The year's finest mathematics writing from around the world This annual anthology brings together the year's finest mathematics writing from around the world. Featuring promising new voices alongside some of the foremost names in the field, The Best Writing on Mathematics 2016 makes available to a wide audience many articles not easily found anywhere else--and you don't need to be a mathematician to enjoy them. These writings offer surprising insights into the nature, meaning, and practice of mathematics today. They delve into the history, philosophy, teaching, and everyday occurrences of math, and take readers behind the scenes of today's hottest mathematical debates. Here Burkard Polster shows how to invent your own variants of the Spot It! card game, Steven Strogatz presents young Albert Einstein's proof of the Pythagorean Theorem, Joseph Dauben and Marjorie Senechal find a treasure trove of math in New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Andrew Gelman explains why much scientific research based on statistical testing is spurious. In other essays, Brian Greene discusses the evolving assumptions of the physicists who developed the mathematical underpinnings of string theory, Jorge Almeida examines the misperceptions of people who attempt to predict lottery results, and Ian Stewart offers advice to authors who aspire to write successful math books for general readers. And there's much, much more. In addition to presenting the year's most memorable writings on mathematics, this must-have anthology includes a bibliography of other notable writings and an introduction by the editor, Mircea Pitici. This book belongs on the shelf of anyone interested in where math has taken us--and where it is headed.

Zahlentheorie, ein schwer verstandliches Spezialgebiet, das sich mit den Eigenschaf- ten der ganzen Zahlen beschaftigt. TIME, 4. April 1983 Die Texte, die in diesem Buch untersucht werden, erstrecken sich von einer altbabylonischen Tafel, welche in die Zeit Hammurapis oder un- gefahr in diese Zeit datiert wurde, bis zu Legendres "Essai sur la TMorie des Nombres" aus dem Jahre 1798. Selbst wenn das Buch eine Episode aus Legendres spaterer Laufbahn enthalt und relevante Hinweise auf Entdeckungen von Gau: B und seinen Nachfolgern nicht vermeidet, so endet es im graBen und ganzen kurz vor GauB' "Disquisitiones" aus dem Jahre 180l. Zahlentheorie oder Arithmetik, wie sie von manchen genannt wird, ist noch bis vor kurzem mehr durch die Qualitat als durch die Zahl ihrer Anhanger hervorgetreten; gleichzeitig ist sie moglicherweise ein- zigartig, was die von ihr hervorgerufene Begeisterung betrifft. Dieser Enthusiasmus driickt sich beredt in vielen Ausspriichen solcher Manner wie Euler, GauB, Eisenstein oder Hilbert aus. Obwohl dieses Buch etwa sechsunddreiBig Jahrhunderte arithmetischer Untersuchungen umfaBt, besteht sein Inhalt in nicht mehr als einem detaillierten Studium und einer Erklarung der Errungenschaften von vier Mathematikern: Fer- mat, Euler, Lagrange, Legendre. Sie sind die Begriinder der modernen Zahlentheorie. Die GroBe von GauB liegt darin, daB er das, was seine XII Vorwort Vorgiinger angefangen hatten, zum AbschluB brachte und eine neue Ara in der Geschichte dieses Gegenstands einleitete.

Die Schwierigkeit Mathematik zu lernen und zu lehren ist jedem bekannt, der einmal mit diesem Fach in Beruhrung gekommen ist. Begriffe wie "reelle oder komplexe Zahlen, Pi" sind zwar jedem gelaufig, aber nur wenige wissen, was sich wirklich dahinter verbirgt. Die Autoren dieses Bandes geben jedem, der mehr wissen will als nur die Hulle der Begriffe, eine meisterhafte Einfuhrung in die Magie der Mathematik und schlagen einzigartige Brucken fur Studenten.

Die Rezensenten der ersten beiden Auflagen uberschlugen sich."

Die Ursprunge mathematischen Denkens, d.h. die Bildung abstrakter Begriffe und die Herstellung von Beziehungen zwischen ihnen, liegen nach heutigem Wissen in den Hochkulturen Mesopotamiens und Agyptens im 4. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Hier beginnt der Autor seine Zeitreise durch die Mathematik und verfolgt ihre Geschichte bis in ausgehende 20. Jahrhundert. Mathematische Ideen, Methoden und Ergebnisse sowie die sie tragenden Menschen werden ebenso pragnant und lebendig geschildert, wie die Kulturen und das Umfeld, in denen Mathematik entstand und sich in Wechselwirkung mit der Gesellschaft entwickelte.

Ein spannendes Lesevergnugen fur Mathematiker und alle an Mathematik und seiner Geschichte als Teil unserer Kultur Interessierte

Der erste Band umfasst die Zeit von den Ursprungen bis zur Zeit der wissenschaftlichen Revolution des 17. Jahrhunderts.

Der zweite Band umfasst die Zeit von Euler bis zur Gegenwart."

1m Zusammenhang mit Vorarbeiten zu einer Biographie uber Heinz Hopf sind wir vor einigen Jahren im Archiv des Schweizerischen Schulrates auf bisher unbekannte Dokumente aus dem Jahre 1930 gestossen, wel- che die N achfolgeregelung von Hermann Weyl an der ETH betreffen und die in mehrfacher Hinsicht Interesse verdienen. Dies hat uns veran- lasst, an der ETH systematisch nach weiteren Dokumenten zu Hermann Weyl und zur Mathematik an der ETH aus der Zeit seiner Tiitigkeit in Zurich zu suchen. Versehen mit einem Rahmentext veroffentlichen wir hier eine Zusammenstellung dieser Dokumente, die bis anhin nur schwer oder uberhaupt nicht zugiinglich waren. Hermann Weyl bezeichnet im Ruckblick die 17 Jahre seiner Tatigkeit in Zurich als die "wohl wichtigsten und produktivsten" seines Lebens. In der Tat sind von ihm zwischen 1913 und 1930 acht Bucher und rund siebzig Arbeiten erschienen. In Zurich erreichten ihn auch zahlreiche Berufun- gen aus Deutschland und den USA. 1m Ruckblick spricht er von ihnen als von der "schlimmste[n] Plage" wiihrend dieser Zeit. Es schien uns eine reizvolle Aufgabe zu sein, die iiusseren Lebensumstiinde Hermann Weyls in Zurich zu verfolgen, die ihm eine so erfolgreiche Tiitigkeit ermoglicht haben. Die aufgefundenen Dokumente fugen sich dariiber hinaus auch zu einer Darstellung der personellen Entwicklung der Mathematik (und der theoretischen Physik) an der ETH in den Jahren 1913 bis 1930.

We all played tag when we were kids. What most of us don't realize is that this simple chase game is in fact an application of pursuit theory, and that the same principles of games like tag, dodgeball, and hide-and-seek are also at play in military strategy, high-seas chases by the Coast Guard, and even romantic pursuits. In "Chases and Escapes," Paul Nahin gives us the first complete history of this fascinating area of mathematics, from its classical analytical beginnings to the present day.

Drawing on game theory, geometry, linear algebra, target-tracking algorithms, and much more, Nahin also offers an array of challenging puzzles with their historical background and broader applications. "Chases and Escapes" includes solutions to all problems and provides computer programs that readers can use for their own cutting-edge analysis.

Now with a gripping new preface on how the Enola Gay escaped the shock wave from the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, this book will appeal to anyone interested in the mathematics that underlie pursuit and evasion.

Searching for small gaps between consecutive primes is one way to approach the twin primes conjecture, one of the most celebrated unsolved problems in number theory. This book documents the remarkable developments of recent decades, whereby an upper bound on the known gap length between infinite numbers of consecutive primes has been reduced to a tractable finite size. The text is both introductory and complete: the detailed way in which results are proved is fully set out and plenty of background material is included. The reader journeys from selected historical theorems to the latest best result, exploring the contributions of a vast array of mathematicians, including Bombieri, Goldston, Motohashi, Pintz, Yildirim, Zhang, Maynard, Tao and Polymath8. The book is supported by a linked and freely-available package of computer programs. The material is suitable for graduate students and of interest to any mathematician curious about recent breakthroughs in the field.

In diesem Band soll eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der ausseren Ent- wicklung der Mathematik an den deutschen Universitaten gegeben wer- den. Dazu gehoert insbesondere eine moeglichst vollstandige und verlassliche Aufstellung des Personalbestandes der mathematischen Lehrstuhle und In- stitute. Eine solche Zusammenfassung hat bisher nicht existiert, was die mathematik-historische Forschung in mancher Hinsicht erschwert hat. Der Schwerpunkt der Darstellung liegt auf der institutionellen Seite; der Band enthalt zwar viele biographische Daten, aber keine eigentlichen Biogra- phien. Vor und bei der Erstellung dieses Buches waren eine Reihe grundsatzli- cher Fragen und zahlreiche Detailprobleme zu klaren. Als erstes musste der behandelte Zeitraum festgelegt werden. Hier schien die Periode von 1800 bis 1945 eine naheliegende Wahl zu sein. Vor den Universitatsreformen zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts war die Mathematik an den Universitaten ganz unbedeutend; praktisch alle Professoren aus jener Zeit sind heute ver- gessen. Tatsachlich gilt dies auch noch fur die ersten Jahrzehnte des 19. Jahrhunderts, und ohne wesentlichen Verlust hatte man auch etwa 1830 beginnen koennen. Der gewahlte Zeitraum hat jedoch den Vorteil, dass der grosse Aufschwung der Universitaten allgemein und der Mathematik spe- ziell in der ersten Halfte des letzten Jahrhunderts deutlicher wird. Das Jahr 1945 stellt andererseits eine so einschneidende Zasur dar, dass es na- hezu zwingend war, die Darstellung hier abzuschliessen. Der enorme Ausbau des Universitatssystems ab den spaten funfziger Jahren musste einer weite- ren Publikation vorbehalten bleiben.

Mit den hier abgedruckten klassischen biographischen Texten der Autoren Dirichlet, Kummer, Hensel, Frobenius und Hilbert werden dem Leser Einblicke in Leben und Werk herausragender Wissenschaftler erAffnet. AuAerdem erhAlt er authentische Informationen A1/4ber den Wissenschaftsbereich des 19. Jahrhunderts. Fotos und bisher unverAffentlichte Archivalien komplettieren diesen von H. Reichardt, dem langjAhrigen Direktor an den Mathematischen Instituten der Humboldt-UniversitAt Berlin sowie der Akademie der Wissenschaften, herausgegebenen Band.

Who first presented Pascal's triangle? (It was not Pascal.) Who first presented Hamiltonian graphs? (It was not Hamilton.) Who first presented Steiner triple systems? (It was not Steiner.) The history of mathematics is a well-studied and vibrant area of research, with books and scholarly articles published on various aspects of the subject. Yet, the history of combinatorics seems to have been largely overlooked. This book goes some way to redress this and serves two main purposes: 1) it constitutes the first book-length survey of the history of combinatorics; and 2) it assembles, for the first time in a single source, researches on the history of combinatorics that would otherwise be inaccessible to the general reader. Individual chapters have been contributed by sixteen experts. The book opens with an introduction by Donald E. Knuth to two thousand years of combinatorics. This is followed by seven chapters on early combinatorics, leading from Indian and Chinese writings on permutations to late-Renaissance publications on the arithmetical triangle. The next seven chapters trace the subsequent story, from Euler's contributions to such wide-ranging topics as partitions, polyhedra, and latin squares to the 20th century advances in combinatorial set theory, enumeration, and graph theory. The book concludes with some combinatorial reflections by the distinguished combinatorialist, Peter J. Cameron. This book is not expected to be read from cover to cover, although it can be. Rather, it aims to serve as a valuable resource to a variety of audiences. Combinatorialists with little or no knowledge about the development of their subject will find the historical treatment stimulating. A historian of mathematics will view its assorted surveys as an encouragement for further research in combinatorics. The more general reader will discover an introduction to a fascinating and too little known subject that continues to stimulate and inspire the work of scholars today.

Both in science and in practical affairs we reason by combining facts only inconclusively supported by evidence. Building on an abstract understanding of this process of combination, this book constructs a new theory of epistemic probability. The theory draws on the work of A. P. Dempster but diverges from Depster's viewpoint by identifying his "lower probabilities" as epistemic probabilities and taking his rule for combining "upper and lower probabilities" as fundamental.

The book opens with a critique of the well-known Bayesian theory of epistemic probability. It then proceeds to develop an alternative to the additive set functions and the rule of conditioning of the Bayesian theory: set functions that need only be what Choquet called "monotone of order of infinity." and Dempster's rule for combining such set functions. This rule, together with the idea of "weights of evidence," leads to both an extensive new theory and a better understanding of the Bayesian theory. The book concludes with a brief treatment of statistical inference and a discussion of the limitations of epistemic probability. Appendices contain mathematical proofs, which are relatively elementary and seldom depend on mathematics more advanced that the binomial theorem.

The name Emmy Noether is one of the most celebrated in the history of mathematics. A brilliant algebraist and iconic figure for women in modern science, Noether exerted a strong influence on the younger mathematicians of her time and long thereafter; today, she is known worldwide as the "mother of modern algebra." Drawing on original archival material and recent research, this book follows Emmy Noether's career from her early years in Erlangen up until her tragic death in the United States. After solving a major outstanding problem in Einstein's theory of relativity, she was finally able to join the Goettingen faculty in 1919. Proving It Her Way offers a new perspective on an extraordinary career, first, by focusing on important figures in Noether's life and, second, by showing how she selflessly promoted the careers of several other talented individuals. By exploring her mathematical world, it aims to convey the personality and impact of a remarkable mathematician who literally changed the face of modern mathematics, despite the fact that, as a woman, she never held a regular professorship. Written for a general audience, this study uncovers the human dimensions of Noether's key relationships with a younger generation of mathematicians. Thematically, the authors took inspiration from their cooperation with the ensemble portraittheater Vienna in producing the play "Diving into Math with Emmy Noether." Four of the young mathematicians portrayed in Proving It Her Way - B.L. van der Waerden, Pavel Alexandrov, Helmut Hasse, and Olga Taussky - also appear in "Diving into Math."

Whenever the topic of mathematics is mentioned, people tend to indicate their weakness in the subject as a result of not having enjoyed its instruction during their school experience. Many students unfortunately do not have very positive experiences when learning mathematics, which can result from teachers who have a tendency 'to teach to the test'. This is truly unfortunate for several reasons. First, basic algebra and geometry, which are taken by almost all students, are not difficult subjects, and all students should be able to master them with the proper motivational instruction. Second, we live in a technical age, and being comfortable with basic mathematics can certainly help you deal with life's daily challenges. Other, less tangible reasons, are the pleasure one can experience from understanding the many intricacies of mathematics and its relation to the real world, experiencing the satisfaction of solving a mathematical problem, and discovering the intrinsic beauty and historical development of many mathematical expressions and relationships. These are some of the experiences that this book is designed to deliver to the reader.The book offers 101 mathematical gems, some of which may require a modicum of high school mathematics and others, just a desire to carefully apply oneself to the ideas. Many folks have spent years encountering mathematical terms, symbols, relationships and other esoteric expressions. Their origins and their meanings may never have been revealed, such as the symbols +, -, =, . oo, , , and many others. This book provides a delightful insight into the origin of mathematical symbols and popular theorems such as the Pythagorean Theorem and the Fibonacci Sequence, common mathematical mistakes and curiosities, intriguing number relationships, and some of the different mathematical procedures in various countries. The book uses a historical and cultural approach to the topics, which enhances the subject matter and greatly adds to its appeal. The mathematical material can, therefore, be more fully appreciated and understood by anyone who has a curiosity and interest in mathematics, especially if in their past experience they were expected to simply accept ideas and concepts without a clear understanding of their origins and meaning. It is hoped that this will cast a new and positive picture of mathematics and provide a more favorable impression of this most important subject and be a different experience than what many may have previously encountered. It is also our wish that some of the fascination and beauty of mathematics shines through in these presentations.

The Archimedes Palimpsest is the name given to a Byzantine prayer book that was written over a number of earlier manuscripts, including one that contained two unique works by Archimedes, unquestionably the greatest mathematician of antiquity. Sold at auction in 1998, it has since been the subject of a privately funded project to conserve, image, and transcribe its texts. Images and transcriptions of three of these manuscripts are provided here. The first contains seven treatises by Archimedes, including two unique texts, Method and Stomachion, as well as the only extant Greek version of Floating Bodies. Previously unknown speeches by Hyperides and a second- or third-century commentary on Aristotle's Categories follow. The product of ten years of conservation, imaging, and scholarship, this book will be of interest to manuscript scholars, classicists, and historians of science.

Die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen Richard Dedekinds (1831-1916), an dessen 150. Geburtstag dieser Gedenkband erinnern solI, sind jedem Mathematiker bekannt: Seine Begriindung der algebraischen Zahlen- theorie, die verbunden war mit der Ausarbeitung fundamentaler alge- braischer Begriffe, der Dedekindsche Schnitt, der die erste exakte Kon- sttuktion der reellen Zahlen und die Grundlegung der Analysis ermog- lichte, oder seine mit H. Weber entworfene Theorie der algebraischen Funktionenkorper gehoren zu den wichtigsten Fortschritten in der Mathematik des vorigen Jahrhunderts. 1m Zuge zunehmenden Interesses an geschichtlichen Entwicklungen und historischer Betrachtungsweise hat dariiber hinaus Dedekind in den letzten J ahren auch in besonderem Mage die Aufmerksamkeit der Mathematikhistoriker auf sich gezogen. Eine ganze Reihe von Arbeiten, die sich ausschlieglich oder wesentlich mit ihm und seinem Werk beschaftigen, sind in letzter Zeit erschienen. Dennoch ist unser Bild sowohl des Mathematikers als auch des Menschen Richard Dedekind bis heute unvollstandig und liickenhaft geblieben. Dies gilt vor allem rur den jungen Dedekind, der von 1854 bis 1871 fast nur kleinere Ge1egenheitsarbeiten publizierte, obwohl sich in diesen J ahren schon seine Hauptarbeitsgebiete und auch seine Auffassungen von der Mathematik und wie sie zu betreiben sei herausbildeten und festigten. Auch der bisher bekanntgewordene und publizierte Brief- wechsel stammt ganz iiberwiegend aus spaterer Zeit.

Numbers: A Cultural History provides students with a compelling interdisciplinary view of the development of mathematics and its relationship to world cultures over 4,500 years of human history. Mathematics is often referred to as a "universal language," and that is a fitting description. Many cultures have contributed to mathematics in fascinating ways, but despite its "universal" character, mathematics is also a human endeavor. It has played pivotal roles in societies at particular times; and it has influenced, and been influenced by, a wide range of ideas and institutions, from commerce to philosophy. Ancient Egyptian views of mathematics, for example, are tied closely to engineering and agriculture. Some European Renaissance views, on the other hand, relate the study of number to that of the natural world. Numbers, A Cultural History seeks to place the history of mathematics into a broad cultural context. While it treats mathematical material in detail, it also relates that material to other subject matter: science, philosophy, navigation, commerce, religion, art, and architecture. It examines how mathematical thinking grows in specific cultural settings and how it has shaped those settings in turn. It also explores the movement of ideas between cultures and the evolution of modern mathematics and the quantitative, data-driven world in which we live. Presents mathematics as a human endeavor, a product of human inquiry and human society Provides readers with a cumulative history of mathematics that draws on global cultures over time Places mathematics in multiple cultural contexts and demonstrates its relationship with other areas of thought Demonstrates the link between mathematical knowledge and such practical endeavors as timekeeping, navigation, and commerce Illustrates the movement of ideas between cultures and the complexity of intellectual history Explores the complex relationship between mathematics and technology over time and cultural space