The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

In this thesis, the author investigates experimentally and numericallythe fracture behavior of an electron beam welded joint made fromtwo butt S355 plates. The 2D Rousselier model, the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model and the cohesive zone model (CZM) wereadopted to predict the crack propagation of thick compact tension (CT)specimens. Advantages and disadvantages of the three mentioned modelsare discussed. The cohesive zone model is suggested as it is easy to usefor scientists & engineers because the CZM has less model parametersand can be used to simulate arbitrary crack propagation. The resultsshown in this thesis help to evaluate the fracture behavior of a metallicmaterial. A 3D optical deformation measurement system (ARAMIS) andthe synchrotron radiation-computed laminography (SRCL) techniquereveal for the first time the damage evolution on the surface of the sampleand inside a thin sheet specimen obtained from steel S355. Damageevolution by void initiation, growth and coalescence are visualized in2D and 3D laminographic images. Two fracture types, i.e., a flat crackpropagation originated from void initiation, growth and coalescenceand a shear coalescence mechanism are visualized in 2D and 3D imagesof laminographic data, showing the complexity of real fracture. Inthe dissertation, the 3D Rousselier model is applied for the first timesuccessfully to predict different microcrack shapes before shear cracksarise by defining the finite elements in front of the initial notch withinhomogeneous f0-values. The influence of the distribution of inclusionson the fracture shape is also discussed. For the analyzed material, ahomogeneous distribution of particles in the material provides thehighest resistance to fracture.

With this volume, Ezequiel P. M. Leiva and co-authors fill a gap in the available literature, by providing a much-needed, comprehensive review of the relevant literature for electrochemists, materials scientists and energy researchers. For the first time, they present applications of underpotential deposition (UPD) on the nanoscale, such as nanoparticles and nanocavities, as well as for electrocatalysis. They also discuss real surface determinations and layer-by-layer growth of ultrathin films, as well as the very latest modeling approaches to UPD based on nanothermodynamics, statistical mechanics, molecular dynamics and Monte-Carlo simulations.

This excellent volume combines a great deal of data only previously available from many different sources into a single, informative volume. It presents evaporation technology as it exists today. Although evaporation is one of the oldest unit operations, it is also an area with dramatic changes in the last quarter century. Although other methods of separation are available, evaporation remains the best process for many applications. All factors must be evaluated in order to select the best evaporator type. This book will be extremely useful in evaluating and deciding which evaporation technology will meet a particular set of requirements.

This volume consists of 15 chapters and focuses on hazardous chemicals, how they are associated with plastics, and their environmental risks. It includes background information on plastics and additives chemistry, and their observed or potential effects on living organisms as well as the oceanographic aspects of marine debris dispersion. The respective chapters provide insights into the sorption/desorption of chemicals in and out of plastics, the mechanisms and kinetics, but also the scale of the concentrations of chemicals found in marine debris, particularly in microplastics. The occurrence of the various chemicals is analyzed, as well as the distribution profiles of the chemicals in microplastics throughout the world's oceans. The implications of the fact that plastics carry within them several chemicals are discussed in detail. In closing, new research topics that warrant further attention are identified. The book will appeal to all scientists who are already working or interested in starting to work on the topic of marine debris, as well as policymakers, NGOs and the broader informed public.

This books presents a current look at friction stir welding technology from application to characterization and from modeling to R&D. It is a compilation of the recent progress relating to friction stir technologies including derivative technologies, high-temperature applications, industrial applications, dissimilar alloy/materials, lightweight alloys, simulation, and characterization. With contributions from leaders and experts in industry and academia, this will be a comprehensive source for the field of Friction Stir Welding and Processing.

The papers in this collection cover a diverse range of topics on the topic of fatigue of materials. The editors have grouped the papers into five sections. Sections 1 and 2 contain papers that (i) review the current state of knowledge both related and relevant to the subject of fatigue behavior of materials, and (ii) present new, innovative, and emerging techniques for experimental evaluation of the fatigue behavior. Sections 3 and 4 focus on advanced materials that are used in performance-critical applications in the aerospace and automotive industries, such as the alloys of titanium, nickel, aluminum, and magnesium. Section 5 presents papers relating to other materials of engineering interest, such as iron and steel, polymer, rubber, and composites.

This collection gives broad and up-to-date results in the research and development of materials characterization and processing. Coverage is well-rounded from minerals, metals, and materials characterization and developments in extraction to the fabrication and performance of materials. In addition, topics as varied as structural steels to electronic materials to plant-based composites are explored. The latest research presented in this wide area make this book both timely and relevant to the materials science field as a whole. The book explores scientific processes to characterize materials using modern technologies, and focuses on the interrelationships and interdependence among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. Topics covered include ferrous materials, non-ferrous materials, minerals, ceramics, clays, soft materials, method development, processing, corrosion, welding, solidification, composites, extraction, powders, nanomaterials, advanced materials, and several others.

The series Topics in Organometallic Chemistry presents critical overviews of research results in organometallic chemistry. As our understanding of organometallic structure, properties and mechanisms increases, new ways are opened for the design of organometallic compounds and reactions tailored to the needs of such diverse areas as organic synthesis, medical research, biology and materials science. Thus the scope of coverage includes a broad range of topics in pure and applied organometallic chemistry, where new breakthroughs are being achieved that are of significance to a larger scientific audience. The individual volumes of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry are thematic. Review articles are generally invited by the volume editors.

This book presents the relationships between tensile damage and fracture, fatigue hysteresis loops, stress-rupture, fatigue life and fatigue limit stress, and stochastic loading stress. Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) possess low material density (i.e., only 1/4 - 1/3 of high-temperature alloy) and high-temperature resistance, which can reduce cooling air and improve structure efficiency. Understanding the failure mechanisms and internal damage evolution represents an important step to ensure reliability and safety of CMCs. This book investigates damage and fracture of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) subjected to stochastic loading, including: (1) tensile damage and fracture of fiber-reinforced CMCs subjected to stochastic loading; (2) fatigue hysteresis loops of fiber-reinforced CMCs subjected to stochastic loading; (3) stress rupture of fiber-reinforced CMCs with stochastic loading at intermediate temperature; (4) fatigue life prediction of fiber-reinforced CMCs subjected to stochastic overloading stress at elevated temperature; and (5) fatigue limit stress prediction of fiber-reinforced CMCs with stochastic loading. This book helps the material scientists and engineering designers to understand and master the damage and fracture of ceramic-matrix composites under stochastic loading.

The series Topics in Organometallic Chemistry presents critical overviews of research results in organometallic chemistry. As our understanding of organometallic structure, properties and mechanisms increases, new ways are opened for the design of organometallic compounds and reactions tailored to the needs of such diverse areas as organic synthesis, medical research, biology and materials science. Thus the scope of coverage includes a broad range of topics of pure and applied organometallic chemistry, where new breakthroughs are being achieved that are of significance to a larger scientific audience. The individual volumes of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry are thematic. Review articles are generally invited by the volume editors.

This book introduces the concept, design and application of green biocomposites, with a specific focus on the current demand for green biocomposites for automotive and aerospace components. It discusses the mathematical background, innovative approaches to physical modelling, analysis and design techniques. Including numerous illustrations, tables, case studies and exercises, the text summarises current research in the field. It is a valuable reference resource for researchers, students and scientists working in the field of materials science.

Where does a wannabe miner or established individual operator get the information to create a small yet highly profitable mining company? When author A R C Matuska searched for simple, practical mining books and information about the industry, he found high-powered studies, academic theses and computer modeling. In short, nothing of use to the small, practical mine operator. The best information he found was in booklets aimed at ex-servicemen after World War II, encouraging them to take up mining in the British colonies in Africa. Since then, there has not been much written in such a useful and practical manner. To answer this need, a veritable goldmine of information is included in the book Practical Mining and Gold Processing for the Small Scale Operator. Where does a newcomer to the industry find out how to sample and calculate a potential resource and plan his mining business? Where does he get the information to run a small ball mill or stamp mill? How does he set up and dress a simple amalgam plate, retort some amalgam or make up a retort, and calculate the percentage of gold in bullion? Where does a small operator find out how to set up a low-cost cyanide plant and its running procedures? And how does he improve mining and blasting efficiencies? This book provides practical applications and solutions to get you started in one of the most diverse, profitable and interesting industries. It is indexed in detail so information can be easily found without sifting through realms of data. A R C Matuska is a career miner. He owns and consults for several mining properties in East and Central Africa. Publisher's website: http: //sbpra.com/ARCMatuska

This book covers the most recent advances in the deformation and fracture behaviour of polymer material. It provides deeper insight into related morphology-property correlations of thermoplastics, elastomers and polymer resins. Each chapter of this book gives a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art methods of materials testing and diagnostics, tailored for plastic pipes, films and adhesive systems as well as elastomeric components and others. The investigation of deformation and fracture behaviour using the experimental methods of fracture mechanics has been the subject of intense research during the last decade. In a systematic manner, modern aspects of fracture mechanics in the industrial application of polymers for bridging basic research and industrial development are illustrated by multifarious examples of innovative materials usage. This book will be of value to scientists, engineers and in polymer materials science.

Catalyst/Polymerization: Model Silica Supported Olefin Polymerization Catalysts (J.P. Blitz). Statistical Propagation Models for ZieglerNatta Polymerization (H.N. Cheng). Supported Catalysts in Stirred Bed Gas Phase Reactors (K.D. Hungenberg, M. Kersting). Functionalization: Functional Polyolefins Prepared by Borane Research (T.C. Chung). Synthesis of PolyolefinPMMA Graft Copolymers (T.C. Chung et al.). Supported Lewis Acid Catalysts Based on Polyolefin Thermoplastics (T.C. Chung, A. Kumar). Characterization: Structure, Crystallization, and Melting of Linear, Branched, and Copolymerized Polyethylenes as Revealed by Fractionation Methods and DSC (V.B.F. Mathot). Development of High Performance TREF for Polyolefin Analysis (L. Wild, C. Blatz). NMR Analysis of Multicomponent Polyolefins (H.N. Chang). Polyolefin Blends and Composites: PolyethyleneCopolymer Blends (B. Crist, J. Rhee). Interphase Design in Cellulose Fiber/Polypropylene Composites (P. Gatenholm, J.M. Felix). 7 additional articles. Index.

This book gathers the best papers presented at the Third Italian National Conference on Sensors, held in Rome, Italy, from 23 to 25 February 2016. The book represents an invaluable and up-to-the-minute tool, providing an essential overview of recent findings, strategies and new directions in the area of sensor research. Further, it addresses various aspects based on the development of new chemical, physical or biological sensors, assembling and characterization, signal treatment and data handling. Lastly, the book applies electrochemical, optical and other detection strategies to relevant issues in the food and clinical environmental areas, as well as industry-oriented applications.

The book describes the basic principles of transforming nano-technology into nano-engineering with a particular focus on chemical engineering fundamentals. This book provides vital information about differences between descriptive technology and quantitative engineering for students as well as working professionals in various fields of nanotechnology. Besides chemical engineering principles, the fundamentals of nanotechnology are also covered along with detailed explanation of several specific nanoscale processes from chemical engineering point of view. This information is presented in form of practical examples and case studies that help the engineers and researchers to integrate the processes which can meet the commercial production. It is worth mentioning here that, the main challenge in nanostructure and nanodevices production is nowadays related to the economic point of view. The uniqueness of this book is a balance between important insights into the synthetic methods of nano-structures and nanomaterials and their applications with chemical engineering rules that educates the readers about nanosclale process design, simulation, modelling and optimization. Briefly, the book takes the readers through a journey from fundamentals to frontiers of engineering of nanoscale processes and informs them about industrial perspective research challenges, opportunities and synergism in chemical Engineering and nanotechnology. Utilising this information the readers can make informed decisions on their career and business.

Contained in this dictionary is a selection of the most frequently used terms in pulp and papermaking. It is intended to provide scientists, R & D workers, students, technologists and international trade experts with a vocabulary of terms relating to pulping and papermaking technologies, cellulose and paper chemistry, properties of pulp and paper mills. It also includes terms related to pulpwood and other raw materials for pulping and to operations for converting paper and board.

Several reasons are behind formation of odors in materials, including the following:

The above reasons are analyzed for different materials to find out the best methods to prevent odor formation. The book also contains information on testing of odor changes, relationship between odor and toxicity, and the selection of raw materials for fog-free products. The first book in this field, the "Handbook of Odors inMaterials" is needed by anyone interested inmaterials.
The first book of its kind in this fieldAnalyzes the reasons behind odor formation and provides the best methods to prevent odors in various materialsContains information on testing of odor changes and the relationship between odor and toxicity"

This book exhibits novel semiconductor black phosphorous (BP) materials that are developed beyond other 2D materials (graphene and TMDs). It accurately reviews their manufacture strategies, properties, characterization techniques and different utilizations of BP-based materials. It clarifies all perspectives alongside down to earth applications which present a future direction in the biomedical, photo, environmental, energy, and other related fields. Hence, the sections accentuate the basic fundamentals, synthesis, properties, applications, state-of-the-art studies about the BP-based materials through detailed reviews. This book is the result of commitments by numerous experts in the field from various backgrounds and expertise. It will appeal to researchers, scientists and in addition understudies from various teaches, for example, semiconductor innovation, energy and environmental science. The book content incorporates industrial applications and fills the gap between the exploration works in the lab and viable applications in related ventures.

This book mainly focuses on the solar energy conversion with the nanomaterials. It describes the applications on two dimensional carbon nanomaterials: graphene and graphdiyne. Also, works on conductive polymer and bio-inspired material is included. The work described here is the first few reports on the applications of graphene, which becomes one of the hottest materials nowadays. This work also proves and studies the charge transfer between the semi-conductor and graphene interface, which is benefit to the applications in solar cells and photocatalysis. At the same time, method to synthesize and assemble the given nanomaterials (TiO2 nanosheets, gold nanoparticles, graphene, PS-PAA, PANI) is detailed, which is easier to the readers to repeat the experiments.