This volume is the work product of an international group of authors who are experienced in the field of musculoskeletal allografts. The chapters are written by experts in many differing areas of allografting and represents the current knowledge in this rapidly changing dynamic field. The reconstructive community and their patients owe a significant debt of gratitude to Doctors Czitrom and Winkler for this volume. William F. Enneking, M. D. Preface What follows is the result of a timely project bringing together the newest ideas of top experts worldwide in a rapidly growing technology: Orthopaedic Allograft Surgery. The title of the book reflects a method rather than a speciality. It transgresses well established subspecialities of orthopaedic surgery such as joint replacement, oncology, spine, trauma and sports medicine. The technology encompasses knowledge of tissue banking, biology and biomechanics, both in a research and clinical sense. The common denominator for those interested is the need and ability to provide or use allogeneic tissues in orthopaedic applications. Inherent to a multiauthored text based on chapters written by authors from many parts of the world is a variety in format and style. While we tried to some extent reducing large discrepancies, there was no attempt made to eliminate dissimilar ities. We did not aim for a homogeneous textbook. Rather, we asked for originality, novelty, individuality in the presentation of data and concepts. Consequently, chapters vary in format from that seen in a scientific article to that of a descriptive essay."

More than ten years have elapsed since the publication of the first edition of Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions of Bone and Joints in 1981. During this period significant progress has been made in diagnosis, and particularly in staging and treatment of bone tumors. In most centers, limb-sparing surgery has replaced the more radical ablative surgery, with or without preoperative chemotherapy. This became possible due to the introduction and increased application of newer high-quality imaging techniques (CT and MRI) and in particular the use of new cytomorphologic methods of diagnosis, especially immunohisto chemistry. These advances in diagnosis and treatment have been reflected by the publication of new editions of several important text books, since their authors - pathologists, orthopedic surgeons, and radiologists - felt the necessity of updating their works in recent years. However, in these publications different criteria of classification were adopted. The number of cases compiled at the Latin American Registry of Bone Pathology increased from 4913 primary bone tumors and more than 1100 tumorlike lesions at the time of publication of the first edition of this book, to 5274 bone tumors and 1665 tumorlike lesions by the end of December 1985, when I finished my work as head of the Registry and occupied the positions of Professor of Orthopedic Pathology at St. Louis University Medical Center and Distinguished Visiting Professor at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center in Chicago.

Developmental cancer products (oncodevelopmental markers, ODM) not only serve as diagnostic and prognostic indicators but also may be used to study the nature of the carcinogenic process and the biology of tumors. For many years oncologists have searched for markers of cancer cells that would permit unequivocal recognition of cancer in contrast to noncancerous tissue. The earliest and still most widely used method of identification of cancer tissue or cells is the structural resemblance of cancer tissue to fetal or immature tissue. Pathologists not only recognize cancer by its morphologic similarity to fetal tissues, but also in many instances can relate the behavior of a given tumor to the degree of tissue differentiation. Thus, poorly differentiated tumors that resemble fetal tissue generally grow more rapidly and metastasize earlier than do well-differentiated tumors that more closely resemble adult tissue. In recent years the commonality of fetal and cancer tissue has been extended to products of tumor cells that, can be analyzed by biochemical, immunological, or physiological techniques. Increas ingly, products of cancer cells similar to fetal products are being identified and studied. These products range from cell-surface markers (fetal or differentiation antigens), placental proteins, hormones, and isoenzymes to a multitude of products, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alphafetoprotein (AFP), lymphocyte markers, and nucleic acids, such as tRNA, that are produced in small amounts by v vi PREFACE continually differentiating cells in the adult but in much greater amounts by tumors."

Information analysis centers were developed to help the scientist and practitioner cope with the ever increasing mass of published and unpublished information in a specific field. Their establishment resulted from a further extension of those pressures that had brought about the formation of the specialized primary journal and the abstracting services at the turn of the century. The information analysis center concept was greatly advanced by the 1963 report of the President's Science Advisory Committee Panel on Science Information. This report stated: " . . . scientific interpreters who can collect relevant data, review a field, and distill information in a manner that goes to the heart of a technical situation are more help to the overburdened specialist than is a mere pile of relevant docu ments. " Such specialized information centers are operated in closest possible contact with working scientists in the field. These centers not only furnish information about ongoing research and dis seminate and retrieve information but also create new information and develop new methods of infor mation analysis, synthesis, and dissemination. The continually expanding biomedical literature produced by scientists from the world's laboratories, research centers, and medical centers led the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke in 1964 to initiate a National Neurological Information Network of specialized centers for neurological information. The Centers are designed to bring under control and to promote ready access to important segments of the literature."

A critical phase in coronary heart disease, unstable angina, is thoroughly discussed in contributions by well-known experts. Since myocardial infarction still belongs to the main causes of death, this topic is highly relevant for the present research and possible future treatment of coronary heart disease. The major recent advances made in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy of unstable angina are reported in depth.

The impetus for compiling this book was the recent development of culture strains of neuroblastoma and glial cells and the immediate and enthusiastic way they have been taken up as model systems. After the first sudden rush of activity, it seems appropriate to pause, to assess progress, and to contemplate the future contributions that may be possible using these culture techniques. Long before the advent of established strains, cultures of nervous tissue had already contributed to neurobiology. Ross Harrison, in 1906, in a single experimental series, established tissue culture as a promising new technique in cell biology and settled the Golgi-Cajal controversy as to whether axonic processes originated as outgrowths from the cell body or were formed first in the intercellular spaces and were later connected to the cell body. Harrison observed process growth from nerve cells in cultures, thus settling the matter in favor of Cajal. Of great importance to neurobiology is the discovery by Rita Levi-Montalcini of nerve growth factor. Cultures of spinal ganglia played a major role in the discovery, isolation, and characterization of the factor (Levi-Montalcini et ai., 1954). In my opinion, this discovery, although very well known, has not yet been adequately recognized for its germinal influence on neurobiology and embryology. Progress since the advent of clonal cultures has been more modest. I would like to cite two pieces of work which emphasize the technical ad vantages of these cultures."

The field of cellular, molecular, and developmental neuroscience repre sents the interface between the three large, well established fields of neu roscience, cell biology, and molecular biology. In the last 10 to 15 years, this new field has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing and exciting subdisciplines of neuroscience. It is now becoming possible to understand many aspects of nervous system function at the molecular level, and there already are dramatic applications of this information to the treatment of nervous system injury, disease, and genetic disorders. Moreover, there is great optimism that new strategies will emerge soon as a result of the explosion of information. This book was written to introduce students to the major issues, ex perimental strategies, and current knowledge base in cellular, molecular, and developmental neuroscience. The concept for the book arose from a section of an introductory neuroscience course given to first-year medical students at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. The text pre sumes a basic, but not detailed, understanding of nervous system orga nization and function, and a background in biology. It is intended as an appropriate introductory text for first-year medical students or graduate students in neuroscience, neurobiology, psychobiology, or related pro grams;..and for advanced undergraduate students with appropriate back ground in biology and neuroscience. While some of the specific information presented undoubtedly will be outdated rapidly, the "gestalt" of this emerging field of inquiry as presented here should help the beginning stu dent organize new information."

Nine years have elapsed since the second edition of this book was published. In this time the principal advances in neuromuscular diseases have been in the application of molecular genetics to understanding the aetiology and pathogenesis of this group of disorders. As a result many previously unrecognised disorders have been charac terised. Some clinical syndromes, such as the limb girdle dystrophies, have become better defined. In many such instances the new genetic information has led to major advances in knowledge of the biology of cell structures, for example, the membrane structural and channel proteins. The clinical syndromes themselves, and their patho logical and electrophysiological characteristics, however, remain as important as ever, since they constitute the clinical problem itself and, indeed, the database from which all other concepts emerge. Knowledge of the pathogenesis, genetics, and molecular biology of neuromuscular disorders is essential both in developing and applying new therapies and preventive measures, and in formulating genetic and prognostic advice. However, this informa tion does not necessarily always define clinically useful syndromes. Myotonia, for example, is an electrophysiological finding in some syndromes in which it is un detectable by clinical examination, although the phenomenon itself was originally defined as a clinical entity. The limb girdle muscular dystrophy syndromes can be defined by severity, distribution of weakness, age of onset, sex distribution and other characteristics and many of these can be better understood by study of the under lying defect in cell structural proteins.

Essentials of Autopsy Practice updates the modern pathologist on issues related to the autopsy. This volume contains topical chapters on the pathology of shock, religious attitudes to death, incised wounds, radiological investigations, metabolic disorders in childhood, maternal deaths, body alterations and piercings which are comprehensive, unique and educational. It brings the literature together into a modern, up-to-date review of the subject, each authored by experts in their field. It comprises the most recent developments in current autopsy practice making the book unique and exceptional - a valuable aid for the bench top, autopsy suite, laboratory or library. A hands-on reference book, Essentials of Autopsy Practice is of interest to both trainees and consultants in all sub-branches of pathology including forensic pathology. It can also be used by non-medical staff involved in the dead, such as nurses, police, lawyers and bereavement officers.

This atlas deals with conditions commonly encountered in the male genital tract. Whilst the majority of illustra tions are photomicrographs, photographs of macro scopic specimens are also used to illustrate important features in distinguishing different pathological con ditions. Special emphasis is placed on the small biopsy specimens obtained from prostate and testis in modern urological practice and the importance of clinico pathological co-operation in pathological practice is stressed. Recent advances in our knowledge of testicu lar tumours are discussed and illustrated. The text is not entirely descriptive and attempts to give an intellectual framework around which histopathological diagnosis in this field can be practised. A modest number of references are included; they have not been singled out as representing milestones in the development of our knowledge of these conditions - the choice has rather more centred upon recent reports from which a litera ture search can be mounted if required. The atlas in no way pretends to be an encyclopaedic reference of con ditions of the male genital tract but attempts to provide an up-to-date comprehensive discussion of the histo pathology of this system. Acknowledgements I am most grateful to Mr Keith Gordon for developing all the photomicrographs and to Mr Geoff Gilbert and his staff in the Audio-Visual Department of the City Hospital who took the majority of the macroscopic illustrations. I must particularly thank my secretary, Mrs Dorothy Clay ton, for typing and retyping my draft chapters and for deciphering my hieroglyphics."

Decoding the significance of proteinuria as an indicator of severity or prognosis in kidney disease is a stimulating challenge to students and practitioners of nephrology. Sir Richard Bright in 1827 associated pro with the disease that bears his name. In the subsequent more teinuria than a century and a half, however, the meaning of the linkage between proteinuria and renal disease remains elusive. Proteinuria is discovered on routine urinalysis in about 10 million Americans, most of whom express no symptoms of kidney disease, each year. From the studies of Robinson (updated in these pages), we know that proteinuria, per se, can be present for 20 years without change in re nal function, as described in orthostatic proteinuria. By contrast, pro teinuria may be the harbinger of swift kidney destruction, rarely cul minating in clinical collapse, a syndrome typifying "malignant proteinuria" as detailed herein by Avram. Although proteinuria is ubiquitous, an orderly management strategy for rational handling of proteinuria of less than nephrotic range is lack ing. Separation of tubular proteinuria and transient proteinuria of fever is now possible routinely. This book provides a record of the contribu tions of investigators and clinicians whose work forms the substrate for production of understanding and, ultimately, marching orders for prac titioners seeking optimized management for their proteinuric patients."

This is a book about renal cysts and cystic kidneys. Its contributors have created a resource of current information in a field that once aroused only curiosity, but that now stands at the leading edge of molecular nephrology. Its authorship includes 'oldtimers', who bring the wisdom of experience, and 'newcomers', whose presence attests to the contributions made by the investigative and technological advances of the past decade. Its text is organized to carry the reader from renal cyst to cystic renal disease. Each of its chapters defines or explores a challenge or an advance. Cells that line renal cysts are diverse in structure, type, and perhaps function. The cysts themselves lie within an interstitium that is not normal and may influence cyst development and growth. Experimental analogs of human disease offer increasing opportunities to basic researchers to examine, in sequence and under controlled circumstances, those events that favor nephron dilation, cyst growth and ultimate renal failure.

Despite the amazing progress made by the stereotactic technique, particularly regarding the localization of the target, despite the extreme caution, which stereotactic neurosurgeons apply at every step of the procedures, despite the routine roentgenologic and physiologic controls (depth EEG, electric stimulation) preceding the production of a lesion, there remains a certain degree of uncertainty regarding the position, shape and extent of the lesion as well as of the electrode track and also regarding unintended lesions in the vicinity. The final answer to these questions depends on the anatomical control. Thus we must be grateful to the authors, who performed 3700 subcortical stereotactic interventions, that they present a careful comparison of the clinical and of the pathologic anatomic findings, in the cases whose brains could be studied. They demonstrate what degree of exactness can be expected from the stereotactic technique. They also present a careful outline of the morphology, physiology, biochemistry and pathology of the structures that are affected in Parkinson patients. In addition this monograph permits one to familiarize oneself with the methods of stimulation and destruction practiced by the authors. The relevant literature is conscientiously quoted. A study of this mono graph will benefit not only the stereotactic neurosurgeon, but also neurophysiologists, pathologists and practicing neurologists.

With the advent of enzyme histochemistry, which this field and simplistic theories will be expanded or revealed hitherto unseen pathological differences discarded. between muscle disorders, muscle biopsy assumed Diseased muscle cells, as any other cell type, show an important diagnostic role. The investigation is easily only limited morphological changes. However bizarre, performed and is being undertaken with increasing very few of these changes, if any, are pathognomonic of frequency. Nevertheless there is still a tendency to a single disease. The exact significance of microscopic regard its interpretation as highly specialized and out findings is to a large extent determined by their clinical side the province of the general histopathologist. In this context. Thus, although this is an atlas, it is definitely atlas I have tried to lift the veil of neuropathological not designed to promote 'spot' histological diagnoses. I mystique and to describe and illustrate the basic have aimed to provide a guide to pathological reactions reactions of muscle cells. of muscle which will be useful to the practising histo Interpretation of the biopsy depends not only upon pathologist and all students of neuro-muscular disease. recognition of morphological abnormalities, but upon I hope that recognition of the lack of specificity of understanding why they occur. Throughout the atlas I individual morphological features will encourage the have attempted to correlate morphological changes . close clinico-pathological correlation which is essential with pathogenetic mechanisms."

This RRCR-conference-volume marks "number six" in a 20-year evolution of international conferences on the adjuvant therapy of primary breast cancer. Starting in 1978, a handful of some 80 en thusiastic breast cancer surgeons and oncologists, met in a se cluded mountain resort near st. Gallen in Eastern Switzerland, to exchange their early data of some pioneer trials on adjuvant sys temic therapy of early breast cancer, and to correlate their future research efforts to overcome the frustrating prognostic stagna tion of this dominant neoplastic disease in Western females dur ing the past decades. Repeated every 3-4 years, these St. Gallen International Conferences on Adjuvant Therapy of Primary Breast Cancer have continuously grown in numbers of partici pants and in normative, therapeutic influence by being published in major oncology journals 1-3], the last (6th) conference hav ing taken place from February 25-28, 1998 with more than 1800 attendees from over 50 countries worldwide. What is the fascination of adjuvant therapy in primary (early) breast cancer, and what has changed, during the last 3 years since March 1995, to justify another international gathering of this size, and of the world's leading experts in the field? There is no question, that providing even more effective care and designing appropriate recommendations for the multitudes of patients with so-called early breast cancer or at high risk of developing the disease, remain highly important public health goals."

This report for the Belgian Ophthalmological Society concerns a number of fundus diseases, which most ophthalmologists only rarely encounter. Still it is of importance that they should be able to recognize them, not only because most of these eye diseases are treatable when they are diagnosed early enough, but also because they are sometimes associated with major visceral and neurological problems. The ophthalmologist may be the first practitioner to suspect a von Hippel-Lindau's disease or a neurofibromatosis. He should realize at that moment that his role is not only to treat the eyes but also to advise his patient, refer him to other specialists and consider the genetical implications of his diagnosis. Clinicopathologic correlations are of great importance and we felt that it was necessary to emphasize the histopathological aspect of these diseases. A report has to overview the literature on a specific topic. The literature on vascular tumors of the fundus is extremely vast and even if we tried to be as complete as possible, we must confess that we did not cite every author who published on such cases. A third aspect, which was considered as important, was to provide sufficient clinical and histopathologic examples of the various disease, which are reviewed. We are indebted to a large number of friends who kindly authorized the publication of their material. In particular we wish thank Prof. A. Brini (Strasbourg), Dr. D. de Wolff-Rouendaal (Leiden), Prof. P.

Cyclosporin has had a remarkable effect on clinical organ transplantation. Prior to its introduction, considerable advances had been made in the grafting of vital organs, particularly the kidney, heart and liver. In many developed countries, however, transplantation was not considered wo-rthwhile in terms of gain for the investment of resources. The improved results of kidney grafts following the use of cyclosporin has changed this attitude. For all types of organ transplantation, cyclosporin has resulted in an improvement of functional graft survival and has allowed a reduction in steroid dose and, in some cases, no steroids at all. It has permitted the first successful experimental transplantation of the heart and lungs in primate species by Reitz and colleagues and their results were applied directly to the clinic. It was largely due to the introduction of cyclosporin that the Washington Consensus Meeting on Liver Transplantation came to a favourable recommendation and the result has been the proliferation of units performing liver transplantation, approximately fifty in North America and another fifty in Europe, where previously there had been a handful. Having been involved in cyclosporin for organ grafting from the beginning, I have been able to witness these developments which have far exceeded my expectations once the nephrotoxicity of cyclosporin was demonstrated in man. It is fitting that Dr.

In recent years, a series of excellent textbooks have been published dealing with pathology of the thyroid gland. The present volume of CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY provides further information for both pathologists and clinicians interested in the thyroid gland. The contributions deal with surgical pathology of the thyroid as well as with basic aspects of thyroid metabolism, hormone transport, and growth factors in thyroid cells. The topics covered in this book should mainly be considered as adjuncts to common textbooks on thyroid pathology. The contributions should help pathologists in their routine diagnosis and should stimulate further thyroid research.

For centuries the great minds of medical science puzzled over the importance of the cerebrospinal fluid. As far back as Hippocrates, it was thought that this "phlegm" that flooded the intracranial contents had pathological significance. However, not until the late 1800s, when Quincke introduced and popularized lumbar puncture, did physicians take an interest in the study of this fluid in relation to clinical illness. Since then a variety of techniques for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid from various sites have developed, and the relationship of cerebrospinal fluid to a variety of disease processes has received considerable study. In this volume, we have attempted to assemble reviews of some of these important developments during the past century. Chapter 1 contains a historical review of key investigations that helped shape our concepts of cerebrospinal fluid from the earliest recorded description by the author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus in the seventeenth century B. C. to contemporaries such as Kabat, Glusman, and Knaub, who introduced quantitative determinations of cerebrospinal fluid gamma globulin levels. In Chapter 2 there is a description of our current understanding of the anatomical compartment for the cerebrospinal fluid and the physiology of its formation, circulation, and absorption. Dr. Richard Leech in Chapter 3 contributes a comprehensive description of the disorders associated with excessive quanti ties of cerebrospinal fluid-commonly referred to as hydrocephalus. A variety of techniques for properly collecting and evaluating cerebrospinal fluid are detailed in Chapter 4."

In a condition of such complexity as bronchial carcinoma and at a time when the scientist's understanding of malignant disease is still incomplete, it is inevitable that views within the medical profession will proliferate. This book is an attempt to assemble these views in the light of 33 years of surgical experience and is intended for those specialists who will be concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in the foreseeable future. The wide clinical experience of the contributing authors has ena bled every aspect of this disease to be considered, with emphasis being placed on diagnostic techniques such as CT scanning and fine needle transpleural biopsy, as well as on the latest method of treatment by lasers. Bronchial carcinoma remains the major cause of cancer death in the United Kingdom, accounting for 60Jo of all deaths. While the incidence has decreased slightly in the male population, there has been an equivalent increase in the female population.

1h The 5 International Conference on the Progress in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's 51 1 Disease took place from March 31 to April 5 \ 2001 in Kroto, Japan. This international 1 conference was organized as a joint Congress with the 9 International Catecholamine Symposium. A total of 1258 clinicians and researchers participated in this joint congress 1h from 38 countries in the world. This book represents the proceedings of the 5 Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The International Conference on the Progress in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease was first launched by Professor Abraham Fisher of Israel and Professor Israel Hanin of USA. The first conference was held in Eilat, Israel in 1985. The second conference was organized in Kyoto, Japan in 1989; the third one in Chicago, USA, in 1993, and the fourth one in Eilat, Israel in 1997. The International Catecholamine Symposium (ICS) is an international meeting devoted to the development of basic as well as clinical research on catecholamines. The first Catecholamine Symposium was held in Bethesda, USA in 1958. Since then this symposium has occurred every 5 years. Professor Toshiharu Nagatsu was appointed as 1h the president of the 9 International Catecholamine Symposium, which was to be held in 200 I also in Japan. Therefore, we decided to organize a joint congress of the two meetings, because there is much overlap in research between Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and catecholamines. We thank Professor Nagatsu very much for agreeing to organizing this joint congress.

Information is provided from the basic and clinical sciences on the mechanisms damaging the brain from trauma or ischemia. New aspects involve the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial failure, pathobiology of axonal injury, molecular signals activating glial elements, or the emerging therapeutical role of neurotrophins. Experimental issues involve a better analysis of the ischemic penumbra, the salvagable tissue. Therapeutic contributions reach from the environmental influence to gene expression, including neuroprotection, such as hibernation - mother nature's experiment - or hypothermia which is reported to induce cell swelling. Treatment issues deal also with thrombolysis and combination therapies, or with the clearance of adverse blood components - LDL/fibrinogen - by a novel procedure using heparin. Other highlights are discussing the specificities of pediatric vs. adult brain trauma, or the evolving role of the Apolipoprotein-E e4 gene in severe head injury. An update is also provided on an online assessment of the patient management during the pre- and early hospital phase in Southern Bavaria. The empirical observation of neuroworsening is analyzed in further details, whether this is a specificity autonomously driving the posttraumatic course. Finally, the unsolved question why drug trials in severe head injury have failed so far in view of the promising evidence from the laboratory is subjected to an expert analysis.

The study of atherosclerosis centered since the first decade of the present century on etiology and pathogenesis. In fact, the studies of the military academy of medicine in St. Petersburg have opened the way of inducing atherosclerosis in animals. Pathogenesis of atheroma has been studied since then in humans and animals naturally prone to the development of the disease and by a variety of dietary and other procedures. The various experimental studies allowed science to evaluate the relative importance of different factors (genetic, dietary, hormonal, pharmacological. mechanical, circulatory, etc.) in atherogenesis. Epidemiological studies as well as biochemical plasma lipid and lipoprotein estimations coupled with light microscopic, histo chemical and electron microscopic investigations decreased the gap between observations on the human and experimental animal research. The enormous literature covering this field allows the intelligent reader to formulate a comprehensive concept regarding etiological factors and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Its impact on pre ventive and curative medicine was however limited in scope."

This book provides an overview of Asphyxial Deaths which includes hanging, strangulation, choking, smothering, gagging, drowning, aspiration, mechanical and chemical asphyxiants, etc. Postmortem examination often leads to doubts as a clear distinction between the different type of asphyxia cannot be made easily. Forensic and physiological aspects are discussed with the help of illustrative cases. The author discusses the different aspects of asphyxia deaths and substantiates multiple case studies to establish a scientific approach that can act as a guideline to the autopsy surgeon in providing a precise opinion and clarify doubts for the judiciary involved in such criminal justice cases. Key Features * Presents individual case studies of Asphyxial deaths. * Covers the guidelines to be followed by the autopsy surgeons in different cases. * Discusses the physiological aspects of Asphyxial deaths in detail. * Illustrates the cases in a stepwise manner with more than 350 colored photographs of postmortem examination.

This publication takes a critical, evidence-based look at the efficacy of diagnostic tests which are increasingly being used to evaluate organ damage and dysfunction. The use of biomarkers is growing, with a steady stream of products being brought out by the pharmaceutical industry. Some of these assist in diagnosis, others provide a means of monitoring the state of progression of disease and the effectiveness of therapeutic options. However, in many cases the evidence which supports the use of these methods as opposed to traditional biochemical tests has not yet been demonstrated, and it is intended that this volume will help clarify the strengths and weaknesses of using these biomarkers across a wide range of applications and in the various organs of the body. This approach will provide pathologists, clinical biochemists and medical laboratory scientists with an invaluable overview of the diverse applications of biomarkers in medicine.