For several decades the unsolved etiogenetic and therapeutic problems of multiple sclerosis have offered the strongest challenge to research in neu- rology. The hope of decisive theoretical and practical progress increased when an experimental model presenting far-reaching conformity of structural and pathogenetic features was developed, namely chronic re- lapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CREAE). During the past years, Dr. Lassmann has contributed substantially to the adaptation of this model with the aim of comprehensive evaluation, thoroughly fol- lowing up his own ideas in numerous studies of individual aspects. The new possibility of continuous and detailed investigation of the clinical, morphological and immunological characteristics of temporal phase sequence of autoimmune demyelination has led to many new findings, corrections offormer hypotheses, and, from correlated studies of human multiple sclerosis, a series of important data concerning, for example, early manifestations of demyelination, the range of so-called acute mul- tiple sclerosis and the incidence of remyelination. Moreover, Dr. Lass- mann has analysed several special problems which became definable in the course of his own studies or in collaboration with other groups, in- cluding the initial distribution of demyelinated foci, the cerebrospinal fluid phenomena and immunological findings in the nervous tissue. The results of these separate studies also led to a deeper understanding of demyelinating processes. This monograph integrates these studies and summarizes their re- sults.

Knowledge of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of the kidney and of the synthesis and secretion of renin has increased to such an extent over the past few years that it is now appropriate to summarize this knowledge in a monograph on the JGA, the first of its kind. It was the authors' special concern to demonstrate the association between structure and function for renin secretion, not only within the juxtaglomerular region, but also in the region of the renal cortex beyond the JGA. The description of the pathology of the human JGA, studded with references to experimental findings but nevertheless fully self-contained, should help to make this monograph also useful for clinicians.

The author describes in his unique style the anatomical variants of the brain and skull. This atlas is a continuation of his last work on "Neuronavigation and Neuroanatomy". Most anatomical reference volumes show a large number of common and rare variations. This atlas concentrates on well known and little known variants which are especially important for the clinicians, in particular the neurosurgeons and the radiologists. The variants have been grouped after areas of trepanation. The author presents also a number of so far unknown variants gathered from his personal theoretical and clinical experience of 50 years. Exact knowledge of anatomical variations which the surgeon may encounter helps to plan operations and to avoid unexpected complications. Variants of no clinical relevance, even rather common ones, have not been included.

Osteoimmunology pertains to the study of the relationship between the bones, particularly the bone marrow, and the immune system. This monograph pursues the best available evidence, by means of research synthesis, for the characterization of the physiological relevance and pathological implications of the inter-connectedness between the skeletal and the immune system. Research will be discussed that highlights the associated role of the circulatory, nervous and endocrine systems, as well as proteomic and genomic pathways and signatures. Emphasis is given that domain of medicine that relates to the oral cavity, its diseases and their systemic sequelae. This monograph arises from observations that have suggested that the skeletal system and the immune system are intimately intertwined. Chronic inflammatory reactions subsequent to an excessive immune reaction can damage the bones, as in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis, patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and with signs and symptoms of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and bone cancer. Bones - in particular the bone marrow - are one of the primary locations in which cells of the immune system mature. In brief, this monograph begins to answer a range of questions, such as, what is osteoimmunology all about?, does the immune system and its components affect bone development?, how do stress hormones impact upon the pathophysiology of bone-immune interactions?, can the scientific process of research synthesis, obtain the best available evidence for treatment of diseases involving the bone-immune entity (i.e., osteo immunopathologies) means of evidence-based clinical decision-making directed at the treatment of osteoimmune pathologies?

The purpose of the book is to bring the two disciplines - vascular mechanics and pathology - together. In addition, the book bridges the gap in our knowledge and enhances engineering applications in medicine. This cutting-edge work presents the use of veins as arterial grafts and discusses the role of vein valves in graft stenosis. The book illustrates aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture, using pressure vessel principles. This new work details the investigation of, amongst other topics, aortic dissection, showing for the first time that the aortic root mechanics plays a vital role in the development of this pathology.

Since Bailey and Cushing (1926), all brain tumor classifications have been called histogenetic. The nosographic position that the tumor types progressively acquired in the classification systems derived from the resemblance of tumor cells to those of the cytogenesis, modified whenever new information became available from different biological research fields and especially from molecular genetics. Classically, on the basis of the rough correspondence between the mature/immature aspect of tumor cells and the benign/malignant biological behavior of the tumors, the histological labels contained a prognostic significance. The supposed origin of the tumors was thus a factor for prognosis. Later on, with the concept of anaplasia (Cox, 1933; Kernohan et al., 1949) new criteria were introduced for establishing the malignancy grades of tumors. Immunohistochemistry and later molecular genetics further refined the prognostic diagnoses, substantially increasing the opportunities to recognize the cell origin of tumors, beside revealing the pathogenetic mechanisms. Prognoses became more accurate, as required by the greater and more targeted possibilities of therapy.

The term "lymphoma" was originally used by Billroth in 1871 [55], and by Virehow [763] some years before that, for the designation of swelling of lymph nodes that was not due to "eareinoma, sareoma, ehondroma, myxoma, ete. " In his paper, Billroth reeounted sueeessful treatment with arsenie (" Fowler's solution") of multiple "lymphomas" that had developed in a 40-year-old woman during a 10-month period. From this report it is not entirely clear if the multiple" lymphomas" deseribed were infeetious or if they were eonsis- te nt with what we now mean by "malignant lymphoma. " Today, the term "malignant lymphoma" is generally used eolleetively for malignant lymphoproliferative neoplasms that tend to arise in lymph nodes and also eneompasses Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The adjeetive "malignant" seems somewhat superfluous sinee, in addition to Bill- roth's original eonnotation, the sense of malignaney is nowadays read into the word "lymphoma. " To be sure, true, i. e. , malignant, lymphomas have to be differentiated from "pseudolymphomas," or to put it more exaetly, "pseudomalignant lymphomas. " In this book, "lymphoma" and "malignant lymphoma" are used interehan- geably for malignant neoplastie lymphoproliferative disorders, and "pseudo- lymphoma" is used for benign lymphomatous proeesses. Our editorial eonsultant, Dr. M. Leider, disagrees with all of this. In his Dictionary of Dermatological Words, Terms, and Phrases [421] and other works, he maintains that there is no etymologieal basis for words bearing the eontrived suffix" -oma" or the true Greek suffix" -ma" to denote malignaney.

Primary Liver Cancer: Surveillance, Diagnosis and Treatment focuses on the many therapies rapidly evolving to assist with controlling hepatocellular carcinoma as well as emerging technologies to assist in early diagnosis as well as prevention. All chapters are written by experts in their fields and include the most up to date information for diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, epidemiology, staging, recurrence and prevention. This volume will serve as a useful resource for clinical gastroenterologists, hepatologists, oncologists, pathologists, and physicians who treat patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.

The extension of clinical, endoscopic, and bioptic lung examination proce- dures and function analyses has resulted in more detailed knowledge of the pathology and pathogenetic factors of numerous bronchopulmonary dis- eases. Morphometric, histochemical, ultrastructural, and immunologic ex- amination methods are now constituent parts oflung pathology. This volume, written by numerous experts treats the special subjects of bronchial system pathology, pulmonary circulation, inflammatory and fibrous lung tissue diseases, and borderline areas oflung tumors. With regard to the results, some of which have been obtained experimentally, great im- portance has been attached to the presentation of the applied morphometric, histochemical, immunologic, and ultrastructural investigation methods. The book is intended to improve and extend the discussion between clinicians and morphologists. For the majority of lung diseases, which are discussed in detail in chapters dedicated to the morphological aspects, definitive cat- egorization and assessment of the findings are only possible if clinical picture and disease progress are known. Furthermore, the fmdings documented here, which can be grasped morphologically, provide important indications for the evaluation and classification of syndromes and for prophylactic clinical measures. I would like to thank Professor Grundmann, who initiated this volume, and the contributing authors. Special appreciation and recognition are due the staff of Springer-Verlag for their cooperation and for the organization, printing, and perfect illustration of the contributions. Bochum K. -M. Milller Contents Methods and Results of Postmortem Studies of Airway Dynamics in Normal Lungs and Lungs with Minimal Obstruction. With 11 Figures W. Wierich ...

- Donation refusal is high in all the regions of Argentina. - The deficient operative structure is a negative reality that allows inadequate donor maintenance and organ procurement. - In more developed regions, there are a high number of organs which are not utilized. This is true for heart, liver and lungs. Small waiting lists for these organs probably reflect an inadequate economic coverage for these organ transplant activities. - There is a long waiting list for cadaveric kidney transplants, which reflect poor procurement and transplant activity. - Lack of awareness by many physicians leads to the denouncing of brain deaths. In spite of these factors, we can say that there has been a significant growth in organ procuration and transplantation in 1993, after the regionalization of the INCUCAI. Conclusions Is there a shortage of organs in Argentina? There may be. But the situation in Argentina differs from that in Europe, as we have a pool of organs which are not utilized (donation refusal, operational deficits, lack of denouncing of brain deaths). Perhaps, in the future, when we are able to make good use of all the organs submitted for transplantation, we will be able to say objectively whether the number of organs is sufficient or not. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the University of Lyon and the Merieux Foundation, especially Professors Traeger, Touraine and Dr. Dupuy for the honour of being invited to talk about the issue of organ procurement.

Translational Cardiology: Molecular Basis of Cardiac Metabolism, Cardiac Remodeling, Translational Therapies and Imaging Techniques provides an up-to-date introduction to the role circadian rhythms, cardiac plasticity, and mechanotransduction play in the heart, while at the same time introducing new developments in cellular, viral, and non-biologic therapies that are in the process of being developed. Importantly, the focus of this book is on topics that, due to their novelty, are largely not covered in the other major textbooks. A special emphasis is placed on the molecular basis of cardiac metabolism, new concepts in cardiac remodeling, and translational therapies and imaging techniques currently under development for clinical use. The chapters are written by experts from diverse clinical and biomedical research backgrounds. Translational Cardiology: Molecular Basis of Cardiac Metabolism, Cardiac Remodeling, Translational Therapies and Imaging Techniques simplifies the complexity of the molecular basis of disease by focusing on patient-oriented disease mechanisms and therapies and is of great value to a broad audience including physicians (e.g. cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, pathologists) as well as translational biomedical researchers in a wide range of disciplines.

The Systems Biology of Parkinson's Disease will be underpinned by new measurement techniques. This is particularly true of the pathology of Parkinson's Disease, where recent developments in brain imaging have offered new insights into the morphology of dopaminergic neurons that have profound implications for the special vulnerability and role of this class of neurons.

Because of the increasing burden of hepatitis C and fatty liver disease, there is an explosion in the prevalence of chronic liver failure and hence its complications. The onset of Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) in these patients has a significant impact on the quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the approach observed by most clinicians to this complex disorder is minimalistic. This book provides a comprehensive review on pathophysiology and clinically important aspects in HE. Topics in basic physiology, nitrogen metabolism, new insights into pathogenesis and brain edema are covered in great detail. The authors have made a special effort by simplifying the complex aspects of pathogenesis and diagnosis so that it can be easily understood and applied clinically. This volume also focuses on recent developments regarding diagnoses of subtle forms of HE, also known as minimal or covert HE as well as on new treatments. Hepatic Encephalopathy will be of great value to gastroenterologists, hepatologists, pathologists, medical residents, fellows, internists and general practitioners who treat patients with hepatic encephalopathy.

This Atlas is one of a series devoted to neurosurgical and neuro logical conditions and is complementary to Atlas of the Histology of Brain Tumors (Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1971), which was the first in the atlas series. The Atlas is based on the Handbuch der Neurochirurgie, Vols. I and III (Springer 1956, 1959) but, whereas this is a comprehensive reference work, the present book is intended to give the practicing neurosurgeon, neuroradiolo gist, neuropathologist and neurologist the concise information they need for diagnostic purposes concerning the aspect, site, and ma lignancy of tumors and other space-occupying lesions in the brain. The schematic diagrams showing the sites of predilection of these tumors, as well as a piOgnosis based on the degree of malignancy, will be most useful here. The early chapters discuss the general rules governing displace ments due to space-occupying lesions and the manifestations of brain herniations. Other neurosurgical conditions, such as localized inflammatory processes, edema and obstructive hydrocephalus, are dealt with in brief chaptets; in this case I have chosen to show some of the rarer conditions rather than all the common lesions. In spite of probable future changes in terminology and classification, we have retained the classification used in the Atlas of Histology of Brain Tumors."

The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) was estab lished in 1978 to stimulate and support scientific research and educational programs related to nutrition, toxicology, and food safety, and to encourage cooperation in these programs among scientists in universities, industry, and government agencies to assist in the resolution of health and safety issues. To supplement and enhance these efforts, ILSI has made a major commitment to supporting programs to harmon ize toxicological testing, to advance a more uniform inter pretation of bioassay results worldwide, to promote a common understanding of lesion classifications, and to encourage wide discussion of these topics among scien tists. The Monographs on the Pathology of Laboratory Ani mals are designed to facilitate communication among those involved in the safety testing of foods, drugs, and chemicals. The complete set will cover all organ systems and is intended for use by pathologists, toxicologists, and others concerned with evaluating toxicity and carcinogen icity studies. The international nature of the project - as reflected in the composition of the editorial board and the diversity of the authors and editors - strengthens our ex pectations that understanding and cooperation will be im proved worldwide through the series. Alex Malaspina President International Life Sciences Institute Preface This book, on the nervous system, is the sixth volume of a set pre pared under the sponsorship of the International Life Sciences Insti tute (ILSI)."

The series of volumes Progress in Surgical Pathology was conceived in an attempt to honor the 70th birthday of Dr. Raffaele Lattes. The original vol umes were the result of an initial call for papers dedicated to progress in the field of surgical pathology with contributors from all over the world. The pa pers published in these volumes have represented examples of classical clin ical pathologic correlations within the discipline of surgical pathology; other papers reflect the work being done at the interface between classical diagnos tic surgical pathology and research in the realm of immunology, molecular biology, cell biology, etc. These papers illustrate what is possible utilizing all of the advances made in basic biology, while remembering that the patholo gist remains an essential, crucial figure in the analysis of tissues, both with respect to their diagnosis as weil as the analysis of the dynamic interactions between cells. There have also been papers that may be characterized as philosophical or historical, which Iook at aspects of surgical pathology in a unique way. Five volumes have been published since 1980. The last of these was pub lished in 1983. For those of you who have been our loyal readers, you may wonder why there has been a gap in the publication of these volumes. This has been due to reorganization both among ourselves as weil as with the pub lisher."

Unique features of the present work include: Only authorized English translation of the original Spanish text, adhering as much as possible to the letter, with correction of the obvious errors already predicted by Cajal in his Preface. Added facts appearing in the French version, with correction of old as well as new errors, the latter probably due to inaccuracies in translating into French some nuances of the Spanish language. Uniform of nomenclature according to contemporary scientific English. Annotations on Cajal s changing concepts over time, the elucidation of certain structures that do not have present day equivalents, and explanations of the many symbols appearing in illustrations but not mentioned in the corresponding original legends. Most illustrations are reproductions of Cajal s original art work, still extant at the Cajal Museum in Madrid, with cross references to figure numbers of the Spanish and French versions. Citations are given by author and year in the text, with an alphabetical list at the end of the volume, completed and corrected for accuracy against original publications. Taxonomy glossary of species appearing in the text, with present scientific names, and their colloquial English counterparts."

This book is intended as a practical bench manual phological abnormalities in renal diseases, and for the hospital pathologist who wishes to have where appropriate these have been illustrated. access to a simple informative account of renal Although the main emphasis is on the pathology, pathology, particularly for the interpretation of the relevant clinical aspects of the conditions cov percutaneous needle biopsy specimens. I n addition ered are included in recognition of the fact that we trust it will be valuable to physicians working renal disease is an area in which correlation of the in the field of renal disease, for whom the interpre clinical and histopathological findings is particularly tation of renal biopsy material is directly relevant to important in reaching an informed diagnosis. patient management. Whilst a comprehensive coverage more appro priate to a larger text has not been attempted, the Acknowledgements text has been planned to give an adequate account of the more important non-neoplastic disease pro We would like to thank the technical staff of the cesses and their pathological appearances in the Histopathology Laboratories of The London Hos kidney. Points of difficulty in interpretation and dif pital Medical College, The Hospital for Sick Chil ferential diagnosis are covered both in the text and in dren, Great Ormond Street, and Guy's Hospital the illustrations.

Every year dozens of physicians-in-training face, for the first time, the responsibil ity of examining and diagnosing central nervous system tumors or biopsies of the central nervous system, the peripheral nerves or muscles, whose surgical resection has been decided on both as a form of treatment (in the case of tumors) and as means to confirm a presumptive diagnosis. The selection of the most appropriate form of post surgical treatment for most tumors is predicated on the precise identification of the tumor cells. The evaluation of the specimen, by a pathologist, will not only determine whether the lesion is truly neoplastic, but also whether there are histologic indicators of malig nancy. Moreover, in some cases, the pathologist will be asked to determine whether the tumor cells contain certain hormone precursors or receptors, as an example. Recognition of many of the features that one must search for requires the judicious application of methods that may not be readily known to the physicians involved in the various diagnostic procedures. The handling and processing of the tissues as they arrive in the pathology laboratory for the above reasons vary as a function of the organ (or site) of origin of a given tumor as well as a function of the presumptive clinical diagnosis. The material contained in this book series has been organized in an attempt to help the pathologists-in-training, the general pathologists, the neurosurgeons, and neu rologists to understand the logic behind such special requirements."

Pocketbook for Cancer Supportive Care Febrile Neutropenia is a comprehensive review on febrile neutropenia, its prevention, risks, management, costs, and special populations affected by the condition. The book was originally commissioned due to advances in the field, and to supplement the series: Pocketbooks in Supportive Cancer Care. Busy healthcare professionals who have a basic understanding of febrile neutropenia but want to learn more a will benefit from this concise guide that will help them quickly understand the complexities of this condition.

Amyloid-forming proteins are implicated in over 30 human diseases. The proteins involved in each disease have unrelated sequences and dissimilar native structures, but they all undergo conformational alterations to form fibrillar polymers. The fibrillar assemblies accumulate progressively into disease-specific lesions in vivo. Substantial evidence suggests these lesions are the end state of aberrant protein folding whereas the actual disease-causing culprits likely are soluble, non-fibrillar assemblies preceding the aggregates. The non-fibrillar protein assemblies range from small, low-order oligomers to spherical, annular, and protofibrillar species. Oligomeric species are believed to mediate various pathogenic mechanisms that lead to cellular dysfunction, cytotoxicity, and cell loss, eventuating in disease-specific degeneration and systemic morbidity. The particular pathologies thus are determined by the afflicted cell types, organs, systems, and the proteins involved. Evidence suggests that the oligomeric species may share structural features and possibly common mechanisms of action. In many cases, the structure function interrelationships amongst the various protein assemblies described in vitro are still elusive. Deciphering these intricate structure function correlations will help understanding a complex array of pathogenic mechanisms, some of which may be common across different diseases albeit affecting different cell types and systems."

Genetic testing has become commonplace, and clinicians are frequently able to use knowledge of an individual's specific genetic differences to guide their course of action. Molecular Genetics and Personalized Medicine highlights developments that have been made in the field of molecular genetics and how they have been applied clinically. It will serve as a useful reference for physicians hoping to better understand the role of molecular medicine in clinical practice. In addition, it should also prove to be an invaluable resource for the basic scientist that wants to better understand how advances in the laboratory are being moved from the bench to the bedside. All chapters are written by experts in their fields and include the most up to date medical information. The authors simplify complex genetic concepts and focus on practical patient related issues. The book will be of great value to pathologists, hematologists/oncologists, clinical geneticists, high-risk obstetricians, general practitioners, and physicians in all other medical specialties who utilize genetic testing to direct therapy.

"Integrative Anatomy and Pathophysiology in Traditional Chinese Medicine Cardiology" covers the structure, function, and pathology of the cardiovascular system from the TCM and western medical perspectives. It focuses specifically on western medicine anatomy and pathophysiology, along with TCM aspects of essence, qi, blood and body fluid concepts, production, and function to explain cardiovascular system dysfunction, its independent role and dependent interactions with the functions of other organ systems.

This book is designed for US-based licensed TCM practitioners as well as cardiology researchers.
Compares and contrasts the TCM basic theories and western medicine basic sciencesGives a specific connection between the heart dysfunction and the disease mechanisms of other organ systems using TCM and western medicine terms and diagnosesPrepares the practitioner to sit for the Niambi Wellness Integrative Anatomy and pathophysiology in cardiology final online exam

Aging represents a physiological and "per se" non-pathological and multifactorial process involving a set of key genes and mechanisms being triggered by different endogenous and exogenous factors. Since aging is a major risk factor in connection with a variety of human disorders, it is increasingly becoming a central topic in biochemical and medical research. The plethora of theories on aging some of which have been discussed for decades are neither isolated nor contradictory but instead can be connected in a network of pathways and processes at the cellular and molecular levels. This book summarizes the most prominent and important approaches, focusing on telomeres, DNA damage and oxidative stress as well as on the possible role of nutrition, the interplay between genes and environment (epigenetics) and intracellular protein homeostasis and introduces some genes that have actually extended life spans in animal models. Linking these different determinants of aging with disease, this volume aims to reveal their multiple interdependencies. We see that there is no single perfect theory of aging and that instead it is possible to define what the authors call the "molecular aging matrix" of the cell. A better knowledge of its key mechanisms and the mutual connections between its components will lead to a better understanding of age-associated disorders such as Alzheimer s disease."