1824 gelang einem jungen Norweger namens Niels Henrik Abel der endgultige Beweis, dass algebraische Gleichungen funften Grades im allgemeinen nicht durch Wurzeln auflosbar sind. In diesem Buch zeigt Peter Pesic auf, welche Bedeutung diesem Ereignis in der Geschichte des Denkens zukommt. Es ist aber auch eine bemerkenswerte menschliche Geschichte, denn Abel war einundzwanzig, als er seinen Beweis auf eigene Kosten veroffentlichte, und funf Jahre spater starb er, verarmt und deprimiert, kurz bevor sein Beweis begann, weite Anerkennung zu finden. Abels Versuche, die mathematische Elite seiner Zeit zu erreichen, erlebten eine verachtliche Abweisung; es war ihm nicht moglich, eine Anstellung zu finden, die es ihm erlaubte, in Ruhe zu arbeiten und seine Verlobte zu heiraten.

Aber Pesics Geschichte beginnt lange vor Abels Zeit und setzt sich bis zum heutigen Tage fort, denn Abels Beweis anderte die Art und Weise, wie wir uber Mathematik und ihren Bezug zur "wirklichen" Welt nachdenken.

Beginnend bei den Griechen, bei denen die Idee der mathematischen Beweise entstand, zeigt Pesic, wie die Mathematik ihre Ursprunge im realen Leben nahm (den Formen von Sachen, den Buchfuhrungsbedarf von

Kaufleuten) und dann uber diese Ursprunge hinaus auf etwas Umfassenderes zu zielen. Die Versuche der Pythagoraer, mit irrationalen Grossen umzugehen, kundigen das langsame Entstehen der abstrakten Mathematik an. Pesic konzentriert sich auf die umstrittene Entwicklung der Algebra - der sogar Newton widerstand - und der allmahlichen Anerkennung ihres Nutzens und ihrer Schonheit in der Abstraktrion, die Realitaten in Dimensionen jenseits menschlicher Erfahrung zu beschworen scheint. Pesic erzahlt diese Geschichte hauptsachlich als eine Geschichte der Ideen; mathematische Details werden ausserhalb des Haupttextes ausgefuhrt. Das Buch enthalt auch eine neue, kommentierte Ubersetzung von Abels originalem Beweis. "

This little book is conceived as a service to mathematicians attending the 1998 International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin. It presents a comprehensive, condensed overview of mathematical activity in Berlin, from Leibniz almost to the present day (without, however, including biographies of living mathematicians). Since many towering figures in mathematical history worked in Berlin, most of the chapters of this book are concise biographies. These are held together by a few survey articles presenting the overall development of entire periods of scientific life at Berlin. Overlaps between various chapters and differences in style between the chap ters were inevitable, but sometimes this provided opportunities to show different aspects of a single historical event - for instance, the Kronecker-Weierstrass con troversy. The book aims at readability rather than scholarly completeness. There are no footnotes, only references to the individual bibliographies of each chapter. Still, we do hope that the texts brought together here, and written by the various authors for this volume, constitute a solid introduction to the history of Berlin mathematics."

Die Tatsache, dass die Wissenschaft in immer zahlreichere Lebensbereiche eingreift, hat sie in den letzten Jahren vermehrt ins Rampenlicht des Affentlichen Bewusstseins treten lassen und dazu gefA1/4hrt, dass politische, wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche KrAfte ihre Autonomie in Frage stellen. Diese aktuelle Diskussion zu bereichern, ist das Anliegen dieses Bandes. Vertreter verschiedener Fachrichtungen untersuchen darin anhand konkreter Fallstudien, wie sich das VerhAltnis zwischen Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft vom Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart entwickelte. Sie zeigen, dass Wissenschaft zu keiner Zeit in einem gesellschaftlichen Vakuum betrieben wurde - und geben damit wertvolle DenkanstAsse fA1/4r die zukA1/4nftige Gestaltung dieser konflikttrAchtigen Beziehung. Aus dem Inhalt: - Wissenschaft an den UniversitAten des Mittelalters - Der Philosoph im 17. Jahrhundert. Selbstbild und gesellschaftliche Stellung - Wissenschaft und SozietAtsbewegung im 18. Jahrhundert - The Industrial Revolution and the Growth of Science - Fortschritt durch Wissenschaft. Die UniversitAten im 19. Jahrhundert - Physik und Physiker im Dritten Reich - Biologie und politische Macht - Wissenschaft im heutigen Europa: Aussichten und Probleme.

This book provides a way to understand a momentous development in human intellectual history: the phenomenon of deductive argument in classical Greek mathematics. The argument rests on a close description of the practices of Greek mathematics, principally the use of lettered diagrams and the regulated, formulaic use of language.

For the first time, the early eighteenth century biographical notices of Sir Isaac Newton have been compiled into one convenient volume. Eminent Newtonian scholar Rupert Hall brings together the five biographies on Newton from this period and includes commentary on each translation. The centerpiece of the volume is a new translation of Paolo Frisi's 1778 biography, which was the first such work on Newton ever published. This comprehensive work also includes the biographies of Newton by Fontenelle (1727), Thomas Birch (1738), Charles Hutton (1795), and John Conduitt, as well as a bibliography of Newton's works. This book is a valuable addition to the works on Newton and will be of extreme interest to historians of science, Newtonian scholars, and general readers with an interest in the history of one of the world's greatest scientific geniuses.

Ten amazing curves personally selected by one of today's most important math writers Curves for the Mathematically Curious is a thoughtfully curated collection of ten mathematical curves, selected by Julian Havil for their significance, mathematical interest, and beauty. Each chapter gives an account of the history and definition of one curve, providing a glimpse into the elegant and often surprising mathematics involved in its creation and evolution. In telling the ten stories, Havil introduces many mathematicians and other innovators, some whose fame has withstood the passing of years and others who have slipped into comparative obscurity. You will meet Pierre Bezier, who is known for his ubiquitous and eponymous curves, and Adolphe Quetelet, who trumpeted the ubiquity of the normal curve but whose name now hides behind the modern body mass index. These and other ingenious thinkers engaged with the challenges, incongruities, and insights to be found in these remarkable curves-and now you can share in this adventure. Curves for the Mathematically Curious is a rigorous and enriching mathematical experience for anyone interested in curves, and the book is designed so that readers who choose can follow the details with pencil and paper. Every curve has a story worth telling.

Evariste Galois' short life was lived against the turbulent background of the restoration of the Bourbons to the throne of France, the 1830 revolution in Paris and the accession of Louis-Phillipe. This new and scrupulously researched biography of the founder of modern algebra sheds much light on a life led with great intensity and a death met tragically under dark circumstances. Sorting speculation from documented fact, it offers the fullest and most exacting account ever written of Galois' life and work. It took more than seventy years to fully understand the French mathematician's first memoire (published in 1846) which formulated the famous "Galois theory" concerning the solvability of algebraic equations by radicals, from which group theory would follow. Obscurities in his other writings - memoires and numerous fragments of extant papers - persist and his ideas challenge mathematicians to this day. Thus scholars will welcome those chapters devoted specifically to explicating all aspects of Galois' work. A comprehensive bibliography enumerates studies by and also those about the mathematician.

..".a story of great mathematicians and their achievements, of practical successes and failures, and of human perfidy and generosity...this is one of the still too rare occasions in which mathematicians are shown as frail, flesh-and-blood creatures...a very worthwhile book." -CHOICE

For a long time, World War I has been shortchanged by the historiography of science. Until recently, World War II was usually considered as the defining event for the formation of the modern relationship between science and society. In this context, the effects of the First World War, by contrast, were often limited to the massive deaths of promising young scientists. By focusing on a few key places (Paris, Cambridge, Rome, Chicago, and others), the present book gathers studies representing a broad spectrum of positions adopted by mathematicians about the conflict, from militant pacifism to military, scientific, or ideological mobilization. The use of mathematics for war is thoroughly examined. This book suggests a new vision of the long-term influence of World War I on mathematics and mathematicians. Continuities and discontinuities in the structure and organization of the mathematical sciences are discussed, as well as their images in various milieux. Topics of research and the values with which they were defended are scrutinized. This book, in particular, proposes a more in-depth evaluation of the issue of modernity and modernization in mathematics. The issue of scientific international relations after the war is revisited by a close look at the situation in a few Allied countries (France, Britain, Italy, and the USA). The historiography has emphasized the place of Germany as the leading mathematical country before WWI and the absurdity of its postwar ostracism by the Allies. The studies presented here help explain how dramatically different prewar situations, prolonged interaction during the war, and new international postwar organizations led to attempts at redrafting models for mathematical developments.

The story of numbers is a rich, sweeping history that shows how our mathematical achievements contributed to the greatest innovations of civilization. Calvin Clawson, acclaimed author of Conquering Math Phobia, weaves a story of numbers that spans thousands of years. As Clawson so clearly shows, numbers are not only an intrinsic and essential thread in our modern lives, but have always been an integral part of the human psyche - knit into the very fabric of our identity as humans. Clawson travels back through time to the roots of the history of numbers. In exploring early human fascination with numbers, he unearths the clay beads, knotted ropes, and tablets used by our ancestors as counting tools. He then investigates how numeric symbols and concepts developed uniquely and independently in Meso-America, China, and Egypt. As he persuasively argues, the mathematical concepts that arose and flourished in the ancient world enabled the creation of architectural masterpieces as well as the establishment of vast trade networks. Continuing the journey, Clawson brings us to the elegant logic of numbers that soon came to distinguish itself as a discipline and the language of science. From the concepts of infinity contemplated by the Greeks to the complex numbers that are indispensable to scientists on the cutting edge of research today, Clawson breathes life and meaning into the history of great mathematical mysteries and problems. In this spirit of inquiry, he explores, in their times and places, the discovery of numbers that lie outside the province of counting, including irrational numbers, transcendentals, complex numbers, and the enormous transfinite numbers. The personalities and the creative feats surrounding each mathematical invention come alive vividly in Clawson's lucid prose. In this work of breathtaking scope, Clawson guides us through the wonders of numbers and illustrates their monumental impact on civilization.

The calculus has served for three centuries as the principal quantitative language of Western science. In the course of its genesis and evolution some of the most fundamental problems of mathematics were first con fronted and, through the persistent labors of successive generations, finally resolved. Therefore, the historical development of the calculus holds a special interest for anyone who appreciates the value of a historical perspective in teaching, learning, and enjoying mathematics and its ap plications. My goal in writing this book was to present an account of this development that is accessible, not solely to students of the history of mathematics, but to the wider mathematical community for which my exposition is more specifically intended, including those who study, teach, and use calculus. The scope of this account can be delineated partly by comparison with previous works in the same general area. M. E. Baron's The Origins of the Infinitesimal Calculus (1969) provides an informative and reliable treat ment of the precalculus period up to, but not including (in any detail), the time of Newton and Leibniz, just when the interest and pace of the story begin to quicken and intensify. C. B. Boyer's well-known book (1949, 1959 reprint) met well the goals its author set for it, but it was more ap propriately titled in its original edition-The Concepts of the Calculus than in its reprinting."

In the mid-eighteenth century, Swiss-born mathematician Leonhard Euler developed a formula so innovative and complex that it continues to inspire research, discussion, and even the occasional limerick. Dr. Euler's Fabulous Formula shares the fascinating story of this groundbreaking formula--long regarded as the gold standard for mathematical beauty--and shows why it still lies at the heart of complex number theory. In some ways a sequel to Nahin's An Imaginary Tale, this book examines the many applications of complex numbers alongside intriguing stories from the history of mathematics. Dr. Euler's Fabulous Formula is accessible to any reader familiar with calculus and differential equations, and promises to inspire mathematicians for years to come.

More than three centuries after its creation, calculus remains a dazzling intellectual achievement and the gateway to higher mathematics. This book charts its growth and development by sampling from the work of some of its foremost practitioners, beginning with Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the late seventeenth century and continuing to Henri Lebesgue at the dawn of the twentieth. Now with a new preface by the author, this book documents the evolution of calculus from a powerful but logically chaotic subject into one whose foundations are thorough, rigorous, and unflinching-a story of genius triumphing over some of the toughest, subtlest problems imaginable. In touring The Calculus Gallery, we can see how it all came to be.

From the reviews: "This collection of essays surveys the most important of Fisher's papers in various areas of statistics. ... ... the monograph will be a useful source of reference to most of Fisher's major papers; it will certainly provide background material for much vigorous discussion." #"Australian Journal of Statistics"#1

Die preisgekronte Biographie des norwegische Schriftstellers Atle Naess fuhrt den Leser auf eine fesselnde Reise durch die Hohen und Tiefen des Lebens einer der schillerndsten Personlichkeiten der europaischen Wissenschaftsgeschichte - Galileo Galilei. Mit feinsinniger Empathie entwickelt Naess das Portrait eines Mannes, der sich selbst durch die Zwange der romischen Inquisition nicht von seinen wegweisenden Forschungen abbringen liess.

Aus den Rezensionen der norwegischen Ausgabe:

"Mit umfassender Kenntnis und sicherem Erzahlstil hebt Naess die epochemachenden Arbeiten hervor, die die Grundlage der modernen experimentellen Naturwissenschaften bilden. Er packt all die vielen Stationen Galileis] Lebens in ein sehr lesenswertes Buch, das in vielerlei Hinsicht hervorsticht."

Per Anders Madsen, Aftenposten Morgen

"Diese Biographie stellt eine faszinierende kulturhistorische Studie dar und ist daher nicht nur fur Leser mit Interesse an Naturwissenschaft und Wissenschaftsgeschichte geeignet. Sie kann auch hervorragend als Roman gelesen werden."

Atle Abelsen, Teknisk Ukeblad

"

This book is something of a classic of the literature of the history of mathematics. It deals not with the men and women who made mathematics their life and work but with those significant figures who were primarily known for some other activity yet whose contributions to mathematics were of permanent value. With this lucid and hugely enjoyable survey, Professor Coolidge attempted to evaluate their mathematical discoveries in the light of what was known about their lives and circumstances. First published in 1949, it remains a valuable and highly scholarly introduction to these figures. Inevitably, modern scholarship has thrown new light on the subjects of this book. Rather than disrupt the overall flow of the book which is produced here unchanged, Professor Jeremy Gray has provided a short biographical note about Professor Coolidge and an introductory essay which discusses where new historical and mathematical material is now available. Thus, Professor Gray is able to describe both the strengths and flaws of this account and to discuss the new ways in which the history of mathematics is being re-evaluated.

I am very pleased that my books about David Hilbert, published in 1970, and Richard Courant, published in 1976, are now being issued by Springer Verlag in a single volume. I have always felt that they belonged together, Courant being, as I have written, the natural and necessary sequel to Hilbert the rest of the story. To make the two volumes more compatible when published as one, we have combined and brought up to date the indexes of names and dates. U nfortu nately we have had to omit Hermann Weyl's article on "David Hilbert and his mathematical work," but the interested reader can always find it in the hard back edition of Hilbert and in Weyl's collected papers. At the request of a number of readers we have included a listing of all of Hilbert's famous Paris problems. It was, of course, inevitable that we would give the resulting joint volume the title Hilbert-Courant."

STANISLAW MARCIN ULAM, or Stan as his friends called him, was one of those great creative mathematicians whose interests ranged not only over all fields of mathematics, but over the physical and biological sciences as well. Like his good friend "Johnny" von Neumann, and unlike so many of his peers, Ulam is unclassifiable as a pure or applied mathematician. He never ceased to find as much beauty and excitement in the applications of mathematics as in working in those rarefied regions where there is a total un concern with practical problems. In his Adventures of a Mathematician Ulam recalls playing on an oriental carpet when he was four. The curious patterns fascinated him. When his father smiled, Ulam remembers thinking: "He smiles because he thinks I am childish, but I know these are curious patterns. I know something my father does not know." The incident goes to the heart of Ulam's genius. He could see quickly, in flashes of brilliant insight, curious patterns that other mathematicians could not see. "I am the type that likes to start new things rather than improve or elaborate," he wrote. "I cannot claim that I know much of the technical material of mathematics."

Hermann Grassmann, Gymnasiallehrer in Stettin und bekannt als Begrunder der n-dimensionalen Vektoralgebra, erwarb sich auch in der Physik und der Sprachforschung bleibende Verdienste. Gestutzt auf die Dialektik Schleiermachers entwickelte er in seinem Hauptwerk, der Ausdehnungslehre, mit philosophischer Methode eine vollig neue mathematische Disziplin. Zunachst von der Fachwelt abgelehnt, wurde sein Werk Jahrzehnte spater als wegweisend gefeiert. Die Biographie geht dem komplexen Geflecht innerer und ausserer Einflusse nach, innerhalb derer Grassmann sein Schopfertum entfaltete."

The world around us is saturated with numbers. They are a fundamental pillar of our modern society, and accepted and used with hardly a second thought. But how did this state of affairs come to be? In this book, Leo Corry tells the story behind the idea of number from the early days of the Pythagoreans, up until the turn of the twentieth century. He presents an overview of how numbers were handled and conceived in classical Greek mathematics, in the mathematics of Islam, in European mathematics of the middle ages and the Renaissance, during the scientific revolution, all the way through to the mathematics of the 18th to the early 20th century. Focusing on both foundational debates and practical use numbers, and showing how the story of numbers is intimately linked to that of the idea of equation, this book provides a valuable insight to numbers for undergraduate students, teachers, engineers, professional mathematicians, and anyone with an interest in the history of mathematics.

In a broad sense Design Science is the grammar of a language of images rather than of words. Modern communication techniques enable us to transmit and reconstitute images without the need of knowing a specific verbal sequential language such as the Morse code or Hungarian. International traffic signs use international image symbols which are not specific to any particular verbal language. An image language differs from a verbal one in that the latter uses a linear string of symbols, whereas the former is multidimensional. Architectural renderings commonly show projections onto three mutually perpendicular planes, or consist of cross sections at differ ent altitudes representing a stack of floor plans. Such renderings make it difficult to imagine buildings containing ramps and other features which disguise the separation between floors; consequently, they limit the creativity of the architect. Analogously, we tend to analyze natural structures as if nature had used similar stacked renderings, rather than, for instance, a system of packed spheres, with the result that we fail to perceive the system of organization determining the form of such structures.

Hochschulunterricht f r Mathematiker ist meist abstrakt und f hrt vom Allgemeinen zum Speziellen. Dieses Lehrbuch verf hrt umgekehrt - von zwei Spezialf llen zur Allgemeinheit. Es erl utert zun chst Beweise der abstrakten Algebra am konkreten Beispiel der Matrizen und beleuchtet dann die Elementargeometrie. So bereitet es Lernende auf die "geometrische" Sprache der linearen Algebra am Ende des Buches vor. Plus: Beispiele, historische Kommentare.

The volume is the first collection of essays that focuses on Gottlob Frege's Basic Laws of Arithmetic (1893/1903), highlighting both the technical and the philosophical richness of Frege's magnum opus. It brings together twenty-two renowned Frege scholars whose contributions discuss a wide range of topics arising from both volumes of Basic Laws of Arithmetic. The original chapters in this volume make vivid the importance and originality of Frege's masterpiece, not just for Frege scholars but for the study of the history of logic, mathematics, and philosophy.

In his monumental 1687 work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, known familiarly as the Principia, Isaac Newton laid out in mathematical terms the principles of time, force, and motion that have guided the development of modern physical science. Even after more than three centuries and the revolutions of Einsteinian relativity and quantum mechanics, Newtonian physics continues to account for many of the phenomena of the observed world, and Newtonian celestial dynamics is used to determine the orbits of our space vehicles. This authoritative, modern translation by I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman, the first in more than 285 years, is based on the 1726 edition, the final revised version approved by Newton; it includes extracts from the earlier editions, corrects errors found in earlier versions, and replaces archaic English with contemporary prose and up-to-date mathematical forms. Newton's principles describe acceleration, deceleration, and inertial movement; fluid dynamics; and the motions of the earth, moon, planets, and comets. A great work in itself, the Principia also revolutionized the methods of scientific investigation. It set forth the fundamental three laws of motion and the law of universal gravity, the physical principles that account for the Copernican system of the world as emended by Kepler, thus effectively ending controversy concerning the Copernican planetary system. The illuminating Guide to Newton's Principia by I. Bernard Cohen makes this preeminent work truly accessible for today's scientists, scholars, and students. Designed with collectors in mind, this deluxe edition has faux leather binding covered with a beautiful dustjacket.