dipole, and even quadrupole, acoustic logging measurements. The measurement process has developed from the conventional wireline logging into the logging-while-drilling stage.
Geochemistry of Earth Surface Systemsoffers an interdisciplinary
reference for scientists, researchers and upper undergraduate and
graduate levelgeochemistry students a sampling of articles on earth
surface processes from The Treatise on Geochemistry that ismore
affordable than the full Treatise. For professionals, this volume
will provide anoverview of the field as a whole. For students, it
will provide morein-depth introductory content thanis found
inbroad-based geochemistry textbooks. Articleswere selected from
chapters across all volumes of the full Treatise, and include:
Volcanic Degassing, Hydrothermal Processes, The Contemporary Carbon
Cycle, Global Occurrence of Major Elements in Rivers, Organic
Matter in the Contemporary Ocean, The Biological Pump, and
Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks.
The history of Earth in the Solar System has been unraveled using natural radioactivity. The sources of this radioactivity are the original creation of the elements and the subsequent bombardment of objects, including Earth, in the Solar System by cosmic rays. Both radioactive and radiogenic nuclides are harnessed to arrive at ages of various events and processes on Earth. This collection of chapters from the Treatise on Geochemistry
displays the range of radioactive geochronometric studies that have
been addressed by researchers in various fields of Earth science.
These range from the age of Earth and the Solar System to the
dating of the history of Earth that assists us in defining the
major events in Earth history. In addition, the use of radioactive
geochronometry in describing rates of Earth surface processes,
including the climate history recorded in ocean sediments and the
patterns of circulation of the fluid Earth, has extended the range
of utility of radioactive isotopes as chronometric and tracer
tools.
The book deals with the record of important Neoproterozoic to Early
Palaeozoic events in southwestern Gondwana, that heralded the
Cambrian explosion and the dawn of modern ecosystems. It contains a
detailed account of the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian geological
record in a poorly-known part of the world, which is at the same
time key to understand fundamental processes at the
Proterozoic-Cambrian transition. The emphasis is placed on litho-,
bio-, chemostratigraphy and magmatism. The palaeoclimatic,
tectonic, evolutionary radiation and extinction events and
associated mineralizations will be identified and discussed. A
synthesis of all data is provided at the end of the book,
integrating the data from all cratons and fold belts in
southwestern Gondwana. The events will be individualized, their
impact discussed and correlations between different successions
both within and outside Gondwana proposed.
Evolution of the Earth focuses on the formation of Earth. Topics
include the differention of the core, mantle and crust; the
formation of the ocean basins and continents; outgassing and
volcanism; the initiation of plate tectonics, the origin and
persistence of Earth's magnetic field; the growth of the inner
core; changes in mantle convection through time; and the impact of
life on the planet. The volume takes an interdisciplinary viewpoint
that emphasizes the interplay of geophysics, other aspects of earth
science and biological evolution. Some outstanding questions are
identified and debated.
Treatise on Geophysics: Geomagnetism, Volume 5, provides an overview of the most important aspects of geomagnetism. The book begins by tracing the history of the study of geomagnetism. It then reviews global models of the Earth's magnetic field; the main sources of external magnetic field contributions; and the instruments and practices used to observe and measure the full range of features of the geomagnetic field. It discusses the origins of current knowledge of the secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field; crustal magnetism; geomagnetic excursions; the study of geophysical electromagnetic induction; the magnetization process; and the status of recent magnetic field data and their applications. The remaining chapters cover the geometry of the geomagnetic field and its temporal variability as recorded in volcanic and sedimentary rocks over the past few million years; the ocean crust as a recorder of geomagnetic field variations; and the theoretical basis for paleointensity experiments in igneous and sedimentary environments. The final chapter explains the concept of true polar wander (TPW), defined as shifts in the geographic location of Earth's daily rotation axis and/or by fluctuations in the spin rate (length of day anomalies). |
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