The early development of the mammalian embryo belongs to a period which, for the student, provides the particularly deep fascination connected with the processes of germination of the fIrst tender buds of life. Moreover, developmental biology encompasses a very large part of biology; if broadly dermed - almost all of it. The same is true for the fIeld of pathology if the manifold possibilities of disorders of the orderly arranged pathways of developmental processes are considered. Normal development in its earliest steps - and it would be diffI cult to see it otherwise - means the functioning of very intricate systems of complex inter dependent cycles controlled by structural, genetic, physiological and biochemical determi nants. However, disturbances interfering with them in their very different ways, can lead to fetal death, disorders of growth and differentiation, malformation and disease, sometimes as late as in the next generation or later. This is, indeed, the concern of the pathologist to whom and to whose interest in developmental pathology, this book is dedicated. The outlines of the present volume were conceived at a symposium on "Control of early em bryogenesis and factors responsible for failure of embryonic development" held May 1-4, 1974 in Travemtinde and sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Almost fIfty active participants attended this conference. At the time and in keeping with the purpose of the conference, publication of the proceedings was not envisaged."

Increasing specialisation in pathology reflects the progressive changes in medical practise. The advent of a specialist with a new interest in a hospital or clinic may present the pathologist with a need to extend his or her knowledge to be able to work closely with the clinical practi tioner in order to provide adequate clinical care. Some sub-specialisations are long established, such a one is neu ropathology. However, an exclusive specialist practise is generally con fined to neurosurgical centres and much neuropathology is of necessity, executed by geneni.l pathologists. The areas covered by this volume are those which are commonly managed by the generalist. Professor Adams' account of how the skull and brain should be examined here will give confidence to many by defining a good technique and the careful description of various kinds of vascular injury lesions resulting from raised intracranial pressure will help to clarify repeated difficulty. More subtle forms of damage are also considered in detail. Professor Weller provides a detailed account of how the central nervous system may be examined in a way which permits all of us to prepare material which will allow adequate investigation of central nervous system disease and the proper examination of peripheral nerves. This chapter will become a "handbook" and will be of interest to those in training and established practitioners. Muscle biopsy is also dealt with; this is an area of investigative concern for many gener alists. The role of that singular neuropathological technique is very clearly emphasized.

Although most textbooks of neurology contain a certain amount of pathological informa tion, neuropathology has often been treated in isolation. However, neuropathology has a close relationship to clinical neurology, neurosurgery and neuroradiology. Thus, advances in the rapidity and accuracy of pathological diagnosis have often led to changes in clinical management and, recently, improvements in clinical diagnosis, particularly CT scanning, have brought about a change in emphasis in the practice of neuropathology. In this textbook we have sought to present a widely based account of neuropathology in combination with information from clinical experience. We chose this approach in order to emphasize the close interrelation between clinician and pathologist. The book grew out of a course organised jointly by two neurologists and two neuropathologists from the Depart ments of Neuropathology and Neurology of The London Hospital and The University of Southampton. It is hoped that the book will be useful not only to pathologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and neuroradiologists, but also to general physicians. In a period of rapid advance in knowledge it is important to recognise how changes in the clinical and laboratory disciplines overlap. In order to make the most of consultations with pathologist colleagues the clinician must know what skills and techniques are available in the laboratory, and similarly, the pathologist must keep abreast of changes in clinical practice. In the past the clinician and pathologist have often been slow to appreciate advances in each other's fields."

With the introduction of antibiotics acute inflammatory disease has ceased to be the dominant problem in general medical practice and its place is now increasingly occupied by chronic inflamma tory disease of which the rheumatic diseases constitute the most important group. lwo aspects of these diseases need to be consid ered, their aetiology and their pathogenesis. In some respects the latter is more important since even when the aetiology is known, as for example the haemolytic streptococcus in rheumatic fever, the mechanism by which the infecting agent accomplishes the development of the lesions that characterise the disease are still largely unknown. Still more so is this the case in rheuma toid arthritis and other chronic inflammations where the aetio logical agents are unknown. In an attempt to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms involved, sev eral attempts have been made to induce comparable lesions in ex perimental animals, partly to test underlying hypotheses, and partly to provide test situations for the trial of new therapeu tic agents. In view of the deficiencies in the current drug treat ment of chronic inflammatory disease there are many who feel that this is largely due to the inadequacy of the models avail able for test purposes."

When 1 first developed an interest in the pathology of bone 1 found that there were relatively few books on the subject available. Much of my information had either to be obtained from searching the journals or from senior colleagues in the field, who, 1 should add, were always more than willing to teach me. With this memory in mind, 1 have endeavoured to produce a book which 1 hope is of a convenient size and yet will hold sufficient information to be of use mainly to the pathologist faced with a bone problem. This is not intended to be an all-embracing source of knowledge on the subject; indeed, such a task could not be undertaken by a single author in these days of the rapid increase in information even in small subspecialist areas within bone pathology. Although this book is written mainly for the pathologist, it is hoped that it may also be of interest and value to orthopaedic surgeons, rheumatolog ists and radiologists. Most of the illustrations are original and many of the drawings are my own. There has been a long tradition of interest in bone pathology at The London Hospital, which has resulted in a wealth of material being available to me from the archives of the Department of Morbid Anatomy. A few of the photo graphs are those of Prof. H. Turnbull; the observant reader will detect these, since the scales used are not metric."

The aim of this book is to expand the clinical information given by computed tomograms (CTs) of cerebral infarcts. Anatomical sections are displayed parallel to the CT correlate in the hope that the interpretation of pathogenesis will provide valuable clinical data at a time when the number of angiographies performed in cerebrovascular cases has diminished rapidly. For better understanding of pathogenesis our concepts concerning the process of infarction have been summarized on the basis of schematic draw ings. K.-J. ZULCH KOln Acknowledgments I am most grateful to Professor Hoeffk: en for permission to use computed tomograms from his institution, to Herr GOldner and Frau Miihlhover for their technical assistance, and to Frau Goldner for help during the editorial work. My particular thanks go to my friend Professor W.S. Fields, Houston, who undertook the great burden of styling the English text. My gratitude is expressed to Dr. Dr. h.c. multo Heinz Gotze and Springer Verlag for the excellent layout and quality of this book."

Immunology, in all its facets of immunochemistry, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, immunodiagnosis, and immunotherapy, is currently the most rapidly advancing discipline of clinical and experimental oncology. But as in most developing subjects, it is continually beset with problems of methodology and nomenclature, both of which are often intertwined. Indicative of this problem are our circular definitions of antigen and antibody. Another fre quent problem is the use of the words "specific" and "associated" when characterizing re actions to tumors or the antigenic properties of neoplasms. When applied to cancer, these terms are obviously very dependent upon the methods used to demonstrate these qualities. Indeed, the very diverse nature and multitude of types of cancer preclude our making gen eralizations or categorical statements regarding tumor "specificity. " Similar problems arise when one considers that many antigens found in malignant tumors share certain properties with embryonic or fetal tissues. First, these observations emphasize a lack of true tumor specificity, for which reason the category of oncofetal antigens has been established. Second, whether or not such antigens are truly oncofetal depends upon the method of detection used, and it has been found that here too specificity decreases as the antigen assay increases in sen sitivity. Thus, whether substances can be truly oncofetal in nature still remains a matter of debate, and such terms must therefore be used in an operational sense.

La pathologie vasculaire a ete tres marquee par les progres biologiques de ces vingt demieres annees. Le systeme arteriel est main tenant considere comme un organe a part entiere. Modelee au cours de l'organogenese par les facteurs hemodynamiques, Ie paroi arterielle maintient une structure hautement organisee et des proprietes mecaniques qui dependent directement des conditions de pression et de debit. La monocouche endotheliale developpe 2 une surface de plusieurs centaines de m a l'interface sang-tissu; elle est a la fois un organe endocrine complexe synthetisant de nombreuses proteines qui participent a l'hemostase, une surface thromboresistante et hemocompatible, une barriere de permeabilite contr6lant les echanges sang-tissus. Les cellules musculaires lisses constituent un tissu multifonctionnel, contractile, assurant la synthese des composants structuraux responsables des proprietes mecaniques de la paroi arterielle, la transmission de la force contractile, et une etonnante activite reparatrice en reponse aux agressions. Tout ceci est soumis a un ensemble complexe de communications cellulaires qui font de l'endothelium un veritable systeme recepteur pour la paroi vasculaire. Parallelement, ou a la suite de ces progres, l'angeiologie s'est progressivement affirmee comme une specialite clinique. Debordant Ie cadre de la chirurgie vasculaire, elle integre les concepts physiopathologiques au diagnostic et au traitement des maladies arterielles. De cet effort d'integration est ne cet ouvrage, cherchant a concilier les connaissances fondamentales es plus recentes et la demarche clinique.

During the past years a considerable number of books have been published on atherosclerosis research. Much attention has been focused on the biochemical properties of lipoproteins and the involvement of lipoprotein metabolism in the atherogenic process. The monograph presented here focuses on morphologic studies of atherosclerotic plaque. One chapter deals with the pathobiochemical changes in the arterial wall at the inception of atherosclerosis. Recently the specific role of macro phages in atherogenesis has been the object of much interest. A morphological study of their role and differentiation is the topic of another chapter. This is complemented by a study of lipoprotein receptors on macrophages and smooth muscle cells both in cell culture and in situ, based on electron microscopic investiga- tions. An immunohistological study on the in situ localization promotes our understanding oflipoprotein metabolism in the arterial wall. The morphologic aspects of more advanced lesions are present- ed in studies of collagens and angiogenic processes in the athero- sclerotic vessel wall. Experimental investigations have also been useful for understanding the pathogenetic aspects of atherosclerosis; one crrapter concentrates on the metabolism of fibromuscular and atheromatous plaques in an experimental model. A final chapter deals with transplant arteriopathy and its possible parallels with conventional atherosclerosis. The widespread discussion of athero- genesis is focused on the arterial wall and its morphological alter- ations, emphasizing once again the importance of morphological research for understanding the pathological basis of disease. Borstel and Magdeburg E. VOLLMER and A.

The origins of this book go back to the first electron microscopic studies of the central nervous system. The cerebellar cortex was from the first an object of close study in the electron microscope, repeating in modern cytology and neuroanatomy the role it had in the hands of RAMON y CAJAL at the end of the nineteenth century. The senior author vividly remembers a day early in 1953 when GEORGE PALADE, with whom he was then working, showed him an electron micrograph of a cerebellar glomerulus, saying "That is what the synapse should look like. " It is true that the tissue was swollen and the mitochondria were exploded, but all of the essentials of synaptic structure were visible. At that time small fragments of tissue, fixed by immersion in osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate, were laboriously sectioned with glass knives without any predetermined orientation and then examined in the electron microscope. After much searching, favorably preserved areas' were studied at the cytological level in order to recognize the parts of neurons and characterize them. Such procedures, dependent upon random sections and uncontrollable selection by a highly erratic technique of preservation, precluded any systematic investigation of the organization of a particular nucleus or region of the central nervous system. It was difficult enough to distinguish neurons from the neuroglia.

The decisive factor in trauma is that many processes first occur at the cellular level before they can be determined in laboratory tests, and recognition of them has only recently found its way into intensive care practice. Yet knowledge of the pathophysiology of these processes is essential for an early diagnosis of multiple organ failure and the implementation of adequate therapy, which ultimately make the patient's survival possible. Professor Schlag, an internationally renowned scientist and clinician, has been concerned with the basic pathophysiological principles of shock for many years. In this book he has brought together for the first time an international team of authors primarily from the USA and Europe, who present their collective findings of trauma, shock, development of the organ in shock and early failure and of sepsis-like syndrome, and development of septic multiple organ failure. Patienten mit Multiorganversagen haben immer noch eine schlechte Prognose in der intensivmedizinischen Behandlung, insbesondere wenn sie noch zusatzlich in einen septischen Schock geraten. Hier hilft auch oft eine breite Abdeckung mit modernsten Antibiotika nicht weiter. Neue Ansatze fur eine Therapie dieser problempatienten haben sich in den letzten Jahren durch Erkenntnisse der pathophysiologischeen Vorgange die zum Schock fuhren ergeben. Herr Professor Schlag hat als anerkannte Kapazitat auf dem Gebiet der Traumatologie und Schockforschung fur dieses erste umfassende Werk zu den Grundlagen des Multiorganversagens eine beeindruckende Liste von mehr als 50 international renommierten Autoren zusammenbekommen. Das Buch ist nicht nur eine Aufarbeitung aller Grundlagen des Schocks und Multiorganversagens sondern zudem ein ausgezeichnetes Nachschlagewerk fur jeden intensivmedizinisch tatigen Klinikarzt, egal ob er aus der Anasthesie, der Inneren Medizin oder der Unfallchirurgie kommt."

MOTOOMI NAKAMURA As we approach the 21st century, ischemic heart disease is the major cause of death in most of the developed nations of the world. Since the 1970s, much effort and expense have led to designs of coronary thrombolytic therapy, percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA), coronary artery bypass grafting, heart transplantation, automatic defibrillators, as well as to the formation of beta blockers and com pounds which block the calcium channel. Socio-educational programs directed at exercise, diet, instruction in the risk factors of smoking, hyperlipidemia and hypertension have contributed to the decrease in the rate of morbidity and mortality of patients with ischemic heart disease. However, the first clinical event of ischemic heart disease, the so-called "heart attack" and sudden cardiac death continues to present problems, as the mechanisms involved in these events are poorly understood. It has long been thought that ischemic heart disease is the sequence of an organic fixed atherosclerotic obstruction of the epicardial coronary arteries and the role of coronary vasomotion has been given much less attention. Recent clinical and laboratory animal studies revealed that increased tonus and spasm of the large epicardial coronary arteries are the cause of various stages of ischemic heart disease. The role of coronary vasospasm in the development of un stable angina, sudden cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction remains open to debate. Pharmacophysiological studies showed that the epicardial large coronary artery contributes only 5% to regulation of normal coronary flow."

Advances in biochemistry, cell biology, genome-wide mutagenesis - coupled with molecular technology, including gene microarray and transgenic and knock-out animals - have been instrumental in understanding the cellular processes and molecular pathways of self-tolerance and autoimmune diseases. The molecular definition of these pathways and processes has led to novel treatments for certain auto-immune diseases that are based on the pathogenesis of diseases rather than on broad-spectrum immunosuppression. This book reviews many of these current developments and proposes future novel approaches for understanding the pathogenesis of auto-immune diseases and designing novel therapy. This book covers three major areas of auto-immunity: the basic mechanisms of immunological tolerance, pathogenesis of auto-immune diseases, and some novel therapies. This book should be useful for immunologists, molecular biologists, rheumatologists, and clinical scientists.

This is an invaluable collection of information designed to help residents, fellows, and students - as well as any already qualified medical professional interested in revising the essentials of skin conditions - to master the basics of skin pathology. Using the principle of pattern recognition, it simplifies the multitude of dermatopathologic signs by using easy-to-memorize images of what the key features look like - photomnemonics. There are also helpful sections on the technical aspects of dermatopathology and on the key findings at each level of the skin. Organized simply and abundantly illustrated, this text will be an indispensable guide to revision for all its readers.

This two-volume treatise, the collected effort of more than 50 authors, represents the first comprehensive survey of the chemistry and biology of the set of molecules known as peptide growth factors. Although there have been many symposia on this topic, and numerous publications of reviews dealing with selected subsets of growth factors, the entired field has never been covered in a single treatise. It is essential to do this at the present time, as the number of journal articles on peptide growth factors now makes it almost im anyone person to stay informed on this subject by reading the possible for At the same time it is becoming increasingly apparent that primary literature. these substances are of universal importance in biology and medicine and that the original classification of these molecules, based on the laboratory setting of their discovery, as "growth factors," "lymphokines," "cytokines," or "colony-stimulating factors," was quite artifactual; they are in fact the basis of a common language for intercellular communication. As a set they affect es sentially every cell in the body, and in this regard they provide the basis to develop a unified science of cell biology, germane to all of biomedical research."

I was gratified by the most favorable reception and wide usage received by the first edition of this book. A decade seems to be a short period for a book on pathology, and yet it witnessed many important changes of concepts, along with a formidable growth of knowledge. The second edition required extensive reorganization. There are new chapters on mitochondriopathies, on peroxisomal diseases and on spongy myelino pathies. Major revisions and new additions were necessary in many chapters, for instance those on the dysplasias of the cerebral and of the cerebellar hemispheres, which were largely reorganized. The chapters on perinatal pathology were reordered and reorganized to give a more logical sequence of prenatal, perinatal and postnatal lesions. The entire text was worked over for brevity. A wealth of new references was added with the. aim of staying abreast with the literature up to summer 1988. All refer ences were double checked for errors. My gratitude goes to Mrs. Gisela Ropte and Mrs. Cynthia Bunker for their untiring, diligent help. As a result, this second edition is an essentially rewritten text. Advance in the prevention of human suffering is based on a thorough understand ing of the nature of disease. I hope that this text will continue to be of service in this behalf. Perhaps it may also reflect and foster the intellectual curiosity which makes the "reading of brains" so interesting an occupation. Gottingen, 1989 Reinhard L.

Battle is a practical and sometimes lasting way of solving man's problems. It relies on the strength of the combatants and ignores the truth of the dispute. Discussion face to face can dissolve attitudes which have incorrectly determined judgements. The most striking example of this that I know is a Battle in Ireland in the eleventh century, where the king of Leinster fought a Viking prince. The Icelanders had raided Ireland for several generations in search of women, which they lacked since most of the population of Iceland were men who had arrived there by rowing long-boats from Norway. The prince was leading such a raid for the first time. Standing in the prow of the leading boat he saw Irish cavalry galloping along the beach to meet them. As they approached the shore the Irish king rode out of the band to challenge single combat. The Icelander jumped into the surf to meet him. As they raised their swords each realized that the other's face was like his own. When the Irish king spoke the other recognized the language. It had been spoken in Iceland by his grandmother who had been captured and taken there from Ireland. Swords were dropped and replaced by drinking horns. It was soon established that they were cousins. The battle gave way to a life-time of close co-operation.

We would like to take this opportunity of expressing our sincerest thanks to the many persons who have made adrenal tissue and related materials available to us for our work. Our especial gratitude is extended to Drs. J. J. Brown, A. Lever and J. I. S. Robertson of the M.R.C. Blood Pressure Unit, Glasgow, Dr. J. K. Grant, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Professor R. B. Welbourn and Dr. W. Kelly, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Drs. D. B. Grant of Great Ormond Street, J. Ginsberg, Royal Free Hospital, D. C. Anderson, Hope Hospital, Salford, C. R. Edwards, St. Bartholomew's Hospital and Professor I. Doniach (for merly of the London Hospital) and Messrs. J.-c. Gazet, A. McKinna and P. Greening, Royal Marsden Hospital, London. The preparation and presentation of the material and the results would not have been possible without the help of Dr. P. Monaghan and his Electron Microscopy Unit, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (London Branch), Sutton, Mrs. Mitchell and her Histology Team, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Mr. K. Moreman of the Photographic Department of the Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, London and Mr. M. Hughes for graphics. Particular thanks are due for the untiring efforts and assistance ofMr. J. Ellis and Mrs. D. Corney of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (London Branch), Sutton, for most of the photographic and secretarial work respectively. Professors G. Dhom and E. Mausle kindly provided material for Figs."

The last few years have witnessed major developments in molecular biology which have had a significant impact on biomedical knowledge. As a result new concepts in cell biology have emerged, new etiologic agents have been discovered, and new drugs have become available. Furthermore, the world of mediators, cytokines, and humoral factors has enlarged considerably in a relatively short period and this has modified our views of diverse physio pathologic processes as well as opened up new therapeutic prospects. In addition, recent technologic advances have revolutionized our diagnostic methodology and have greatly enhanced the power of our therapeutic resources. All these factors have contributed to a substantial remodeling of both liver science and clinical hepatology, and these changes have generated the motivation for the production of the present book, which attempts to give an account of well-known clinical facts in the light of current thinking. It is the fruit of the coordinated work of experts from different countries in three continents. In a sense, it is a manifestation of the fact that inter national cooperation is becoming increasingly important not only in the expansion of science but also in its exposition. We hope that Hepatobiliary Diseases will be useful to both students and clinicians and that internists, gastroenterologists, and general practitioners will find in its contents a satifactory coverage of their field of interest."

In Videofluorscopic Studies of Speech in Patients with Cleft Palate, Drs. M.L. Skolnick and E.R. Cohn present multiview videofluoroscopy as a technique for the radiological evaluation of speech defects in patients with cleft palate. Dr. Skolnick's invaluable contributions as both the originator and leading authority on the subject are discussed in a concise, clinical fashion. Topics examined include the anatomy and imaging of the velopharyngeal portal; the equipment and techniques of multiview videofluoroscopy; the interpretation of results and various patterns of velopharyngeal closure; Passavant's Ridge and patterns of velopharyngeal closure; normal and abnormal speech production; and the evaluation of test results. This book is the only source which concisely and completely describes the technique and its interpretations for those who need a description of the clinical procedure.

In commissioning this volume of Current Topics in Pathology, the editor of the series, Prof. Sir Colin Berry, asked me to produce something "which is aimed at the general pathologist but from the point of view of the neuropathologist who knows what is not being done well." This was easier said than done. Many aspects of neuropathology are encountered only infrequently in general pathology and are best dealt with by re ferral of material to a specialist unit. Others need more extensive investigation than is practicable in a general pathology setting. Yet neurological disorders in general are common and are encountered by general histopathologists, paediatric and forensic pathologists on a daily basis, particularly in autopsy practice. In inviting contributions to this volume of Current Topics in Pathology, I therefore biased the con tents towards disorders in which the conduct of the autopsy and the initial approach to neuropathological investigation are of critical importance in making the diagnosis. The authors all have a wealth of experience and expertise and I believe that this is reflected in their approach, which is both personal and practical. Indeed, the emphasis in this book is very much on the provision of practical advice. All of the chapters contain guidelines on the conduct of autopsies as well as infor mation on the macroscopic and basic histological assessment of the nervous system in the relevant disorders."

Laboratory Animal Medicine has made enor We deeply appreciate the efforts of each of the mous strides in the 47 years since R. Jaffe published authors and co-authors of the 23 chapters in this his "Anatomy and Pathology of Spontaneous Dis two volume work. In some instances the reader will eases of Small Laboratory Animals" in 1931. So note what appears to be repetition in certain chap ters. This repetition was allowed to stand in some much new information had accumulated that in a cases because different approaches seemed useful, new edition in 1958, Jaffe, aided by Cohrs and Meessen, needed the assistance of 46 colleagues to although efforts were made to delete most of the do the subject justice. Like its predecessor, this two redundancy which inevitably arises in a venture of volume comprehensive treatise on "Pathologie der this kind. We will be grateful if our colleagues point out errors and send us specific and general Laboratoriumstiere" was written in German and criticism of this work to allow corrections in the thus not readily available to the widening circle of event of reprinting or a next edition. veterinarians and pathologists who now are inter One objective has been to assemble current in ested in laboratory animals. Aside from the need to have a comprehensive formation in the pathologic aspects of diseases of review of laboratory animal pathology in English, laboratory animals."

J. Oort and J. P. A. Baak This manual is written by pathologists and is meant for pathologists. It deals with a subject that became especially popular in pathology at the end of the last decade: morphometry. Morphometry is defined as the quantitative description of a structure (Weibel, 1969). This structure may be both of macroscopic and micro- scopic size. Strictly, the size of an organ is a morphometric feature. This type of morphometry has long been in use in pathology. Examples ofthis type in diagnostic pathology have been given by Roesle and Roulet (1932). In this manual, however, the term morphometry is used in its re- stricted microscopic meaning, i.e., the quantitative description of micro- scopic images and features. The quantitative analysis of microscopic pic- tures has for a long time been subordinated to the qualitative description. This may partly have been caused by the preference of the human mirld for pattern recognition rather than quantitative appraisal, which leads to judgements based on impressions subconsciously tested against the ob- server's (mental) image of the normal pattern. Another cause may have been the time-consuming difficulties of collecting and computing quanti- tative information. During the past decades the usefulness of quantitative methods in histo- and cytopathology has been stressed for many different subjects. In addition, minicomputers have become widely available and are becoming increasingly inexpensive; the more so since the introduction of micro com- puters.

General pathologists see many biopsies from transplanted organs but few are in large enough centres so that this forms the bulk of their work. The book describes the changes which can be observed in transplantation in all of the major organ systems that are routinely transplanted and there are accounts of the pathology of infections and of the immunological difficulties that are faced by these patients. The volume will be a valuable guide for those who wish to braoden their knowledge in this field.

This book has been written from two points of view: firstly, from the viewpoint of those who are involved in the diagnosis and treatment of lymphoid malignancies, who must meet the challenge of integrating the new biological insights into their knowledge of these diseases; and secondly, from the viewpoint of those who are involved in basic biological approaches to malignancy and immunology, who wish to know more about the function of the lymphoid tissues and their malignant diseases. Neoplasia of lymphocytes is a focus for considering many of the most important biological advances impinging on cancer in the past two or three decades, because malignant lymphoproliferative diseases offer unequalled opportunities for studying many aspects of cancer. We probably know more about lymphocytes than other normal cells because of the ease with which they can be obtained. For the same reason we probably know more about malignant lymphocytes. One or other aspect of most of the momentous advances in biology of the past two or three decades has implications for lymphoid malignancies: hybridoma technology and the use of monoclonal antibodies, gene technology, the understanding of oncogenes and growth factors in the control of growth and differentiation, insights into causation of cancer by potent tumour promoters such as the phorbol esters and by viruses, and knowledge of the control of growth function of lymphocytes themselves. Conversely, many of the advances in understanding lym phocytic leukaemias and lymphomas have implications for other cancers."