Forensic pathologists and clinicians are increasingly faced with challenges when it comes to geriatric cases, due to an aging population and increased comorbidities in the elderly. This text provides an up-to-date guide to all facets of geriatric forensic pathology, with contributions from experts from a variety of disciplines. Packed with color illustrations and case examples, chapters cover inflicted, self-inflicted, and accidental trauma, as well as natural conditions leading to unexpected death. In addition, specific chapters cover a wide range of difficult and topical areas, from elder abuse, dementias, and nutrition to pharmacology and toxicology issues, long-term care facilities, and scene investigation. Topics such as euthanasia are also explored to provide the reader with a rich, contemporary understanding of medicolegal issues. This is an invaluable resource not only for pathologists, but also for medical practitioners and lawyers dealing with geriatric cases. The book comes packaged with online access to the text and high-resolution images.

This book has its origins in the intensive short courses on scanning elec tron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis which have been taught annually at Lehigh University since 1972. In order to provide a textbook containing the materials presented in the original course, the lecturers collaborated to write the book Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy (PSEM), which was published by Plenum Press in 1975. The course con tinued to evolve and expand in the ensuing years, until the volume of material to be covered necessitated the development of separate intro ductory and advanced courses. In 1981 the lecturers undertook the project of rewriting the original textbook, producing the volume Scan ning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis (SEMXM). This vol ume contained substantial expansions of the treatment of such basic material as electron optics, image formation, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. At the same time, a number of chapters, which had been included in the PSEM vol ume, including those on magnetic contrast and electron channeling con trast, had to be dropped for reasons of space. Moreover, these topics had naturally evolved into the basis of the advanced course. In addition, the evolution of the SEM and microanalysis fields had resulted in the devel opment of new topics, such as digital image processing, which by their nature became topics in the advanced course.

The "Atlas of Immunology" is a unique pictorial reference, containing more than 1000 illustrations depicting essentially every important concept in understanding immunology. Diagrams are included for all levels of understanding; some show basic ideas, while others provide a more detailed treatment for specialists.

Discrimination of self from nonself is the major function of the immune system and understanding the mechanism(s) involved a main employer of immunologists. Hence, the age-old puzzle of why a fetus that contains a panel of major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens derived from its mother and its father is not rejected (spontaneously aborted) by lymphocytes from its mother who should theoretically recognize foreign MHC molecules from the father has remained of great interest. This dilemma has enticed immunologists and developmental biologists for many years. This volume was created to present the information currently on hand in this subject to the scientific public. The guest editor, Professor Lars Olding, has a long and distinguished history of contributions in this field, having been one of the main propo nents of the argument that lymphocytes from the fetus play an active role in this process by suppressing lymphocytes from the mother from proliferating and thereby acting as killer cells. His work has defined the phenomenon and identified suppressor molecules (factors) involved in the process. In a different but related chapter, Margareta Unander extends such observations to the clinical study of women with repeated "habitual" mIS carriages."

The next revolution in molecular medicine is the application of molecular profiling to individualized patient therapy. Molecular profiling technology has advanced dramatically, particularly in the field of cancer tissue biomarkers. It is now possible to gather complex genomic and proteomic information from a routine clinical needle biopsy or surgical specimen. In "Molecular Profiling: Methods and Protocols," expert researchers in the field focus on the entire process from discovery to commercialization, with practical guides that are not limited to experimental methods. Written in the highly successful "Methods in Molecular Biology" series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as essays and guidelines for grants, patents, and commercialization of products related to molecular profiling.

Authoritative and practical, "Molecular Profiling: Methods and Protocols" seeks to aid scientists in understanding the latest advancements in genomics, proteomics, imagining, and bioinformatics.

Opportunistic, intracellular bacterial infections are in the forefront of research today because of the challenges they present to the immunocompromised patient. In this volume, the pathogenesis and immune reaction of these intracellular infections is featured, as are the most typical problems related to antimicrobial chemotherapy, and current approaches to their solution. Notable chapters set the pace for research on the pathogenic and immune reactions to such infections as * Mycobacterium tuberculosis * Legionella pneumophila * Chlamydia trachomatis and * Brucella.

Methods in Bone Biology is unique in being devoted to describing the methodology used by bone researchers. This book describes in detail the techniques of cell and organ culture used in the study of bone and bone cell function and the techniques used to monitor the skeleton and skeletal remodelling both in clinical and experimental settings.

Melanocytic neoplasms are of capital importance for all surgical pathologists and dermatopathologists. These tumors span a huge range of morphologic expression and biologic behavior, are potentially of the highest medical significance and are often fraught with diagnostic pitfalls and high litigation risk.

"Pathology of Challenging Melanocytic Neoplasms "offers a dynamic text where readers will encounter a broad spectrum of challenging melanocytic lesions, both benign and malignant and will thereby acquire a solid, working knowledge that they can immediately apply to daily diagnosis. The authors aim to clarify this often thorny field, keeping a steady focus on patient-related issues. The volume emphasizes the practical application of basic morphologic principles, immunohistochemistry and molecular methods in order to secure a confident diagnosis. Abundant illustrations display the characteristic features of the most important disease entities.

Rather than being yet another encyclopedic work of reference, this volume takes a fresh approach as it resembles a series of stimulating seminars employing exemplary case material to highlight, illustrate, and succinctly discuss the key points. To this end, the reader will be guided through a series of paired cases that pose a significant diagnostic challenge. By comprehensively comparing and contrasting two related entities, each such chapter will illuminate an intellectual pathway through which an important diagnostic puzzle can be solved. To broaden the differential diagnosis even further, additional illustrative cases are added to each discussion. Algorithms and tables summarize key points. Clinically relevant, up-to-date references will be provided to guide further study. Written by experts in the field, this novel text will be of great value to surgical pathologists in practice and dermatologists as well as residents and fellows training in these specialties.

Histochemistry deals with the activities of chemical components in cells, and immunohistochemistry addresses the function of cell types in tissue or organs, such as those leading to acceptance or rejection of grafts or organs. This book is a methods volume focusing on antigen retrieval, particularly methods used in disease-related antigens. Because the book is a methods volume and a lab manual, it will have an audience of pathologists, biochemists, and lab technicians.

Atlas of Selective Lymphadenectomy for Melanoma, Breast Cancer and Colon Cancer emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach combining the experiences of a nuclear medicine physician, surgeon, and pathologist. This is an important reference also for researchers and clinicians who want to become familiar with sentinel lymph node mapping. The underlying thesis in solid tumor biology is that metastasis in general starts in an orderly progression with lymphatic spread first to the sentinel lymph node (SLN) in the nearest lymph node basin. Therefore, the logical approach is to harvest that specific SLN for thorough analysis.

Autopsy derives from the greek word autopsia, which means act of seeing with one's own eyes. It remains the most objective and accurate method to understand human. disease. Unfortunately, the volume of autopsies in teaching hospitals has decreased dramatically over the past years. The crucial factors that account for this are the recent progress and development of new technologies, especially in diagnostic imaging, immunology, cell biology and genetics. Additionally, the perpetual fear of legal liability by physicians accounts for its further decline. Consequently, physicians and medical students are engaged in fewer autopsies and are not reaping the rich educational rewards that accompany these examinations. The purpose of the autopsy is not only to establish the cause of death, but also to determine the nature and course of the disease process. Our goal with this book is to emphasize the importance of the post-mortem exam and the correlation between pathologic material and clinical data by analyzing actual cases with problem-based methodology. The focus of this handbook is on cardiovascular disease, and when appropriate, other disease categories are included if they have an impact on cardiovascular function. The approach is more than the usual clinico-pathological correlation. Rather, we attempt to present the material from the perspective of the autopsy table. We use the clinical data as the initial framework and the autopsy findings to develop a true understanding of the disease and the associated pathophysiology of the condition.

This book is designed to provide the busy ophthal inftammation, lacrimal gland tumors and inftamma mologist with a practieal guide to the management tion, lacrimal sac tumors and inftammation, and of lid and ocular adnexal disease. The book encom lid tumors and inftammations. passes more than tumors simply because other in This book provides the ophthalmologist with a ftammatory conditions may mimic tumors in their step-by-step approach to patients with lid and orbital presentation and vice versa. It is not meant to be tumors and inftammations. an encyclopedie, definitive work on a single subject, organized around individual disease entities; instead Acknowledgments it approaches the patient much as clinician does. It concentrates on the patient and considers various disease processes logieally. Work -up, differential We wish to thank all the referring doctors who diagnosis, and initial treatment are discussed. have allowed us to treat their patients with orbital When any patient presents with an orbital or an and ocular adnexal disease and without whom a ocular adnexal mass, the question that needs to be book of this type would have been impossible. We answered is whether the process is due to inftamma also would like to give special thanks to our teachers, Dr. Lorenz E. Zimmerman and Dr. Byron Smith."

The TGF-13 superfamily is a large and expanding multigene family which in verte- brates includes the TGF-13 proteins themselves, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), the growth and differentiation factors (GDF), the activins/inhibins (INH), Mullerian inhibitory substance (MIS), glial derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) and more recently macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1). They are characterised by conserved structural elements and a broad commonality of function. Major structural elements All members of the TGF-13 superfamily contain as their major structural hallmark a conserved spacing and distribution of seven cysteine residues. This structure is known as the cysteine knot and tethers together regions of the peptide as well as binding the two chains of the dimer to each other. High resolution structures are now available on proteins from three families within this group including glial derived neurotropic factor (GDNF), BMP-7 and several of the TGF-13s. Despite low similarity between some of these proteins (eg, TGF-13s and GDNF are only 13% identical) they share a strikingly similar three dimensional conformation (Fig. 1). These structural elements imbue the protein with some of its familial characteristics. These include its physico-chemical stability due to tight tethering of portions of the peptide chain via criss-crossing disulphide bonds. Much of its surfaces are coated with hydrophobic patches leading to a propensity to bind non-specifically to other proteins as well as to its self. This also causes a marked propensity for aggregation when the recombinant protein is present at high concentration.

In recent years much progress has been made in the field of neurochemical monitoring for the acutelly injured brain. The development of safe continuous microdialysis techniques coupled with microanalytical methodology can generate semi-continuous time profiles of the changes in numerous brain analytes such as lactate, glucose, pyruvate, excitatory amino acids, structural amino acids, indicators of free radical generation, cytokines, adenosine, and neuroprotective drugs. Descriptive studies have shown profound, prolonged, and severe abnormalities in many of the analytes measured and the next phase is to determine the effects of therapeutic interventions upon these parameters. This field of research has contributed tremendously to our understanding of pathomechanisms in acute human brain damage.

This monograph contains the proceedings of a symposium entitled, "Tissue Hypoxia and Ischemia," which was held at the Annenberg Center of the University of Pennsylvania on August 13 and 14, 1976. The symposium was jointly sponsored by the following groups at the University of Pennsylvania: the Respiratory Physiology Group of the Department of Physio logy, the Cardiopulmonary Section of the Department of Medicine, the Johnson Research Foundation, the Cerebrovascular Research Center of the Department of Neurology, the Head Injury Center of the Department of Neurosurgery, the. Institute for Environ mental Medicine, and the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissues. Its purpose was to promote an interdisciplinary discussion of oxygen sensors in various tissues and their mechanism of action as well as to examine the deleterious effects of hypoxia and ischemia with special reference to the brain. There were four sessions, one on the biochemistry of physi ologic oxygen sensors, two on the mechanism of oxygen sensing in tissues and one on the circulatory and metabolic aspects of cerebral hypoxia and ischemia."

course, also aware that many who use this volume One in every three slides examined by a general diagnostic pathologist in the United Kingdom, and will be well familiar with the classical, or 'textbook', in most other countries, comes from a gynaecological appearances of most of the more common conditions patient. Few pathologists can hope, therefore, to and have therefore often chosen an example which, escape a constant exposure to gynaecological path whilst being typical, is not necessarily classical. ology, and it is the aim of this atlas to lessen the We have deliberately chosen not to include any difficulties of this diagnostic burden by acting as an illustrations of gross specimens. This is partly because illustrated guide to the histological diagnosis of of ou r view that such illustrations are of I ittle real value female genital tract abnormalities. to any but the least experienced of pathologists, and Gynaecological pathology does, however, pose a partly because their inclusion would have narrowed number of specific problems: the range and scope of still further our selection of histological figures.

This book is designed primarily for anatomic pathologists to facilitate their task of accurately diagnosing embryos and fetuses. A detailed examination of the products of spontaneous and induced abortions is necessary for accurate genetic counseling and for establishing the risk for specific abnormalities or another spontaneous pregnancy loss in the future. The growing interest in the defects of early development reflects the profound change in general life-style. In the past, spontaneous abortions were considered a common, usually sporadic event in a patient's reproductive history. Only reassurance and encour agement were given to the patient and scant attention was paid to the detailed pathology of the abortus. Nowadays, however, as a result of reliable methods of contraception and of the availability of reliable prenatal diagnosis for chromosome abnormalities more frequent in advanced maternal age, significant numbers of parents plan to have pregnan cies later in their reproductive life. Consequently, in a case of spontaneous abortion, the question of "cause" and of "future risk" of recurrence of abortion or an abnormal infant is particularly important. In the era of more elaborate and accurate prenatal diagnostic tests, the pathologist examining products of conception has a primary responsibility to detect, in both spontaneous and induced abortions, any developmental abnormality that would indicate an increased risk of multifactorial, chromosomal, and single gene disorders in a subsequent child.

Nine years have elapsed since the second edition of this book was published. In this time the principal advances in neuromuscular diseases have been in the application of molecular genetics to understanding the aetiology and pathogenesis of this group of disorders. As a result many previously unrecognised disorders have been charac terised. Some clinical syndromes, such as the limb girdle dystrophies, have become better defined. In many such instances the new genetic information has led to major advances in knowledge of the biology of cell structures, for example, the membrane structural and channel proteins. The clinical syndromes themselves, and their patho logical and electrophysiological characteristics, however, remain as important as ever, since they constitute the clinical problem itself and, indeed, the database from which all other concepts emerge. Knowledge of the pathogenesis, genetics, and molecular biology of neuromuscular disorders is essential both in developing and applying new therapies and preventive measures, and in formulating genetic and prognostic advice. However, this informa tion does not necessarily always define clinically useful syndromes. Myotonia, for example, is an electrophysiological finding in some syndromes in which it is un detectable by clinical examination, although the phenomenon itself was originally defined as a clinical entity. The limb girdle muscular dystrophy syndromes can be defined by severity, distribution of weakness, age of onset, sex distribution and other characteristics and many of these can be better understood by study of the under lying defect in cell structural proteins.

The seventh annual multidisciplinary symposium on clinical oncology organised by the Royal College of Radiologists discussed the subject of malignant brain tumours. It was held in London in February 1985 and this volume collects together the edited texts of the papers which were presented at the meeting. Primary tumours of the central nervous system account for about 9070 of all malignant diseases but as much as 20% of all paediatric neoplasms. The prognosis ranges from excellent for some of the less aggressive tumours, through good for children's tumours such as medulloblastoma, to appalling for the high-grade adult astrocytomas. Improvements in pathological diagnosis and surgical and radiothera peutic techniques have led to considerable sequential improvements in outcome over those obtained in the past. In contrast the response to chemotherapy over the whole range of tumours remains disappoint ing, and clearly awaits new drugs and methods of delivery. The relative rarity of individual types of tumours, apart from the commoner high-grade adult astrocytomas, has made progress in terms of clinical trials difficult to organise. In spite of this much investigative work is in progress. The symposium, and the present volume, were designed to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject by experts, with an emphasis on the possible routes to future progress. The topics included aspects of pathology, imaging, diagno sis and treatment of both the common and uncommon primary tumours. It is hoped the papers will stimulate further interest and activity in this difficult area of clinical therapy and investigation."

1h The 5 International Conference on the Progress in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's 51 1 Disease took place from March 31 to April 5 \ 2001 in Kroto, Japan. This international 1 conference was organized as a joint Congress with the 9 International Catecholamine Symposium. A total of 1258 clinicians and researchers participated in this joint congress 1h from 38 countries in the world. This book represents the proceedings of the 5 Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The International Conference on the Progress in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease was first launched by Professor Abraham Fisher of Israel and Professor Israel Hanin of USA. The first conference was held in Eilat, Israel in 1985. The second conference was organized in Kyoto, Japan in 1989; the third one in Chicago, USA, in 1993, and the fourth one in Eilat, Israel in 1997. The International Catecholamine Symposium (ICS) is an international meeting devoted to the development of basic as well as clinical research on catecholamines. The first Catecholamine Symposium was held in Bethesda, USA in 1958. Since then this symposium has occurred every 5 years. Professor Toshiharu Nagatsu was appointed as 1h the president of the 9 International Catecholamine Symposium, which was to be held in 200 I also in Japan. Therefore, we decided to organize a joint congress of the two meetings, because there is much overlap in research between Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and catecholamines. We thank Professor Nagatsu very much for agreeing to organizing this joint congress.

There is a large and rapidly growing body of literature on the importance of mag nesium in biochemical and physiological processes. There is also much evidence that magnesium deficiency, alone and in combination with agents that interfere with its utilization, is associated with functional and structural abnormalities of mem branes, cells, organs, and systems. The manifestations of the changes caused by magnesium deficiency depend upon its extent and duration and on variable factors. Among the conditions that increase the risk of magnesium deficiency are (1) meta bolic factors that affect the absorption, distribution, and excretion of this mineral; (2) disease and therapy; (3) physiologic states that increase requirements for nutrients; and (4) nutritional imbalances. Excesses of nutrients that interfere with the absorption or increase the excretion of magnesium-such as fat, phosphate, sugar, and vitamin D-can contribute to long-lasting relative magnesium deficiency. All have been implicated in several of the diseases considered in this book. Whether their influence on the need for magnesium is a common denominator remains to be investigated further."

The present volume contains the scientific contributions to the Fifth International Symposium on "Current Trends in Sphingo lipidoses and Allied Disorders" under the auspices of the Isaac Albert Research Institute of the Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center, the Department of Pathology, Downstate Medical Center, State Uni versity of New York, Brooklyn, New York, and the National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc., New York. A review of the four previous Symposia shows the increase in scope of the scientific exploration in this rapidly expanding field. The first meeting, held in 1958, was devoted to the discussion al most entirely of Tay-Sachs disease. The majority of the work emanated from local laboratories. The participants at the present Symposium came from many other domestic and foreign research in stitutions. The scope of the papers presented at these meetings and the interest shown in the Symposium demonstrates the signifi cance attached by the scientific community to the problems of these hereditary diseases. The reasons for this are apparent, when one considers the contributions during recent years to our basic know ledge by lipid and enzyme chemistry, genetics, and neuropathology. Partly because of the hereditary nature of these diseases any new discovery in this field has general meaning and permits cautious generalization well beyond its clinical significance."

Needle biopsy of the liver is now an accepted procedure in most large hospitals, and surgeons and laparoscopists are more likely to biopsy the liver under direct vision than in the past. Consequently, increasing demands are being made on pathologists for rapid diagnosis. This full colour atlas provides a practical guide to the histopathological diagnosis of liver disorders, with particular emphasis on clinicopathological correlation and the need for the pathologist to be in full possession of all the available clinical information. Although containing over 350 colour illustrations, the book is more than just an atlas and each section includes a brief description of the main clinical and pathological features of the subject under discussion. For this second edition, many chapters have been rewritten - e.g. on viral hepatitis - and many new illustrations added. The book is intended for the practising and trainee pathologist and the clinician who performs liver biopsies, but will also be of value to postgraduates, residents and students in other branches of medicine.

Biotargets of Cancer in Current Clinical Practice presents an updated and reasoned review of the current status of knowledge concerning the major cancer types with a special focus on the current biomarkers, genes involved and the potential future targets of innovative therapies. The volume includes for each major cancer type, a comprehensive although concise discussion of epidemiology, affirmed and innovative biomarkers for diagnosis, and descriptions of the relevant genes for prognosis and (individualized) therapy through biotarget-specific new molecular treatments, with the latest information on the validation status of each novel biomarker. Individual chapters are dedicated to the major cancer types, plus a special chapter on metastasis. The present debate on patentability of genetic information applied to diagnostics and therapeutics of cancer is also discussed.