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Books > Academic & Education > Professional & Technical > Geophysics
The nature of global change in the Pacific Basin is poorly known
compared to other parts of the world. Climate, Environment, and
Society in the Pacific during the Last Millennium describes the
climate changes that occurred in the Pacific during the last
millennium and discusses how these changes controlled the broad
evolution of human societies, typically filtered by the effects of
changing sea level and storminess on food availability and
interaction. Covering the entire period since AD 750 in the
Pacific, this book describes the influences of climate change on
environments and societies during the Medieval Warm Period and the
Little Ice Age, focusing on the 100-year transition between these -
a period of rapid change known as the AD 1300 Event.
* Discusses the societal effects of climate and sea-level change,
as well as the evidence for externally-driven societal change
* Synthsizes how climate change has driven environmental change and
societal change in the Pacific Basin
* Contains a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the evidence
for climate, environmental, and societal change, supported by a
full list of references
More than 20 countries generate electricity from geothermal
resources and about 60 countries make direct use of geothermal
energy. A ten-fold increase in geothermal energy use is foreseeable
at the current technology level.
Geothermal Energy: An Alternative Resource for the 21st Century
provides a readable and coherent account of all facets of
geothermal energy development and summarizes the present day
knowledge on geothermal resources, their exploration and
exploitation. Accounts of geothermal resource models, various
exploration techniques, drilling and production technology are
discussed within 9 chapters, as well as important concepts and
current technological developments.
*Interdisciplinary approach, combining traditional disciplines such
as geology, geophysics, and engineering
*Provides a readable and coherent account of all facets of
geothermal energy development
*Describes the importance of bringing potable water to high-demand
areas such as the tropical regions
The contents of this monograph are two-scope. First, it intends to
provide a synthetic but complete account of the thermodynamic and
kinetic foundations on which the reaction path modeling of
geological CO2 sequestration is based. In particular, a great
effort is devoted to review the thermodynamic properties of CO2 and
of the CO2-H2O system and the interactions in the aqueous solution,
the thermodynamic stability of solid product phases (by means of
several stability plots and activity plots), the volumes of
carbonation reactions, and especially the kinetics of
dissolution/precipitation reactions of silicates, oxides,
hydroxides, and carbonates.
Second, it intends to show the reader how reaction path modeling of
geological CO2 sequestration is carried out. To this purpose the
well-known high-quality EQ3/6 software package is used. Setting up
of computer simulations and obtained results are described in
detail and used EQ3/6 input files are given to guide the reader
step-by-step from the beginning to the end of these exercises.
Finally, some examples of reaction-path- and
reaction-transport-modeling taken from the available literature are
presented. The results of these simulations are of fundamental
importance to evaluate the amounts of potentially sequestered CO2,
and their evolution with time, as well as the time changes of all
the other relevant geochemical parameters (e.g., amounts of solid
reactants and products, composition of the aqueous phase, pH, redox
potential, effects on aquifer porosity). In other words, in this
way we are able to predict what occurs when CO2 is injected into a
deep aquifer.
* Provides applications for investigating and predicting geological
carbon dioxide sequestration
* Reviews the geochemical literature in the field
* Discusses the importance of geochemists in the multidisciplinary
study of geological carbon dioxide sequestration
Though largely inaccessible, the geochemistry of Earth's mantle and
core can be examined through a wide variety of approaches. Volume 2
focuses first on "remote" sensing using evidence from
cosmochemical, seismic, petrologic and geochemical approaches.
Mantle composition is then examined in detail through descriptions
of mantle samples brought to Earth's surface through tectonic,
volcanic, and volatile-outgassing processes. The volume concludes
with examination of processes that modify the composition of the
mantle and core including an early magma ocean, partial melting,
element partitioning between minerals and melts, and physical
mixing caused by plate subduction, mantle convection and mass
exchange between mantle and core.
Reprinted individual volume from the acclaimed Treatise on
Geochemistry,
(10 Volume Set, ISBN 0-08-043751-6, published in 2003)
* Comprehensive and authoritative scope and focus
* Reviews from renowned scientists across a range of subjects,
providing both overviews and new data, supplemented by extensive
bibliographies
* Extensive illustrations and examples from the field
Situated within the richest oil area in the world, the Arabian Gulf
represents a stressed ecosystem with scarce published data and
environmental studies.
The oil-related activities cause significant damages to different
ecosystem components such as coral reefs, algal mats, mangrove and
other habitats. In addition to the increasing potential of
pollution and its adverse effect on the ecosystem, oil spills and
relevant implications can severely affect the main source of
desalinated water for the Gulf countries due to their limited water
resources. Interest in pollution issues associated with Arabian
Gulf has been growing in the last few years. These issues include
identification and documentation of the major sources of oil
pollution in the Gulf region, evaluation of the analytical methods
used to identify the different types of pollutants, review of the
recent advances in oil pollution impact treatment and prevention,
develop stronger cooperation ties between interested members of the
community, and encourage awareness of the oil pollution as a
serious environmental problem in the region.
This book compiles recent studies addressing the above issues
grouped in four categories; monitoring and characterizing oil
spills, modeling the fate of pollutants and oil slicks in marine
water, environmental effects of oil pollution on the ecosystem
components, and combating, prevention and treatment of oil
pollution.
* Studies oil pollution issues in association with the Arabian
Gulf
* Compiles recent case studies conducted in the Arabian Gulf
* Addresses diverse topics related to pollution issues in the
marine water in general and in the Arabian Gulf in particular
This book is a collection of 22 selected papers from the homonymous
Conference held in September 2003 Milos, Greece. The aim of the
conference was to serve as a forum for the presentation and
constructive discussion of the state-of-the-art and emerging issues
on the South Aegean Volcanic Arc.
In the first part of the book the tectonic- geodynamic setting and
the present upper mantle structure of the Aegean area are
discussed. It includes an interesting interpretation of data on the
spatial distribution of intermediate focal depth earthquakes, fault
plane solutions and deep velocity structures, to further
investigate active tectonics related to the deep structure of the
southern Aegean volcanic arc.
The second part deals with general volcanological, petrological and
tectonic characteristics of the SAAVA presenting an extensive
review of volcanological, chemical, isotope and tectonic data,
using a large amount of new field and laboratory data. Interesting
conclusions are presented regarding the present volcanic
associations, the volcanic fields location and shape in respect to
the large tectonic lineaments and the plate motions, the source of
the SAAVA parental magmas.
Presented in the third part is an extensive review on the volcanic
hazard assessment and the monitoring state of the SAAVA centers.
Seismic and geodetic monitoring of the Santorini volcano and the
recent (1995-1998) crisis of Nisyros volcano are presented and
discussed.
The last part deals with hydrothermal deposits and processes in the
SAAVA, as well as products and processes in adjacent areas with a
particular interest and significance that link them to the SAAVA
processes.
*Systematic re-evaluation on the geodynamic and tectonic setting of
the Aegean active volcanic centers
*Thorough review with new data and ideas on the magma source
region, the magma differentiation processes in both the deep and
shallow levels, and the volcanological processes related both to
the magma composition and storage depth as well as to the tectonic
regime of the volcano growth area
*Up to date estimation of the volcanic hazard in the Aegean area,
and a detailed presentation of the present state and the monitoring
efforts of the South Aegean active centers
The rhizosphere in soil environments refers to the narrow zone of
soil influenced by the root and exudates. Microbial populations in
the rhizosphere can be 10 - 100 times larger than the populations
in the bulk soil. Therefore, the rhizosphere is bathed in root
exudates and microbial metabolites and the chemistry and biology at
the soil-root interface is governed by biotic (plant roots,
microbes) and abiotic (physical and chemical) interactions.
The research on biotic and abiotic interactions in the rhizosphere
should, thus, be an issue of intense interest for years to come.
This book, which consists of 15 chapters, addresses a variety of
issues on fundamentals of microscopic levels and the impact on food
chain contamination and the terrestrial ecosystem.
It is an essential reference work for chemists and biologists
studying environmental systems, as well as earth, soil and
environmental scientists.
* 15 chapter book, which addresses a variety of issues on
fundamentals of microscopic levels and the impact on food chain
contamination and the terrestrial ecosystem
This monograph is the last volume in the series 'Acoustic and
Elastic
Wave Fields in Geophysics'. The previous two volumes published by
Elsevier (2000, 2002) dealt mostly with wave propagation in liquid
media.
The third volume is dedicated to propagation of plane, spherical
and cylindrical elastic waves in different media including
isotropic and transversely isotropic solids, liquid-solid models,
and media with cylindrical inclusions (boreholes).
* Prevalence of physical reasoning on formal mathematical
derivations
* Readers do not need to have a strong background in mathematics
and mathematical physics
* Detailed analysis of wave phenomena in various types of elastic
and liquid-elastic media
Geophysical measurements, such as the lateral variations in seismic
wave velocities that are imaged by seismic tomography, provide the
strongest constraints on the structure of the Earth's deep
interior. In order to interpret such measurements in terms of
mineralogical/compositional models of the Earth's interior, data on
the physical and chemical properties of minerals at high pressures
and temperatures are essential. Knowledge of thermodynamics, phase
equilibria, crystal chemistry, crystallography, rheology, diffusion
and heat transport are required to characterize the structure and
dynamics of the Earth's deep interior as well as the processes by
which the Earth originally differentiated.
Many experimental studies have been made possible only by a range
of technical developments in the quest to achieve high pressures
and temperatures in the laboratory. At the same time, analytical
methods, including X-ray diffraction, a variety of spectroscopic
techniques, electron microscopy, ultrasonic interferometry, and
methods for rheological investigations have been developed and
greatly improved. In recent years, major progress has been made
also in the field of computational mineralogy whereby "ab initio"
simulations are used to investigate the structural and dynamical
properties of condensed matter at an atomistic level.
This volume contains a broad range of contributions that typify and
summarize recent progress in the areas of high-pressure mineral
physics as well as associated technical developments.
The objective of this book is to analyze the institutional barriers
to implementing market-based climate policy, as well as to provide
some opportunities to overcome them. The approach is that of
institutional economics, with special emphasis on political
transaction costs and path dependence.
Instead of rejecting the neoclassical approach, this book uses it
where fruitful and shows when and why it is necessary to employ a
new or neo-institutionalist approach. The result is that equity is
considered next to efficiency, that the evolution and possible
lock-in of both formal and informal climate institutions are
studied, and that attention is paid to the politics and law of
economic instruments for climate policy, including some new
empirical analyses.
The research topics of this book include the set-up costs of a
permit trading system, the risk that credit trading becomes
locked-in, the potential legal problem of grandfathering in terms
of actional subsidies under WTO law or state aid under EC law, and
the changing attitudes of various European officials towards
restricting the use of the Kyoto Mechanisms.
This volume represents an effort to bring together communities of
land-based hydrogeology and marine hydrogeology. The issues of
submarine groundwater discharge and its opposite phenomenon of
seawater invasion are discussed in this book from the geophysical,
geochemical, biological, and engineering perspectives. This is
where land hydrogeology and marine hydrogeology overlap. Submarine
groundwater discharge is a rapidly developing research field. The
SCOR and LOICZ of the IGBP have recently established a working
group for this research. IASPO and IAHS under IUGG also recently
formed a new joint committee "Seawater/Groundwater Interactions" to
collaborate with oceanographers and hydrologists.
The other articles introduce frontier research topics in more
typical land and marine environments, such as fluid flow in karst
aquifers, the biological aspects of fluids in sedimentary basins
and submarine sedimentary formations, respectively, and vigorous
fluid flow in subsea formations and their significance in global
tectonics. Geochemical characteristics of hydrothermal activities
at a number of active continental margins are also reviewed, and
multidisciplinary geophysical constraints of the permeability of
young igneous oceanic crust are summarized. A variety of driving
mechanisms for fluid flow is discussed in land and subsea
formations; terrestrial hydraulic gradient, buoyancy driven free
convection, tidally induced flow, flow induced by tectonic strain,
flow due to sediment compaction.
"Geosciences, Environment and Man" has three major objectives,
which determine the division in three parts of this volume: I. To
consider the main natural geological processes interfering with and
therefore threatening the activities of man: earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, land movements, floods, wind and coastal risks; main
prevention and mitigation measures against these natural hazards
are presented. II. To examine the exploitation of earth's natural
resources such as materials, ores and minerals, fossil fuels,
water, radioactivity, and the resulting consequences on solid Earth
balance and future. III. To assess the hold level reached by the
activities of man on planet surface envelopes through agriculture,
urbanization, industrialization, and communication; the local to
global effects of human influence triggered by recent demographic
growth on underground, soils, water and air characters are taken
into account. Both deteriorating and beneficial aspects of Earth -
the interactions of man are emphasized, as well as mitigation or
restoration measures and perspectives.
This book is a continuation of 'Acoustic and Elastic Wave Fields in
Geophysics, Part I' published in 2000. The second volume is
dedicated to propagation of linear plane, spherical and cylindrical
acoustic waves in different media. Chapter 1 is devoted to
principles of geometric acoustic in plane wave approximation. The
eikonal and transport equations are derived. Ray tracing and
wavefront construction techniques are explained. Chapter 2 deals
with dynamic properties of wave fields. The behavior of pressure
and displacements amplitudes in zero approximation is analysed in
two ways: using Poynting vector and solving the transport equation.
This chapter contains several examples related to shadow zones and
caustics. In Chapter 3 using the results of analysis of
high-frequency wave kinematics and dynamics some fundamental
aspects of Kirchhoff migration are described. Chapters 4 and 5 are
devoted to propagation of plane waves in media with flat boundaries
in the case of normal and oblique incidence. Special attention is
paid to the case when an incident angle exceeds the critical
angles. Formation of normal modes in the waveguide is discussed.
Chapter 6 deals with a spherical wave reflection and refraction.
The steepest descent method is introduced to describe the behavior
of reflected, transmitted, head and evanescent waves. In Chapter 7
propagation of stationary and transient waves in a waveguide formed
by a flat layer with low velocity are investigated. Normal modes
and waves related to the branch points of integrands under
consideration are studied. Dispersive properties of normal modes
are discussed. Chapter 8 describes wave propagation inside cylinder
in acoustic media. Several appendices are added to help the reader
understand different aspects of mathematics used in the book.
This book examines different classical and modern aspects of
geophysical data processing and inversion with emphasis on the
processing of seismic records in applied seismology.
Chapter 1 introduces basic concepts including: probability theory
(expectation operator and ensemble statistics), elementary
principles of parameter estimation, Fourier and z-transform
essentials, and issues of orthogonality. In Chapter 2, the linear
treatment of time series is provided. Particular attention is paid
to Wold decomposition theorem and time series models (AR, MA, and
ARMA) and their connection to seismic data analysis problems.
Chapter 3 introduces concepts of Information theory and contains a
synopsis of those topics that are used throughout the book.
Examples are entropy, conditional entropy, Burg's maximum entropy
spectral estimator, and mutual information. Chapter 4 provides a
description of inverse problems first from a deterministic point of
view, then from a probabilistic one. Chapter 5 deals with methods
to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic records. Concepts
from previous chapters are put in practice for designing prediction
error filters for noise attenuation and high-resolution Radon
operators. Chapter 6 deals with the topic of deconvolution and the
inversion of acoustic impedance. The first part discusses
band-limited extrapolation assuming a known wavelet and considers
the issue of wavelet estimation. The second part deals with sparse
deconvolution using various 'entropy' type norms. Finally, Chapter
7 introduces recent topics of interest to the authors.
The emphasis of this book is on applied seismology but researchers
in the area of global seismology, and geophysical signal processing
and inversion will find material that is relevant to the ubiquitous
problem of estimating complex models from a limited number of noisy
observations.
* Non-conventional approaches to data processing and inversion are
presented
* Important problems in the area of seismic resolution enhancement
are discussed
* Contains research material that could inspire graduate students
and their supervisors to undertake new research directions in
applied seismology and geophysical signal processing
Following the breakthrough in the last decade in identifying the
key parameters for time and depth imaging in anisotropic media and
developing practical methodologies for estimating them from seismic
data, this title primarily focuses on the far reaching exploration
benefits of anisotropic processing.
This volume provides the first comprehensive description of
reflection seismic signatures and processing methods in anisotropic
media. It identifies the key parameters for time and depth imaging
in transversely isotropic media and describes practical
methodologies for estimating them from seismic data. Also, it
contains a thorough discussion of the important issues of
uniqueness and stability of seismic velocity analysis in the
presence of anisotropy. The book contains a complete description of
anisotropic imaging methods, from the theoretical background to
algorithms to implementation issues. Numerous applications to
synthetic and field data illustrate the improvements achieved by
the anisotropic processing and the possibility of using the
estimated anisotropic parameters in lithology discrimination.
* Focuses on the far reaching exploration benefits of anisotropic
processing
* First comprehensive description of reflection seismic signatures
and processing methods in anisotropic media
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