It is hoped that this book may serve two purposes. felt that the resulting increase in size and expense of First it is intended for use at the bench. to help solve the book would not be justified. some of the problems of cell identification which The material was collected over many years and puzzle not only beginners. but even experienced we cannot individually acknowledge the great contri observers in the field of cytological diagnosis. Sec bution made by technical staff of the clinical cytology ondly we have reviewed the most significant previous laboratories who assisted the two authors to prepare publications. particularly those of the past 20 years. and stain the sl ides. Most of the electron micrographs so as to provide a source of reference. were made by or with the assistance of the late Denis Cytological diagnosis should not be isolated from W. Jerrome. and we are also grateful to Dr David histopathology. and many readers will regret the lack Ferguson for further help and advice with these. All of the immunocytochemical stains were done by Dr of cyto-histological correlation in our choice of photographs. Cells centrifuged out of suspension in Anna Ghosh. and Drs David Mason and Kevin Gatter pathological fluids bear very little resemblance to kindly commented on that part of the manuscript. their counterparts in tissue sections."

Seymour Glagov The last meeting, devoted exclusively to an examination of the atherosclerotic plaque, took place in Chicago 25 years ago under the joint auspices of the Council on Arteriosclerosis of the American Heart Association and the Chicago Heart Association. The proceedings were published subsequently in a volume entitled "Evolution of the Atherosclerotic Plaque", edited by Richard J. Jones (1). Both experimental and human lesions were considered and several provocative new approaches to the disorder were discussed. The electron microscope was being applied systematically to the study of blood vessels at that time, so that details of the infrastructure and cellular composition of the artery wall and of atherosclerotic lesions were presented in some detail. There was, as one result of these explorations, considerable discussion of morphologic evidence suggesting that the principal cell involved in the atherogenic process was neither the fibroblast nor the macrophage, as had been supposed, but the smooth muscle cell. In particular, the findings indicated that this cell could incorporate lipid and become a foam cell.

Definition of the barrier The interstitial fluid (rSF) of the brain is separated from the blood by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This barrier must not be thought of as a single entity or as an absolute restriction to all molecules, but as a multiple structure located at several sites within the brain. The first of these interfaces is located at the endothelium of the brain capillaries. Secondly there is a potential site for interchange on the outer linings of the brain between the dura and the arachnoid membranes. Thirdly, there are the choroid plexuses and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is in contact with the very permeable internal ependymal lining of the brain (Figure 1. 1). Finally there are areas of the brain which lack a blood-brain barrier. These areas constitute the circumventricu lar organs and have leaky capillaries with a barrier at the ependyma which limits the spread of molecules from those regions (Figure 1. 2). Each of these BBB sites has its own characteristic permeability and transport functions. We will now consider the properties of each of these barrier sites between the blood and the brain. THE CEREBRAL CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM Morphology This interface has both the largest surface area and the shortest path length between the blood and the brain rSF. The cerebral capillaries, which at first sight seem little different from the rest of the systemic circulation, are in fact unique to the brain."

on the theories of Planck and Einstein. Rather, until The concept that human disease is a specialized branch of biology is universally accepted today, but in the mid-20th century, the accretion of individual historical perspective, is actually of recent origin. At examples of the biological nature of disease processes provided the framework for an evolutionary change in one time, the heliocentric theories of astronomy and the metallurgic transmutations of alchemy had their thinking. The new psychological and philosophical milieu provided the basis for an unprecedented accel counterparts in magical and vitalistic approaches to eration in the pace of biomedical research. It is clear human disease. Any relation between disease of humans and that of animals was not only unacceptable that the biological revolution of the last 35 years was made possible not only by technological advances and intellectually, but abhorrent theologically. Humans (and their diseases) were unique, and biology was the innovative analytical methods, but also by an intellec domain of those who studied animals and plants. tual emphasis on the unity of biological processes. The unification of biology and the study of human High school students are now aware that there is much disease, though begun some centuries ago, was con to be learned about the human condition by studying spicuously stimulated by the work of Darwin, and bacterial DNA, the chloroplasts of green leaves, or the reached its full flower in this century. For example, kinetics of enzymes in vitro."

In recent years, a series of excellent textbooks have been published dealing with pathology of the thyroid gland. The present volume of CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY provides further information for both pathologists and clinicians interested in the thyroid gland. The contributions deal with surgical pathology of the thyroid as well as with basic aspects of thyroid metabolism, hormone transport, and growth factors in thyroid cells. The topics covered in this book should mainly be considered as adjuncts to common textbooks on thyroid pathology. The contributions should help pathologists in their routine diagnosis and should stimulate further thyroid research.

In this new volume of the globally recognized Forensic Pathology Reviews, Dr. Michael Tsokos has gathered chapters from the top experts in the field to reveal both the applied and scientific areas of expertise along the broad spectrum of forensics studies. Volume 5 piques the mind as leading forensic pathologists from the United States and around the world offer advanced insight into death caused environmental conditions, trauma, neuropathology, natural causes, and ballistics. The authors of this volume further their exploration as they impart research related to identification, serial murder, histopathology, and age estimation. While unveiling unsurpassed and cutting-edge knowledge, Forensic Pathology Reviews, Volume 5 will also inspire emerging forensic scientists to immerse themselves in innovative research.

In "Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases: The COX-2 Controversy," a worldwide panel of leading experts discusses the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of major chronic diseases and the current controversy regarding risk versus benefit of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. This volume is intended for scientists in medicine, epidemiology, pharmacology, molecular biology, and related fields. The authors provide exciting and enlightening perspectives on COX-2 and related molecular targets in the future of medicine, including historical perspectives on the discovery and development of aspirin, ibuprofen, and compounds that selectively inhibit COX-2, and the potential for development of new compounds with better efficacy and safety in the 21st century. Specfic chapters illuminate the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of arthritis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and other life-threatening and debilitating conditions. Experts in cardiovascular medicine explore the "COX-2 controversy" regarding adverse effects of some (not all) selective COX-2 inhibitors on the cardiovasculature. Recent findings suggest that cardiovascular risk associated with some COX-2 inhibitors may not be due to a class effect, but rather depends upon the molecular structure of specific compounds. Important findings are documented in cancer research showing that selective COX-2 inhibitors have powerful antineoplastic effects against major forms of cancer. A special section explores the current evidence supporting the role of COX-2 and inflammation in the development of Alzheimer s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions and the potential benefit of compounds that modulate COX-2 and other inflammatory cytokines. The final section addresses nutritional modulation of inflammation and the chemopreventive value of anti-inflammatory nutraceutical agents. "

With the growing global fear of a major pandemic, avian influenza (AI) virus research has greatly increased in importance. In Avian Influenza Virus, an expert team of researchers and diagnosticians examine the fundamental, yet essential, virological methods for AI virus research and diagnostics as well as some of the newest molecular procedures currently used for basic and applied research. They present exciting, cutting-edge new methods that focus both on studying the virus itself and on work with avian hosts, an area greatly lacking in research.

Diagnosis of tumors is among the most commonly performed tasks in pulmonary pathology, and the chapters on tumors in Dail and Hammar: Pulmonary Pathology have been singled out for special praise for their authoritative discussions and comprehensive lists of references. In reviewing the first edition, "Diagnostic Cytopathology" said: "the chapter on common lung neoplasms is like a book within a book." In revising the chapter on uncommon lung tumors, Dr. Dail "added" nearly 500 new references and 100 new illustrations.
The present proposal is to make the chapters on tumors from the second edition of Pulmonary Pathology available to the broad range of pathology residents and clinicians who will not buy Pulmonary Pathology, 2nd ed. for their personal libraries because of its size and cost.

It is difficult to imagine anyone who has not heard of cancer. This disease can affect families, friends or any one of us at any time in our lives. Every year nearly 3 million Europeans are diagnosed with cancer, leading to around 800,000 deaths per year. These deaths occur not only in aging populations, but also in children and adults who are in the most active period of their lives. This represents a tremendous problem that cannot be ignored by politicians or citizens. Fortunately, there is a constantly growing awareness that although cancer is a problem to be dealt with by clinicians, it should also be the concern of everyone. This volume contains the lectures held at the International Symposium on Cancer "New Trends in Cancer for the 21st Century." Fundamental researchers, politicians and representatives from patient coalitions share here their knowledge and interests as well as their concerns and experiences. Not only do these papers provide state-of-the-art information on cancer, they are also an opportunity to look at the problem from different points of view. It can be encouraging to realise that we are not alone in this fight.

Pathology of the Stomach and Duodenum comprehensively surveys gastric and duodenal disease, including clinical findings, pathophysiology, and epidemiology, and emphasizing diagnostic gross and microscopic pathology. Topics discussed include anomalies, gastritis, peptic ulceration, hyperplasias and benign epithelial tumors, carcinoma of the stomach and duodenum, carcinoid tumors, reactive and neoplastic lymphoid lesions, gastric smooth muscle and nerve sheath tumors, and miscellaneous lesions and rare conditions reflecting gastroduodenal participation in systemic disease.

The pancreas is about the size and shape of the hand; the tail points to the spleen, and the head is nestled in a loop of the duodenum. Loss of the exocrine (digestive) func tions commonly leads to severe gastrointestinal disturbances, malabsorption, a cata bolic state, and weight loss in the face of an adequate diet. Loss of endocrine pancreatic function leads to a large spectrum of disorders associated with the loss of hormone secretions; the most common and most severe is diabetes mellitus. Loss of the entire pancreas owing to trauma, surgery, atherosclerosis, or other medical problems leaves the patient in a digestive and metabolic crisis. The correct diagnosis of pancreatic disorders remains a challenge given the multi faceted function of the pancreas. The clinical laboratory plays an important role, and other tools such as CAT scans, ultrasound, radiographs, biopsies, and even surgery are used to make a diagnosis. The emphasis of Clinical Pathology of Pancreatic Disorders is on the clinical laboratory definition of pancreatic pathology. Disorders of the endocrine pancreas can be highly complex, and sophisticated tests are needed to determine the nature of the disease, its prognosis, and its optimal treat ment. Diabetes is the most common of the endocrine diseases; it presents in many ways, and has varied etiologies. We now know that the diabetes of childhood is usually an autoimmune disease, and this has a major effect on the treatment of these individuals."

We are currently experiencing a fundamental shift in the way in which we approach the characterization of cancer. Never before has the make up of cancer tissues and individual cells been so exhaustively researched and char- terized. We are now capable of producing molecular "fingerprints" that ch- acterize the expression of all known and unknown genes within tumors and their surrounding tissues. More than 30,000 different genes may be measured in each patient's tumor in a single experiment. Simultaneously, novel therapies that exploit the molecular roadmap have been developed and are now being offered to patients. These novel agents, such as Glivec, Herceptin, Iressa, and others, specifically target individual genes within tumors and can produce d- matic responses in some patients. These drugs are only the forerunners of a coming tidal wave of novel therapeutics that individually target specific m- ecules within cancer cells-more than 300 such agents are currently in phase I or II clinical trials. This is an exciting time for cancer specialists and patients alike. However, if we have learned anything from the past 50 or more years of research into cancer, it is that Lord Beaverbrook, in founding the British national health service in the 1950s, was frighteningly prescient when he defined the primary goal of health care to be "Diagnosis, Diagnosis, Diag- sis. " Now, more than ever, it is essential that appropriate diagnostic methods and approaches are applied to the selection of patients for treatment.

The era of molecular pathology has arrived. From its promising beg- nings in research laboratories, the field has grown, and continues to grow, to become a vital part of the care of an ever-increasing number of patients. Because of its recent emergence from the research taboratory, many molecuIar pathology protocols we still to be found in the primary litcramre, and have not appeared in a text. MO~PCU~Q~ Padhoiogy Protocob contains la- ratory protocoIs that have been developed by many of the authors for use in clinical molecular pathology laboratories and describe in detail Row to perform these assays. This book is therefore intended for clinical laboratory use by medical technologists and pathologists. It will dso be of interest to research workers who are performing these assays. In its broadest meaning, pathology is the study of disease, and therefore it follows that any disease for which the molecular basis is understood would be suitable as a topic for inclusion in this work. When seiecting protocols, it was necessary to place limits on the number of chapters that could be feasibly presented in a single work. Those protoculs that were selected are performed more frequently, or have achieved recognition as having important diagnostic utility in contemporary practice. A decision was made to exclude inherited genetic diseases with certain exceptions, such as those diseases that are associated with thrombotic states and are part of the traditional dumain of pathology.

The accurate and reliable diagnosis of transmissible diseases is the most powerful weapon available to ensure their control, and in some cases eradication. The detection of parasites in clinical cases, companion and farm animals, and in the environment is relatively easy since many of them are visible to the naked eye, and those that are not are readily detected by light microscopy. Fungal infections can similarly be determined. Bacteria are somewhat harder to detect. Although their presence can frequently be detected by light microscopy, differential diagnosis, beyond their gross morphology, is almost always impossible. However, most bacterial pathogens can be cultured in the laboratory and can be accurately identified by combinations of a series of simple tests such as morphology, staining, antibiotic sensitivity, biochemical analyses, nutrient dependence, and phage sensitivity. Viruses, however, have proved much more difficult; their size and absolute dependence of the host cell for propagation have rendered useless the methods traditionally used for other microorganisms. Until the development of tissue culture in the middle of this century, diagnosis was entirely dependent on the skill and experience of the clinician. But this was an unreliable process since many of the common virus infections exhibit similar clinical symptoms, such as coryza, exanthema, vomiting, diarrhea, neuralgia, and lethargy. Indeed many viral infections display clinical signs that are indistinguishable from bacterial or parasitic infections.

From August 25 - 28, 1978 a conference on averaged evoked po- tentials was held at Konstanz, West Germany. Research on human evoked potentials has progressed rapidly in the past decade, and a series of international conferences have served to maintain com- munication between active workers in the field. Among the organiza- tions that have a tradition of supporting such mUlti-national com- munication are the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division, the u.s. Office of Naval Research and the German Research Society (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). We have been fortunate to have the support of all three. In the early stages of planning, a committee was formed composed of Professors Rudolph Cohen (Konstanz), Otto Creutzfeldt (Goettingen), John Desmedt (Brussels), A.M. Halliday (London), Anthony Remond (Paris) and Herbert Vaughan (New York). A call for papers was circulated as widely as possible, and this committee carried out the difficult task of selecting a limited number of participants from a large number of excellent abstracts. At the same time Professor Cohen of the University of Konstanz was generous enough to shoulder the task of playing host to the conference. His thoughtful arrangements contributed enormously to the comfort of the participants. He and his colleagues also engi- neered an ideal ambience for sharing of ideas and observations, while the University of Konstanz generously provided audio-visual support.

by W.J. Hunter In 1977 a report of a Working Group of experts prepared for the Commission of the European Communities was published entitled 'Public Health Risks of Exposure to Asbestos' (EUR 5653e )1. This report contained several conclusions and recommendations; one of the latter stated that 'a mesothelioma register should be set up in those countries of the EEC where none exist, in accordance with criteria and procedures agreed upon by a panel of pathologists'. Acting upon this recommendation, the Commission established a C.E.C. Mesothelioma Panel, which has as one of its basic objec tives the standardization of the pathological diagnosis of mesotheliomas, by exchange of information between members of National Panels. Since its establishment, several meetings have been held, and much useful information has been exchanged. This work has been underlined by the adoption by the Council of Ministers of a Direc tive on the protection of workers from the risks related to asbestos at 2 work which requires Member States to keep a register of recognized cases of mesothelioma. To assist Member States in the establishment of such registers, the Commission of the European Communities considered it would be useful for an illustrated book on mesotheliomas to be prepared. Three pathologists who are members of the C.E.C. Mesothelioma Panel have undertaken this task and this publication is the result."

Hemodynamics makes it possible to characterize in a quantitative way, the function of the heart and arterial system, thereby producing information about what genetic and molecular processes are of importance for cardiovascular function.

Snapshots of Hemodynamics: An Aid for Clinical Research and Graduate Education by Nico Westerhof, Nikos Stergiopulos and Mark I. M. Noble is a quick reference guide designed to help basic and clinical researchers as well as graduate students to understand hemodynamics. The layout of the book provides short and independent chapters that provide teaching diagrams as well as clear descriptions of the essentials of basic and applied principles of hemodynamics. References are provided at the end of each chapter for further reading and reference.

Oxidation-reduction (i.e. redox) processes at the plasma membrane of any cell have been attracting more and more attention, both in basic and in applied research, since the first workshop dealing with the plasma membrane oxidoreductases was organized in Cordoba, Spain, in 1988. This evolution is evident considering the numerous cell functions performed by plasma membrane redox systems not only in healthy cells but also in cells that escaped from the normal metabolic control (e.g. cancer cells) and cells under attack by pathogens. Plasma membrane redox processes have now been demonstrated to play an essential role in growth control and defense mechanisms of these cells. The great importance of the plasma membrane redox systems originates in the fact that they are located in the membrane which is essentially the site of communication between the living cell and its environment. We may say that the plasma membrane can be considered as the "sensory part" of the cell. No chemical substance can enter the cell interior without interaction with the plasma membrane.

An invaluable work that will help dentists and oral surgeons to recognize and diagnose gross dental abnormalities. This book provides practically applicable knowledge on histology and histopathology of the changes that are seen in diseases of the dental and periodontal tissues. It includes the disturbances in tooth formation, acquired dental diseases including caries and its sequelae for the tooth-surrounding tissues, periodontal disease and odontogenic tumours. Also, attention is paid to the histological alterations induced by dental treatment.

Developments in telepathology are progressing at a great speed. As a consequence, there is a need for a broad overview of the field. This first ever book on telepathology is presented in such a way that it should make it accessible to anyone, independent of their kno- edge of technology. The text is designed to be used by all prof- sionals, including pathologists, surgeons, nurses and allied health professionals, and computer scientists. In a very short time, driven by technical developments, the field of telepathology has become too extensive to be covered by only a small number of experts. Therefore, this Telepathology book has been written with chapter contributions from a host of renowned international authorities in telepathology (see the Table of Contents and the List of Contributors). This ensures that the subject matter focusing on recent advances in telepathology is truly up to date. Our guiding hope during this task was that as editors of multiple chapters we could still write with a single voice and keep the content coherent and simple. We hope that the clarity of this book makes up for any limitations in its comprehensiveness.

Modern cardiovascular science has produced a revolutionary new idea: the heart acts not merely as a pump, but as a "gland," that is as a regulator of circulatory homeostasis and salt-water balance. This book combines the classical heamodynamic view with the new neuro-hormonal paradigm, in all its potential clinical implications. The book will interest physiologists and clinicians involved in the study of the cardiovascular system and care of heart patients.

What we now call 'deep venous thrombosis' (DVT) has been elucidated by a diversity of investigative approaches during the past four centuries. The authors of this book survey the history of the field and ask: why has one of these perspectives - the haematological/biochemical - come to dominate research into the causation of DVT during the past 50 years and to exclude alternatives? In answering this question, the authors show that the current consensus model is conceptually flawed.

The third volume and the other two volumes (Volume 1 available, Volume 2 due december 1999) offer the scientific community the works and thoughts of Santiago Ramon y Cajal by the faithful rendition of the original Spanish version of the Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates (1899 1904), with additional facts contained in the French translation (1909 1911). These non-English versions are being quoted an average of 200 times yearly in the scientific literature. The collection will represent the "definitive Cajal to be used by scientists and scholars interested in the original thoughts of probably the most prominent neuroscientist of all times. Unique features of the present work include: Only authorized English translation of the original Spanish text, adhering as much as possible to the letter, with correction of the obvious errors already predicted by Cajal in his Preface. Added facts appearing in the French version, with correction of old as well as new errors, the latter probably due to inaccuracies in translating into French some nuances of the Spanish language. Uniform of nomenclature according to contemporary scientific English. Annotations on Cajal s changing concepts over time, the elucidation of certain structures that do not have present day equivalents, and explanations of the many symbols appearing in illustrations but not mentioned in the corresponding original legends. Most illustrations are reproductions of Cajal s original art work, still extant at the Cajal Museum in Madrid, with cross references to figure numbers of the Spanish and French versions. Citations are given by author and year in the text, with an alphabetical list at the end of the volume, completed and corrected for accuracy against original publications. Taxonomy glossary of species appearing in the text, with present scientific names, and their colloquial English counterparts. In sum, the collection represents the "definitive Cajal to be used by scientists and scholars interested in the original writings of probably the most prominent neuroscientist of all times."

This book provides cardiologists with access to the wealth of imaging from the Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute in London to enable them to improve on their own skills and refine their imaging technique. The authors correlate this echocardiography experience with the pathological and surgical aspects of congenital heart defects. They include a review of the pathologic, physiologic and surgical observations of different congenital diseases to assist in understanding the various echocardiographic presentations. The book contains large numbers of echocardiographic images.