The examination of excavated human bone finds is mainly the domain of anthropologists and forensic pathologists, the former working with ancient and historical specimens, the latter with modern finds. The methodological and diagnostic approaches to these skeletal finds are the same, regardless of the time of burial. For physical an thropology, bodily human relics are dealt with as historical resources which give clues to ancient population structure, population develop ment, life-style and subsistence. They are thus able to help scientists understand the present state of human populations. The identification of the finds, whether species diagnosis or the evaluation of individual parameters such as sex, age at death, body size and shape, kinship and pathology follows the same procedure used by forensic patholo gists, whose task is the identification of bodily relics in cases of crime, mass disaster and the like. However, there are other disciplines which benefit from excavated bone finds. Anatomy gains insights into the morphological variability of the skeleton in time and place. The implications for modern physi cians and pathologists are at least two-fold: pathological specimens are suitable to unravel the distribution of many diseases and the susceptibility of individuals to pathogens in pre-antibiotic populations. In addition to this epidemiological aspect, exhumed specimens often exhibit advanced states of bone disease which are no longer or only very rarely present in today's industrialized populations because of efficient surgical intervention and pharmacological treatment."

The region of the skull base was long considered a surgical barrier because of its complex anatomy. With few exceptions, the region immediately beyond the dura or bony skull base constituted a "no man's land" for the surgeon working from the other direction. A major reason for this was the high morbidity associated with operative procedures in that area using traditional dissection techniques. This situation changed with the advent of the operating microscope. Used initially by ear, nose and throat specialists for resective and reconstructive surgery of the petrous bone and parana sal sinuses, the operating microscope was later introduced in other areas, and neurosurgeons began using it in the mid-1960s. With technical equality thus established, the groundwork was laid for taking a new, systematic, and interdisciplinary approach to surgical problems of the skull base. Intensive and systematic cooperation between ear, nose and throat surgeons and neurologic surgeons had its origins in the departments of the University of Mainz bindly supported by our chairmen Prof. Dr. Dr. hc Kurt Schiirmann (Department of Neurosurgery) and Prof. Dr. W. Kley (Depart ment of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Head and Neck Surgery). The experience gained from this cooperation was taught in workshops held in Hannover from 1979 to 1986, acquiring a broader interdisciplinary base through the participation of specialists from the fields of anatomy, patholo gy, neuroradiology, ophthalmology, and maxillofacial surgery.

Continuing progress has been made since the first edition of Artificial Liver Support was published. Liver transplantation has however become an estab lished therapy for a relatively small number of patients who remain patients for life. There therefore continues to be a great need for the development of other forms of artificial liver support. Improved intensive care utilizing improved plasma exchange, dialysis, sclerotherapy, and intracranial pressure monitoring have improved survival in fulminant hepatic failure. Progress has also been made in lipid membrane detoxification, in cell cultures, and in cell transplantation, and the isolation of various liver cell growth factors has led to deep insight into the mechanisms of liver regeneration. This book gives the clinician and the researcher detailed information about established new methods of clinic work and laboratory research, and describes new experimental approaches indicating the direction of future research. G. BRUNNER M. Mno Preface to the First Edition The regenerative capacity of the liver cell is almost unlimited. Therefore after acute liver damage, be it viral, toxic, hypoxic, or surgical in origin, restitutio ad integrum is the usual outcome. In two forms of liver disease, however, this is not the case: in fulminant hepatic failure, liver regeneration often is not fast enough to keep the organism alive; in end-stage cirrhosis, regeneration is disturbed by a hypertrophic architecture of fibrotic tissue. For these extreme forms of liver disease and for critical situations before and after liver surgery, artificial liver support is needed.

I am honored to have been invited to write a foreword for this book, because tumors of the yolk sac have been a preoccupation of mine since the days of my residency, now more than 3 decades ago. At that time, a 3-year-old boy died of a testicular cancer of unknown histo genesis. It was bad enough that the child died, but it bothered me even more that medical science did not know the histogenesis of the tumor that destroyed him, and I decided to study testicular cancer. For re search training I sought out F. J. Dixon, who had written the Armed Forces Fascicle on testicular tumors. Dr. Dixon and I showed that embryonal carcinoma was a multipoten tial malignant stem cell that differentiated into the three embryonic germ layers of murine teratocarcinoma. This led to the idea that the normal counterpart of embryonal carcinoma must also be multi potent, and we focused on the preimplantation embryo for the histo genesis of the tumor. This idea was strengthened by the discovery that embryonal carcinoma cells made embryoid bodies in the ascites and it was possible to observe the development of these bodies in vitro. These observations led to the idea that embryonal carcinoma was a caricature (gross misrepresentation) of early development, and car cinomas in general were a caricature of the process of renewal of their normal counterpart."

Society is showing increasing concern for disorders related to aging that lead to a loss of brain function. In view of the enormous proportion of elderly people in our society today, brain aging is more than ever subject to challenge to us all, not only politicians and health authorities, but every individual who is confronted with the difficult situation of watching the mental powers of apparently healthy elderly friends, neighbours, or relatives fail, often with alarming rapidity. This challenge is directed especially toward us scientists. As one of our colleagues succinctly put it 2 years ago at the close of our First International Symposium on Brain Aging: "Do something. We are not dealing here with just another disease; we are concerned with human dignity. " More than any statistics, these words convinced me that Tropon's decision to leave the field of classic CNS pharmacology and move into the field of gerontopsychopharmacology was the right one, even though we knew that success would be uncertain and that, even if it finally comes it will be many years hence. At this point, let me add a personal comment: each one of us is judged by his or her own success. We live in a competitive society where success counts. This applies not only to the businessman, but also to the scientist, in particular, to those in industry.

The blood basophils lead a shadowy existence in the field of hematology, even now, 100 years after their discovery by PAUL EHRLICH. In clinical medicine they were hardly noticed for many decades, since they occur in such small numbers in the blood that small and moderate variations in the basophil count were not detectable with common count ing methods. This situation has changed since the in troduction of direct counting methods. It was noticed, for example, that the blood basophil count is increased in hy perlipemia. In the field of pathology the blood basophil was prac tically overlooked until recently. This was due to the fact that with common fixations in aqueous solutions the granules dissolve, so that the cells can no longer be stained specifically and therefore escape observation. This problem was solved through special fixing solu tions. However, interest in the blood basophils remain ed confined to only a few research groups.

Competitive binding techniques such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) are widely used to measure an enormous variety of compounds in biological fluids. Current methods have 1 2 arisen from the pioneering work ofYalow and Berson in the U. S. A. and Ekins in the u. K. Much of the early development was concerned with the analysis of protein hormones, and nearly a decade passed before attention focussed also on small molecules such as steroids and drugs. The potential of immunoassay methods for drug monitoring in clinical and forensic laboratories and in addict treatment programmes resulted in the commercial production of immunoassays for various therapeutic and abused drugs, making the technique available to laboratories lacking the facilities to raise their own antisera and synthesise labelled compounds. However, commercial assays are not only expensive but are restricted in range, and so it is advantageous for a forensic laboratory to have the capability to devise "in-house" immunoassays suited to its particular requirements. This chapter describes the theory and practice of RIA in forensic drug analysis. Much of the theory and some of the practice are applicable to immunoassays in which non isotopic labels are used, but such assays are not described in detail since, to date, the versatility and sensitivity of RIA have made it the immunoassay technique of choice in forensic toxicology. The particular advantages of RIA are its sensitivity and the fact that samples such as haemolysed blood can be assayed with little or no prior preparation."

Oral Pathology as part of the Head and Neck Pathology is an interdisciplinary field of science. The oral mucosa and the saliva are reflectors of many systemic diseases of the organism and therefore valuable parameters of the diagnosis and prognosis of pathological processes. In the last years many new methods have been integrated in the diagnostic repertoire. Proliferation markers are of predicitive value and characterize the biological behavior of a tumor. Markers are such as oncogenes, growth factor receptors or genetic aberrations. The importance of these new markers shall be discussed concerning the different types of oral cancers and salivary gland tumours.

Alcohol abuse ranks among the most common and also the most severe environmental hazards to human health. Its significance is heightened by the possibility of prevention by elimination of the habit, however, rarely exerted. The incidence of deleterious effects on human health has relentlessly risen in the past years for a variety of factors. They include migration of populations and, particularly, increased urbanization. Thus, in some parts of the world, population groups previously spared have become involved, which is also re flected in the increasing number of breweries and distilleries in the developing countries. Social, religious, and gender-related barriers to alcohol consumption are loosening, and the financial improvement of some segments of populations now enable them to buy alcoholic beverages. Thus the greatest percentage rise in the United States has recently been in black women. Adolescents and young people drink more alcoholic beverages than ever, and growing alcohol abuse by pregnant women has let to an increase of the incidence of the fetal alcohol syndrome. While the social and behavioral, including psychiatric, consequences of alcoholism are staggering, the gastrointestinal and, particularly, hepatic manifestations are the most widespread somatic effects, and chronic hepatic disease in alcoholics appears to cause the greatest cost to society. Indeed, mortality from liver cirrhosis is considered a reliable index of alcohol consumption in a country."

Various nouns have been used in the past to describe the Black races of South Africa and these terms will be used interchangeably in the text. They include "Bantu, African, Negro and Black". Although the currently recommended term is that of "Blacks of South Africa", many articles have been published in the Medical literature referring to Bantu, e. g. , "Bantu Siderosis", and other articles have appeared referring to African, e. g. , "African Cardiomyopathy". The material for this study was derived from the pathology laboratory at Barag wanath Hospital (2,500 beds) which serves the town of Soweto, a Black town of ap prOximately 1 million inhabitants ten miles southwest of Johannesburg. There may, of course be differing incidence rates for various diseases in different parts of South Africa, although the overall trend is fairly uniform. No figures are available as to how long the inhabitants of Soweto have lived in the town or whether a significant percent age originated in rural areas. No comparisons were therefore attempted between dis ease in rural and urban areas. The material in this book deals essentially with pathol ogy in the urban Black. This book is not a comprehensive study of pathology in the black Community. Only certain aspects are dealt with, particularly those topics of in terest to the author.

The tumors of the brain similar to other pathological changes of that particular organ claim for a separate position in scientific medicine regarding biology, morphology, features of clinical manifestation, diagnostics and therapy. During the past years due to rapid progress in basic neurosciences and medical biotechnics the situation of the neuroclinician in front of brain tumors has been dramatically changed. The prerequisites for early and accurate diagnosis as well as for successful treatment also of malignant neoplasms have increased and remarkably improved. At the same time the information necessary for an appropriate pragmatic use of the available cognitive methods and therapeutic means increased along the same scale and is permanently being critically modified or changed due to fundamental new insights which come up in always shorter intervals. These facts necessitate the preparation of publications in which the state of the art is presented in possible completeness, systematic order and proper disposability for rational management and therapeutic strategies.

Our understanding of inflammation has increased rapidly in recent years, due in large part to the impact of molecular biology and gene identification and cloning. This book brings together ideas from a number of different biochemical disciplines which are frequently not integrated. The first chapter gives a visual overview of the subject; the remaining chapters are organized into three themes: the affector molecules, the regulatory components and the processes of inflammation itself. This book is essential reading for the busy physician or pathologist who wants to be up-to-date with the latest developments in immunology as they affect the diagnosis and treatment of many conditions.

Neurosurgery o/the Future: Computers and Robots in Clinical Neurosurgical Practice and in Training - a Philosophical Journey into the Future Many present day neurosurgeons believe that they already obtain good results in operative surgery with the benefit of the operating microscope and other aids which have become available in the last three decades and that the introduction of computers and robots to the operating theatre is superfluous. However, it is clear from analogy with the function of the airline pilot, another profession where there are great demands on manual skill and on spatial awareness, that these devices do have much to offer neurosurgery. Classical neurosurgery, in the time of Cushing, Dandy and Scarff, was based on a three dimensional picture of the patient's brain formed in the surgeon's mind and often illustrated in elegant drawings. Such pictures were based on neuroradiological studies by pneumoencephalography, ventriculography or by angiography. Generally these stud ies showed the presence and position of a lesion by displacement of normal brain structures and the picture was built up by interference. This was then converted by the experienced neurosurgeon into a plan for the craniotomy site and the trajectory of the surgical approach. Once the brain was exposed further pre-operative information was obtained by visual inspection and by palpation with the brain needle. These classical forms ofneuroradiology have largely been superseded by computerised tomography and by magnetic resonance imaging."

Alcohol and other drugs of abuse are major contributing factors to liver disease and its pathology. Alcoholic cirrhosis causes thousands of deaths each year in the United States, and encourages liver replacement. A better understanding of the mechanisms of liver pathology will significantly aid basic researchers and physicians in treating and preventing liver damage. This book is designed especially for those researchers wishing to understand alcoholic liver disease. Therefore the role of alcohol in changing nutrition and its nutritional effects on liver disease are reviewed. The generation of free radicals during alcohol use has been found to be an important cause of membrane changes, of cancer development, and of lipid alterations-and thus of liver pathology. In addition to alcohol, other drugs of abuse, including morphine, cocaine, marijuana, and caffeine have also been shown to be significant contributors to liver pathology. The prevalence of drug and alcohol use and abuse today means that liver disease will continue as a major social and medical problem. The explanation of its biological origins cannot fail to help us better understand and treat the disease in the years to come.

It is a great honor and pleasure for cerebral infarction have been carried me to have Springer-Verlag publish out. Dr. Yoshimoto hoped that the this volume entitled "Treatment of results of research done in our depart Cerebral Infarction." I am much in ment over the last sixteen years con debted to my colleagues for my success cerning cerebral infarction could be in publishing this book. published. Moved by his enthusiasm, I have engaged in clinical work in my colleagues took their share in writ the field of neurosurgery for these few ing each article. I suggested to them decades and I have performed more that this volume should cover primarily than 5,000 major operations of intra the results of our own research, but that cranial surgery. Throughout this time, at the same time it should also include it has been my privilege to conduct a 2- the results of related work done by neurosurgical experts throughout the hour-morning research seminar in our department every Wednesday and to world. Therefore, I hope that this book supervise a great deal of research. At will interest many investigators who these seminars my fellow research have devoted themselves to research in workers and I have exchanged many the field of neuroscience. ideas about the study of neurosurgery My colleagues acknowledge that and we have designed many animal our research has been stimulated and experiments."

Increasing specialisation in pathology reflects the progressive changes in medical practise. The advent of a specialist with a new interest in a hospital or clinic may present the pathologist with a need to extend his or her knowledge to be able to work closely with the clinical practi tioner in order to provide adequate clinical care. Some sub-specialisations are long established, such a one is neu ropathology. However, an exclusive specialist practise is generally con fined to neurosurgical centres and much neuropathology is of necessity, executed by geneni.l pathologists. The areas covered by this volume are those which are commonly managed by the generalist. Professor Adams' account of how the skull and brain should be examined here will give confidence to many by defining a good technique and the careful description of various kinds of vascular injury lesions resulting from raised intracranial pressure will help to clarify repeated difficulty. More subtle forms of damage are also considered in detail. Professor Weller provides a detailed account of how the central nervous system may be examined in a way which permits all of us to prepare material which will allow adequate investigation of central nervous system disease and the proper examination of peripheral nerves. This chapter will become a "handbook" and will be of interest to those in training and established practitioners. Muscle biopsy is also dealt with; this is an area of investigative concern for many gener alists. The role of that singular neuropathological technique is very clearly emphasized.

If you want practical information on how to use this book please refer to "Note to the Readers" p. VII. Histochemistry and cytochemistry are essential tools in biomedical research and routine service laboratories. Most texts on histochemistry fall into one of two categories: 1. Encyclopaedic texts covering all or nearly all information available on the whole or selected parts of histochemistry. 2. Reviews or surveys of methods found to be useful by the author(s). While the former category often appeals to the more philosophically inclined reader, direct guidance on the selection of technique may be difficult to find. In contrast, the latter category are often excellent sources for details on how to perform a particular method with a reasonable chance of success. Consideration of the exact mechanism of staining, of possible reasons for failure, and of alternative techniques are, however, frequently lacking. This book is an introduction to the scientific basis of histochemistry and is intended to provide a background for the selection and development of appro priate methods. It is not a "cook book" and readers expecting exhaustive methodological descriptions will be disappointed. Although most ofthe contributors to this book would not describe themselves as histochemists, they have all at some time found it essential to develop a basic understanding of histochemistry. This book contains the information they would have greatly appreciated ready access to at that time."

More than a quarter century has passed since the initial descriptions of tardive dyskinesia (Schonecker, 1957; Sigwald et aI., 1959). The earliest epidemiologic study of this disorder was carried out in Roskilde, Denmark, by Uhrbrand and Faurbye (1960); the term tardive dyskinesia was first used a few years later in a subsequent paper (Faurbye et aI., 1964). Despite 25 years of intensive investiga- tive scrutiny, the syndrome persists, and approaches to its prevention and treat- ment continue to have limited efficacy. It is thus fitting to evaluate what has already been learned and consider future directions for research. . Tardive dyskinesia is generally dermed as an involuntary movement disorder, mainly involving the mouth, which attends long-term neuroleptic exposure. Beyond these simple facts, however, there has been relatively little consensus about this disorder. A desire to address the controversies associated with tardive dyskinesia prompted the organization of an international symposium at Kolle- kolle, just outside Copenhagen. This publication comprises all 26 presentations.

The enormous importance of the diseases of the locomotor system in all populations and the large component of general clinical practice which they represent have not, in the past, been matched by an appropriate pathological effort. Increasing expectation of an active and long life has resulted in a great increase in specialisation in Rheumatology and rehabilitation of those with crippling diseases. This volume presents many of the pathological advances that have followed this clini cal interest, beginning with reviews of changes in biological materials obtained by in vasive investigation of joints, continuing with an account of therapy Goint replace ment) and also describing a "new" hazard - hyperbaric injury. Experimental models of joint disease are also described as are other entities such as crystal deposition dis ease. A detailed consideration of the electron microscopy of bone tumours is included since this data is not widely available in current texts. Finally, the role of the HLA system in rheumatic disease is included, indicating the value of close co-operation between clinician and pathologist in defining and link ing the various rheumatic syndromes. London Contents Examination of Synovial Fluid. With 9 Figures P.A. Revell ........................................... . The Synovial Biopsy. With 20 Figures F. Eulderink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 Tissue Reactions to Joint Prostheses and the Products of Wear and Corrosion. With 20 Figures P.A. Revell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73 Bone and Joint Diseases in Workers Exposed to Hyperbaric Conditions."

Blood Supply of Bone: Scientific Aspects provides a comprehensive description of the development and physiology of blood supply to the skeleton. Investigative techniques for different types of bone in the body are discussed and the effects of disturbed circulation and the vascular control of osteogenesis is described. This highly illustrated and authoritative volume contains much revised material and many new illustrations reflecting 25 years of advances in this research field since the publication of its well-known precursor in 1971. The wealth of information will not only be invaluable to orthopaedic surgeons, rheumatologists, and radiologists but also pathologists, sports medicine specialists and bone metabolism research workers.

This volume covers, in a logical sequence, the brain neuroscience which underpins current management of malignant brain tumours. Cellular and molecular studies are considered, as well as current concepts of histopathological classification and grading. The clinical manifestations and natural history of these tumours is set in context by a discussion of the pathophysiology of intracranial mass lesions. Special attention is given to low-grade and childhood tumours. The more common cerebral gliomas and cerebral metastases are also examined. Diagnostic imaging methods are described and the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumours is explored. The final chapters are devoted to conventional and innovative methods, along with the results, of treatment by surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

Over recent years, much renal research has focused on the pathology of the glomerulus, where many primary renal insults occur. However, nearly thirty years have passed since Risdon's study made the apparently anomalous observation that the extent of damage to the tubulointerstitial compartment is the major determinant of renal outcome in a variety of human glomerular diseases. This volume covers various aspects of tubulointerstitial disease, and starts with an update on cystic disease of the kidney, by Drs. WILSON and FALKENSTEIN, which includes recent experimental data on the altered properties of cystic epithelium. My own chapter gives an overview of the mechanisms of tubulo interstitial damage in progressive renal disease and includes a dis cussion of the possible role of cytokines, vasoactive peptides and peptide growth factors found over the last few years to be secreted by renal tubular cells. These comments are expanded in the contribution by Dr. WOLF and Professor NEILSON, who provide a detailed account of the cellular biology of tubulointerstitial growth. The earliest studies from the 19608 attempted to correlate histo morphometry of the tubulointerstitium with renal outcome. Dr. KHAN and Professor SINNIAH provide us with an update on mor phometric methods as applied to the kidney using new techniques. Similar techniques are employed by Dr. IVANYI and Professor OLSEN who give a detailed stereomorphological account of tubulitis both in acute allograft rejection, where its- recognition is central to the diagnosis, and in other forms of tubulointerstitial disease."

Close cooperation between those involved in clinical treatment and pathology is imperative in head and neck surgery, as in all surgical fields. The degree of cooperation depends, on the one hand, on the knowledge that the head and neck surgeon has about the possibilities and limits that confront the pathologist, and on the other hand, on the knowledge that the pathologist has about the special problems of head and neck pathology and their management by the surgeon. Within the last 15 years, the knowledge of larynx growths and their treatment has changed rapidly. Parallel to this increase in knowledge, the technical possibilities in histopathology have also increased. For this reason, the authors of this volume present an up-to-date view of the whole scope of the pathology and clinical treatment of larynx tumours.

The early development of the mammalian embryo belongs to a period which, for the student, provides the particularly deep fascination connected with the processes of germination of the fIrst tender buds of life. Moreover, developmental biology encompasses a very large part of biology; if broadly dermed - almost all of it. The same is true for the fIeld of pathology if the manifold possibilities of disorders of the orderly arranged pathways of developmental processes are considered. Normal development in its earliest steps - and it would be diffI cult to see it otherwise - means the functioning of very intricate systems of complex inter dependent cycles controlled by structural, genetic, physiological and biochemical determi nants. However, disturbances interfering with them in their very different ways, can lead to fetal death, disorders of growth and differentiation, malformation and disease, sometimes as late as in the next generation or later. This is, indeed, the concern of the pathologist to whom and to whose interest in developmental pathology, this book is dedicated. The outlines of the present volume were conceived at a symposium on "Control of early em bryogenesis and factors responsible for failure of embryonic development" held May 1-4, 1974 in Travemtinde and sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Almost fIfty active participants attended this conference. At the time and in keeping with the purpose of the conference, publication of the proceedings was not envisaged."

Advances in biochemistry, cell biology, genome-wide mutagenesis - coupled with molecular technology, including gene microarray and transgenic and knock-out animals - have been instrumental in understanding the cellular processes and molecular pathways of self-tolerance and autoimmune diseases. The molecular definition of these pathways and processes has led to novel treatments for certain auto-immune diseases that are based on the pathogenesis of diseases rather than on broad-spectrum immunosuppression. This book reviews many of these current developments and proposes future novel approaches for understanding the pathogenesis of auto-immune diseases and designing novel therapy. This book covers three major areas of auto-immunity: the basic mechanisms of immunological tolerance, pathogenesis of auto-immune diseases, and some novel therapies. This book should be useful for immunologists, molecular biologists, rheumatologists, and clinical scientists.