This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date and critical overview of the immunological aspects of autoimmune neurological disease. These diseases include common conditions such as multiple sclerosis, the Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis. The introductory chapters on antigen recognition and self-nonself recognition, and neuroimmunology, are followed by chapters on specific diseases. These are presented in a standardised format with sections on clinical features, genetics, neuropathology, pathophysiology, immunology and therapy. Each chapter has a concluding section which summarises key points and suggests directions for future research. Animal models of autoimmune neurological disease are also covered in detail because of their importance in understanding the human diseases. The book is suitable for clinicians and neurologists managing patients with these diseases, and for immunologists, neuroscientists and neurologists investigating the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of these disorders.

This updated and revised third edition of INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR MEDICINE explains the fundamental principles vital to an understanding of the human genome, gene regulation and expression, and genetic engineering. Principles are then applied to the diagnosis and treatment of human disease in infectious diseases, inherited genetic diseases, the immune system and blood cells, cancer, and public health. Fully rewritten and with dozens of new illustrations, the Third Edition presents the basics of molecular biology and its impact on medicine in a concise, conversational format. Each chapter begins with an overview and ends with a summary. This edition also contains new discussions on the human genome project and genetic engineering with updated genetic maps. Ross' Introduction to Molecular Medicine remains a must-have information source for all physicians, residents, and medical students, as the book's stellar reviews demonstrate: "Well written and...presented in a style that is eminently readable...as an introduction to the applications of molecular biology and clinical medicine, Dr. Ross' book is recommended...of particular interest to pathology and clinical medicine residents." --ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY on the Second Edition. "will appeal to students and clinicians who will appreciate an introduction to this complicated field which unlike others, is easy and good fun to read." -- Annals of Oncology.

This concise volume provides essential advice and guidelines for all those medical personnel involved in the administration of radiation for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Legislation has been introduced in Europe and the UK to reduce patient radiation doses. In the UK, the Ionising Radiation (Protection of Patients Undergoing Medical Examination or Treatment) Regulations, known colloquially as the POPUMET Regulations, require medical personnel to have received essential training in radiation protection. This volume covers the background material required by those taking approved training courses and summarizes the core of knowledge that forms the basis of the POPUMET regulations.

An internationally known scientist joins the bestselling coauthor of ""The Melatonin Miracle"" to introduce the healing power of the antioxidant network--the different antioxidants that work together with much more strength than they do individually.

This second edition updates the "WHO Classification of Endocrine Tumours" proposed in 1980 and incorporates many new tumour entities and pertinent concepts that have developed since that time. It is the result of a collaborative effort between 9 pathologists from different countries, in addition to informal contributions and discussions by many other colleagues. In particular, efforts have been made to integrate into the fundamental backbone of the histologic classification a number of prognostic and functional parameters now essential for appropriate diagnosis and clinicopathologic evaluation of endocrine tumours.

5 Function of Splenic Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5. 1 Splenic White Pulp Compartments during Primary T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses against Protein Antigens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5. 1. 1 Priming of CD4+ Helper T Cells by Dendritic Cells in the PALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5. 1. 1. 1 5. 1. 2 Interaction of Primed CD4+ T Cells with Antigen-Specific B Cells in the PALS and Formation of Extrafollicular Foci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5. 1. 2. 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5. 1. 3 Formation of Germinal Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5. 1. 3. 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5. 1. 4 Localisation of Memory B Cells in the Marginal Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5. 1. 4. 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5. 2 Function of the Marginal Zone during Primary Antibody Responses against T Cell-Independent Type 2 Antigens . . . . . . . . 57 5. 2. 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Function of the Red Pulp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5. 3 5. 3. 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5. 4 Role of the Spleen in CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cell Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5. 4. 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 The Spleen, Natural Killer Cells 5. 5 and Gamma/Delta T Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5. 5. 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6 Recirculation of Lymphocytes Through the Spleen . . 65 6. 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7 The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in the Development of Splenic Compartments . . . . . . 69 7. 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 8 Unsolved Problems of Human Splenic Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 VI 8. 1 Arterial Blood Supply to the Splenic Follicles and to the Perifollicular Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 . . . . 8. 1. 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 8.

In the past several years much progress has been made in understanding the basic mechanisms of pancreatic physiology and the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic disease. A symposium took place in Munich on 18-19 September 1998 that aimed at summarizing current knowledge of the exocrine pancreas and giving di rection to future research. It targeted all practitioners and scientists working in the field of exocrine pancreatic disease. The symposium was also designed to stimulate young persons embarking on a career in this area. It was an exciting meeting for all of us. We wish to extend our thanks to all participants for their prompt submission of manuscripts and to Springer Verlag for speedy publication, providing us with an up-to-date volume on pancreatic research. We would also like to thank G. Beyendorff-Hajda and W. Glockner, as well as D. Kriiger, representatives of Knoll Deutschland GmbH, for their organiza tional assistance and Knoll itself for its generous sponsorship, which enabled colleagues from other countries to participate and made publication of the symposium possible."

This volume will be of great value to all those researchers in the area of the inflam matory response, notably academics, clinicians and members of the pharmaceutical industry. The book has in the main been restricted to three inducible enzymes, namely nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and hemeoxygenase (HO-l), although matrix metalloproteinases, xanthine oxidoreductase and tissue transgluta minases are reviewed. The modulation of these enzymes is viewed as possible novel therapeutic advances in the area of inflammation and also cancer. The latter topic may well be the subject of a further book. It will be interesting to observe the progress of such new therapies in the next decade. Already some of these enzyme modulators have been approved for the treat ment of inflammatory disease, as evidenced by the new families of COX-2 inhibitors. We believe such advances will herald a series of new and exciting agents to be included in the clinician's armamentarium in the constant struggle against inflammatory disease. The editors wish to thank all contributors to this volume on inducible enzymes. It should however be stressed that the views expressed by the authors are personal and do not necessarily reflect those of the editors. Indeed, the reader may find con flicting statements in a number of the chapters. We believe that this is entirely appro priate as this volume reflects the latest work in a rapidly developing area."

This updated volume on clinical forensic medicine covers the topics required for forensic healthcare professionals working in general forensic medicine and sexual offence medicine. All chapters have been reviewed and revised to reflect how the provision of forensic medical services has changed since the previous edition with multidisciplinary teams working in the custodial environment, comprising doctors, nurses, and paramedics and those practitioners providing sexual offence examinations. New and updated topics include: the increasing importance of photo documentation by health care professionals; updated information on strangulation, torture; a review of bite mark injuries; the explosion of Novel Psychoactive Substances worldwide; the changing patterns of deaths in custody and deaths following police contact; and the introduction in various jurisdictions of legal limits for drugs based on zero tolerance or a risk based approach. Written by a team of experts, the new edition of this book is a valuable resource for forensic healthcare professionals including doctors, nurses and paramedics working in general forensic medicine and sexual offence medicine, as well as emergency physicians, pediatricians and gynaecologists.

This second edition is the result of a collaborative effort of ophthalmic pathologists from 11 countries and is more extensive and detailed than its predecessor published in 1980. Several new tumour entities have been added, while the list of histological variants has been expanded and examples of immunoreactivity included. The publication of the revised eye and adnexal tumour classification is accompanied by 112 photomicrographs.

Ageing and dementia are closely related conditions. Increasing age of the general population causes increasing incidence of dementing disorders in later life, although cognitive impairment is not necessarily a consequence of advancing age. The book presents the papers of the International Symposium on Ageing and Dementia, October 17-19, 1997 in Graz, where internationally renowned experts in the field of ageing and dementia gave an overview of the current knowledge about the epidemiology, pathomorphology, clinical diagnosis and course of brain ageing processes and related dementing disorders, biochemical markers and imaging procedures for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and current approaches to a successful treatment of dementia. "... this book will be of interest to clinicians with previous experience of clinical dementia assessements, and to researchers who want a comprehensive update on research areas of dementia with which they are less familiar. It will also be of interest to those following the development of neurotrophe factors for treatment of dementia who need an extensive introduction to the preclinical studies of Cerebrolysin (R). The book will be fairly useful as a textbook for clinicians who are learning about clinical dementia assessments for the first time." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

This book is the fourth edition of a highly regarded text which was first published in 1988. It introduces the reader to the interpretation of routine laboratory biochemical test results and covers all aspects of interpretative chemical pathology (including reproductive endocrinology, which was not covered previously).

The approach is based on case material from the authors' laboratory and employs algorithms and similar aids for interpretation. The material is structured so that it is comprehensible to beginners as well as being useful for the more experienced practitioners. The envisaged audience is medical undergraduates, general practitioners, clinical biochemists and laboratory technicians.

This classification is based primarily on the microscopic charac- teristics of tumours and, therefore, is concerned with morpho- logically identifiable cell types and histological patterns, as seen with conventional light microscopy. The term tumours is used synonymously with neoplasm. The phrase tumour-like is applied to lesions which resemble neo- plasms, clinically or morphologically, but do not behave biologi- cally in a neoplastic manner. They are included in this classifica- tion because they give rise to problems in differential diagnosis and because of the unclear borderline between neoplasms and certain non-neoplastic lesions. Synonyms are listed only if they have been used widely, or if they are considered to be helpful to the understanding of the lesion. In such cases, the preferred term is given first, followed by the synonym. Although the emphasis of this classification is on histological typing, in the examination of kidney tumours, consideration should be given to the degree of cellular anaplasia, the extent of local spread, vascular and lymphatic invasion, and the occur- rence of metastasis. The scheme of histological grading suggested here is as fol- lows: Grade I applies to the tumours that have the least degree of cellular anaplasia compatible with a diagnosis of malignancy; . grade II! applies to tumours with the most severe degrees of cel- lular anaplasia; and grade I! applies to those tumours in be- tween. This scheme is applicable to the carcinomas of the renal parenchyma and pelvis.

In his original essay on the shaking palsy (1817) James Parkinson remarked that the "senses and intellect were uninjured." Thus, it was only in later years that the complexity ofparkinsonism and in particular Parkinson's disease with dementia was recognised. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease is common and is estimated to affect more than forty per cent of patients with disease onset after age 65. Recent studies suggest that pathology of Parkin son's disease now ranks second to Alzheimer's disease as the commonest sub strate of dementia in elderly patients. The condition is heterogeneous and there remain many complicated and unresolved questions concerning cause, diagnosis and classification. In an attempt to clarify these issues, scientists and members of the European Brain Bank Network (EBBN) gathered in London for a meeting entitled "Dementia in Parkinsonism." The resultant monograph is testimony to the wide-ranging clinical, morphological and biochemical aspects of this condition. We are grateful to all contributors for expressing their expert opinions and for being so generous with their time taken in prepa ration of the manuscripts. The meeting was funded by the Commission of the European Communities as part of a Biomed-l Programme. We wish to thank Amgen Limited, Lilly Industries Limited and Roche Products Limited for additional sponsorship. The expert secretarial assistance of R. Nani in the pre paration of this book has been very much appreciated. London, November 1997 S. E. Daniel F. F. Cruz-Sanchez A. J. Lees Contents Stern, G.: The language of the basal ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

Neurodegeneration is one of the most important subjects of the investigation now and in the coming 21st century. Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly people and Parkinson's disease is one of the major neurologic disorders with the prevalence between 1 and 2/1 000 population in advanced countries. Many others are suffering from intractable neurodegener ative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, or spinocerebellar degeneration. No truly effective treatment is available for any of these neurodegenerative disorders except for Parkinson's disease; even in Parkinson's disease, still it is impossible to slow down the disease process with the currently available treatment. It is urgently needed to develop new effective technique to halt or slow down the disease process in each of those disorders. Recent advance in the molecular biological and molecular genetic technique has brought us great progress in the understanding of etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders, but still it is not known how neurons are going to die in these disorders. To explore the question, mutual cooperation and exchange of ideas between basic scientists and clinical peoples are of utmost importance."

Expert clinicians and basic scientists with a special interest in Parkinson's disease review the current state of science and clinical therapeutics of the disease. Therefore these articles represent an authorative review of the current state of knowledge regarding preclinical course and symptomatology, subtypes with their impact on the pathology, genetic alterations, novel mechanisms of neuronal cell death, diagnostic tools and old and novel therapeutic approaches with respect to neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in Parkinson's disease. Particular emphasis has been placed on a novel antiparkinsonian drug called budipine with various modes of action also influencing altered non dopaminergic systems in Parkinson's disease. It is evident, that many questions on the cause, course and treatment of Parkinson's disease are still unanswered and therefore the ideal way to treat a parkinsonian patient remains to be defined.

Until recently, innate immunity was regarded as a relatively nonspecific system designed to engulf and destroy pathogens. However, new studies show that the innate immune system is highly developed in its ability to discriminate between self and foreign entities. Understanding this mechanism can lead to therapeutic strategies based on manipulation of this previously unexploited branch of the immune system. Drawing on the research of leading experts, Nucleic Acids in Innate Immunity provides insight in this new area of immunology. The book begins by explaining the roles of nucleic acids in immunity, describing the mechanism of discrimination based on pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLR), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLR). Chapters discuss how these PRRs recognize and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by activating specific signaling pathways. The second section focuses on the therapeutic applications of immunomodulatory DNA by manipulating released pathogenic nucleic acids as immune system stimulants. The book introduces novel therapeutics developed to prevent or treat infectious diseases, allergic disorders, and cancer, as well as clearing unnecessary or abnormal host molecules. The final section addresses how the immune system discriminates self and non-self RNA. Recent findings that host (self) nucleic acids are not inert in the immune system beg the question of exactly what elements within DNA or RNA are recognized by the innate immune system. Contributions review recent advances to understand innate immune recognition of nucleic acids and describe the resulting immune modulation. Providing a comprehensive review of nucleic acid recognition and regulation by the innate immune system, this seminal work reveals new directions for future research in immune modulation.

In this second edition of the Histological Typing of Skin Tumours, the concise format of the first edition has been maintained. The number of tumours described, however, has increased considerably, especially in the melanocytic, adnexal, fibrous tissue and lymphoid neoplasms. Care has been taken to avoid needless subclassification, with the aim of limiting the expansion of categories to those fulfilling demonstrable histological criteria. The commentaries remain succinct whilst including the major diagnostic points, with reference to relevant immunohistochemical features.More than 200 new illustrations are included. Close collaboration with the authors of the AFIP Atlas of Tumor Pathology on Melanocytic and Non-melanocytic Tumours of the Skin ensures a consistent approach to the classification of skin tumors

In this issue of Surgical Pathology Clinics, guest editor Dr. Ming Zhou brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Genitourinary Pathology. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as prostate cancer: update on grading and reporting; cribriform lesions of the prostate; urothelial carcinoma: divergent differentiation and variants; kidney tumors: new developments in existing WHO kidney tumor entities; and more. Contains 13 relevant, practice-oriented topics including testicular tumors: new developments in germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors; computational pathology in genitourinary pathology; molecular genetics of prostate cancer and role of genomic testing; evolving role of multiparametric MRI in prostate cancer diagnosis and reporting; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on current topics in genitourinary pathology, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

This thoroughly updated 4th Edition of this highly regarded text continues to provide the latest therapeutic and surgical information on nail disease and disorders. It expands and updates all areas of onychology, including the newest in diagnostic techniques for nail diseases, a segment of dermatology that not only proves more difficult than cutaneous disorders but also is an exciting and innovative area on the frontier of skin research. Scher and Daniel's Nails: Diagnosis, Surgery, Therapy provides an update of therapeutic advances to help the resident, practitioner, and related healthcare provider (podiatrist, nurse, primary care physician, and all involved in nail care). A major section is devoted to nail surgery and nail pathology, both of which have been behind compared to other aspects of dermatology. There is also extensive information on the billion dollar nail cosmetics industry, which will bring this text to the attention of all nail technicians (several hundred thousand in the US alone) as well as to cosmeticians and manufacturers.

Since 1975, when the University of Oklahoma faculty created their review course for second-year medical students, the Oklahoma Notes have been among the most trusted and widely used reviews for the National Boards.
Each Oklahoma Notes book presents the core information of one segment of the medical school curriculum. Written by some of the most effective medical educators in the country, and now thoroughly updated and revised, the Oklahoma Notes feature: Concise text presented in outline format for rapid review; contents oriented to promote Boards success; self-assessment questions geared to the current format of the USMLE exam; more tables and figures designed to facilitate self-assessment and review; and low-cost, complete coverage of all subjects taught in the first two years of medical school.

Advances in Molecular Pathology reviews the year's most important findings and updates within the field in order to provide molecular pathologists with the current clinical information they need to improve patient outcomes. A distinguished editorial board, led by Dr. Gregory Tsongalis, identifies key areas of major progress and controversy and invites preeminent specialists to contribute original articles devoted to these topics. These insightful overviews in molecular pathology inform and enhance clinical practice by bringing concepts to a clinical level and exploring their everyday impact on patient care. Provides in-depth, clinical reviews in molecular pathology, providing actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information in the field under the leadership of an experienced editorial team. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews.

The first edition of Histological Typing of Soft Tissue Tumours, pub- lished in 1969, represented a major step in the standardization of nomen- clature in this specialty area. Accompanied by a glass slide set of more than a hundred common and exotic tumours, this book resulted in the rapid assimilation of a universal set of guidelines and diagnostic defini- tions by pathologists in many countries. In the intervening two decades numerous changes have occurred, and our committee has been chal- lenged by the desire to incorporate new and exciting findings from the areas of immunohistochemistry and molecular biology into the classifi- cation with the need to develop a simple reproducible classification for practising pathologists. The current system, while based principally on standard microscopic observations, acknowledges and cites the use of di- agnostically valuable ancillary techniques. Changes in the Classification Although the original classification utilized the concept of "histogene- sis" or tissue of origin in defining tumours, we have departed from that point of view, acknowledging the impossibility of determining histogen- esis by morphologic means alone. This classification is based on the "line of differentiation", or stated simply, by comparing tumours to the nor- mal cell they most closely resemble without necessarily implying origin therefrom. As in the old classification we have interpreted the term "tu- mours" in the broadest sense of the word and have, therefore, included neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions.