|
Books > Science & Mathematics > Chemistry > Inorganic chemistry
In the future, many modern materials will be increasingly based on
the assembly of preformed molecular entities. Their structural
characteristics and functional prop- ties will be programmed at the
molecular level and their formation as a completed entity will be
achieved by self-assembly processes. This in essence is a bottom-up
approach and its success will require a deep understanding not only
of the chemistry of intermolecular interactions and associations
but also of self-assembly processes in the condensed phase. Among
various interesting innovations brought about by the development of
supramolecular chemistry, supramolecular synthesis is a part-
ularly powerful approach for the design and generation of molecular
architectures displaying both structural and functional complexity.
The combination of mol- ular synthesis (which allows chemists to
design and prepare extremely sophis- cated biotic and abiotic
molecules through the interconnection of atoms or group of atoms by
strong covalent bonds) and supramolecular synthesis (which orch-
trates the association of molecules by recognition processes
through the use of weak and reversible interactions) opens up
endless structural and functional possibilities. Following the
perceptive observation by Dunitz that "A crystal is, in a sense,
the supramolecule par excellence", molecular crystals may be seen
as in?nite periodic architectures resulting from the
interconnection of building blocks or tectons ca- ble of
self-assembling through speci?c recognising events.
The?rsttwovolumesinthis"TemplatesinChemistry"serieshavefocused on
templates that controlsolution-phase reactions. Among the templates
d- cussed in these two volumes were convex and concave templates
that mediate the formation of (macro)cyclic molecules and
mechanically bound molecules withtheir intriguingintertwined
topology.Also,three-dimensional templates that are used to imprint
polymers and that organize compounds in the solid state for
predestined reactions have been included in the earlier volumes. In
the present volume, we extend thetemplate topologytosurfaces that
act
asmatricesforthecontrolledgrowthoftwo-dimensionalarrays.Naturally,the
typical methods for the characterization of surfaces such as
scanning probe microscopyare prominently represented in this
volume.
Differentlateralinteractionssuchascoordinativebondsorhydrogenbo-
ing play a major role in assembling the 2D networks on surfaces in
addition to the interaction of the samples with the underlying
substrates. Many p- nomena that are also encountered in solution
can be directly visualized on surfaces: Reversible self-assembly
processes lead to the formation of large structures through
multiple recognition of small building blocks and cul- nate in the
engineering of crystals in two dimensions. Self-sorting processes
drive the formation of highly ordered arrays through the geometric
?t of the available components. Either the surface itself is the
template, for example, when clusters grow on metal oxide ?lms, or
colloidal templates control the formationof
macroporousnetworksonthe substrate. This volume highlightsa
selection of actual complementary aspects of s-
facetemplates.Webelievethatthescopeandthevarietyoftopicscoveredinthis
volume will attract readers fromdifferent communities such as
supramole-
larchemistry,materialsciences,surfacechemistry,surfacephysicsandsurface
technologyandwehopetheywillenjoythisnewvolumeonTemplatesinCh-
istry.
In order to meet the ever-increasing demands for enantiopure
compounds, heteroge- ous, homogeneous and enzymatic catalysis
evolved independently in the past. Although all three approaches
have yielded industrially viable processes, the latter two are the
most widely used and can be regarded as complementary in many
respects. Despite the progress in structural, computational and
mechanistic studies, however, to date there is no universal recipe
for the optimization of catalytic processes. Thus, a
trial-and-error approach remains predominant in catalyst discovery
and optimization. With the aim of complementing the
well-established fields of homogeneous and enzymatic catalysis,
organocatalysis and artificial metalloenzymes have enjoyed a recent
revival. Artificial metalloenzymes, which are the focus of this
book, result from comb- ing an active but unselective
organometallic moiety with a macromolecular host. Kaiser and
Whitesides suggested the possibility of creating artificial
metallo- zymes as long ago as the late 1970s. However, there was a
widespread belief that proteins and organometallic catalysts were
incompatible with each other. This severely hampered research in
this area at the interface between homogeneous and enzymatic
catalysis. Since 2000, however, there has been a growing interest
in the field of artificial metalloenzymes for enantioselective
catalysis. The current state of the art and the potential for
future development are p- sented in five well-balanced chapters. G.
Roelfes, B. Feringa et al. summarize research relying on DNA as a
macromolecular host for enantioselective catalysis.
V.W.-W. Yam, K.M.-C. Wong: Luminescent Molecular Rods - Transition
Metal Alkynyl Complexes.- D.K. James, M. Tour: Molecular Wires.- C.
Chiorboli, M.T. Indelli, F. Scandola: Photoinduced Electron/Energy
Transfer Across Molecular Bridges in Binuclear Metal Complexes.-
E.A. Weiss, M.R. Wasielewski, M.A. Ratner: Molecules as Wires:
Molecule-Assisted Movement of Charge and Energy.- F.C. Grozema,
L.D.A. Siebbeles, G.H. Gelinck, J.M. Warman: The Opto-Electronic
Properties of Isolated Phenylenevinylene Molecular Wires
Despite the fact that chemical applications of ultrasound are now
widely acknowledged, a detailed presentation of inorganic systems
covering nano-particles, catalysis, aqueous chemistry of metallic
solutions and their redox characteristics, both from a theoretical
and experimental perspective has eluded researchers of this field.
Theoretical and Experimental Sonochemistry Involving Inorganic
Systems fills this gap and presents a concise and thorough review
of this fascinating area of Sonochemistry in a single volume.
F.P. Schmidtchen: Artificial Host Molecules for the Sensing of
Anions.- I. Stibor, P. Zlatuskova Chiral Recognition of Anions.- P.
Lhotak: Anion Receptors Based on Calixarenes.- F. Davis, S.D.
Collyer, S.P.J. Higson: The Construction and Operation of Anion
Sensors - Current Status and Future Perspectives.- P.D. Beer, S.R.
Bayly: Anion Sensing by Metal-Based Receptors.- C. Suksai, T.
Tuntutlani: Chromogenetic Anion Sensors.- R.J.T. Houk, S.L. Tobey,
E.V. Anslyn: Abiotic Guanidinium Receptors for Anion Molecular
Recognition and Sensing
Molecular- and Nano-Tubes summarizes recent advancements in the
synthesis, fabrication and applications of tubular structures. An
interdisciplinary overview of innovative science focused on tubular
structures is provided. The reader is offered an overview of the
different fields that molecular and nano tubes appear in, in order
to learn the fundamental basics as well as the applications of
these materials. This book also: Shows how nanotechnology creates
novel materials by crossing the barriers between biology and
material science, electronics and optics, medicine and more
Demonstrates that tubes are a fundamental element in nature and
used in disparate applications such as ion channels and carbon
nanotubes Molecular- and Nano-Tubes is an ideal volume for
researchers and engineers working in materials science and
nanotechnology.
Chemical sensors are in high demand for applications as varied as
water pollution detection, medical diagnostics, and battlefield air
analysis. Designing the next generation of sensors requires an
interdisciplinary approach. The book provides a critical analysis
of new opportunities in sensor materials research that have been
opened up with the use of combinatorial and high-throughput
technologies, with emphasis on experimental techniques. For a view
of component selection with a more computational perspective,
readers may refer to the complementary volume of Integrated
Analytical Systems edited by M. Ryan et al., entitled
"Computational Methods for Sensor Material Selection".
Fiberglass and Glass Technology: Energy-Friendly Compositions and
Applications provides a detailed overview of fiber, float and
container glass technology with special emphasis on energy- and
environmentally-friendly compositions, applications and
manufacturing practices which have recently become available and
continue to emerge. Energy-friendly compositions are variants of
incumbent fiberglass and glass compositions that are obtained by
the reformulation of incumbent compositions to reduce the viscosity
and thereby the energy demand. Environmentally-friendly
compositions are variants of incumbent fiber, float and container
glass compositions that are obtained by the reformulation of
incumbent compositions to reduce environmentally harmful emissions
from their melts. Energy- and environmentally-friendly compositions
are expected to become a key factor in the future for the
fiberglass and glass industries. This book consists of two
complementary sections: continuous glass fiber technology and
soda-lime-silica glass technology. Important topics covered
include: o Commercial and experimental compositions and products o
Design of energy- and environmentally-friendly compositions o
Emerging glass melting technologies including plasma melting o
Fiberglass composite design and engineering o Emerging fiberglass
applications and markets Fiberglass and Glass Technology:
Energy-Friendly Compositions and Applications is written for
researchers and engineers seeking a modern understanding of glass
technology and the development of future products that are more
energy- and environmentally-friendly than current products.
It is presently well recognized that total concentrations of trace
elements in any environmental compartment supply insufficient
information to understand important phenomena. The distinction and
separate analysis of specific chemical species are essential for
understanding cycles in the aquatic environment, involving
identification and quantification of sources, transport pathways,
distributions and sinks, or, in the area of interactions between
trace elements and organisms to understand uptake, distribution,
excretion mechanisms and effects. In the past, various ways have
been developed to determine the nature and extent of complexation
of trace elements in natural systems. Approaches have been followed
along very different lines. These have not always been fully
appreciated by specialists working in even related fields of
complexation research. The first International Symposium on the
Complexation of Trace metals in Natural Waters was held at the
Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ, Texel, the
Netherlands from 2-6 May 1983. The scientific programme was planned
by the chief organizers Drs. C.J.M. Kramer and J.C. Duinker (NIOZ)
together with Prof. Dr. H.W. Nurnberg (Kernforschungsanlage,
Julich, Federal Republic of Germany) and Dr. M. Branica (Rudjer
Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Yugoslavia).
The contributors to this volume study macroscopic flow properties
and molecular mobility in complex liquids with high internal
mobility and a highly anisotropic molecular shape. Particular
attention is paid to the wide variety of experimental approaches,
in theory as well as in computer simulation of these difficult but
very important problems. The contributions are of interest to
researchers in physics as well as in engineering and chemistry.
Our understanding of the basic processes of crystal growth has
meanwhile reached the level of maturity at least in the
phenomenological concepts. This concerns for example the growth of
pure crystals from a low-density nutrient phase like vapor or
dilute solution with various aspects of pattern formation like
spiral and layer growth, facetting and roughening, and the
stability of smooth macroscopic shapes, as well as basic mechanisms
of impurity incorporation in melt growth of (in this sense) simple
materials like silicon or organic model substances. In parallel the
experimental techniques to quantitatively ana lyze the various
growth mechanisms have also reached a high level of reproducibility
and precision, giving reliable tests on theoretical predictions.
These basic concepts and appli cations to experiments have been
recently reviewed by one of us (A. A. C. ) in "Modern
Crystallography III. Crystal Growth" (Springer Series on Solid
State Sciences, 1983). It has to be emphasized, however, that for
practical applications we are still unable to quantitatively
calculate many important parameters like kinetic coefficients from
first principles. For mixed systems such as complex oxides,
solutions and systems with chemi cal reactions, our degree of
understanding is even lower. As a few examples for present
achievements we note that experiments with vapour and molecular
beam condensation of alkali halides confirmed the qualitatively
predicted mechanisms of screw dislocations and two-dimensional
nucleation for layer-growth.
Organometallic Ion Chemistry features eight chapters, written by
acknowledged authorities, covering the gas-phase chemistry of
organometallic ions. Topics covered include: periodic trends in
gas-phase thermochemistry of transition metal-ligand systems; ab
initio calculations to determine electronic structure, geometric
structure, and thermochemistry of metal-containing systems;
electronic state effects on metal ion reactivity; organometallic
ion photochemistry; applications of gas-phase electron transfer
equilibria in organometallic redox thermochemistry. Also included
are state of the art mass spectrometric instrumentation used in
such studies. Finally, the book features - for the first time in
one place - a comprehensive list (containing over 1500 entries) of
metal ion-ligand bond energies, obtained from theory and
experiment. An invaluable reference source for ion chemists,
organometallic chemists and surface chemists, at both expert and
graduate student levels.
Dr. Alan Williams has acquired a considerable experience in work
with transition metal complexes at the Universities of Cambridge
and Geneva. In this book he has tried to avoid the variety of
ephemeral and often contradictory rationalisations encountered in
this field, and has made a careful comparison of modern opinions
about chemical bond ing. In my opinion this effort is fruitful for
all students and active scientists in the field of inorganic
chemistry. The distant relations to group theory, atomic
spectroscopy and epistemology are brought into daylight when Dr.
Williams critically and pedagogic ally compares quantum chemical
models such as molecular orbital theory, the more specific L. C. A.
O. description and related "ligand field" theory, the valence bond
treat ment (which has conserved great utility in antiferromagnetic
systems with long inter nuclear distances), and discusses
interesting, but not too well-defined concepts such as
electronegativity (also derived from electron transfer spectra),
hybridisation, and oxid ation numbers. The interdisciplinary
approach of the book shows up in the careful consideration given to
many experimental techniques such as vibrational (infra-red and
Raman), elec tronic (visible and ultraviolet), Mossbauer, magnetic
resonance, and photoelectron spectra, with data for gaseous and
solid samples as well as selected facts about solution chemistry.
The book could not have been written a few years ago, and is likely
to re main a highly informative survey of modern inorganic
chemistry and chemical physicS. Geneva, January 1979 C. K.
In this comprehensive text a systematic numerical and analytical
treatment of the procedures for reducing complicated systems to a
simplified reaction mechanism is presented. The results of applying
the reduced reaction mechanism to a one-dimensional laminar flame
are discussed. A set of premixed and non-premixed methane-air
flames with simplified transport and skeletal chemistry are
employed as test problems that are used later on to evaluate the
results and assumptions in reduced reaction networks. The first
four chapters form a short tutorial on the procedures used in
formulating the test problems and in reducing reaction mechanisms
by applying steady-state and partial-equilibrium approximations.
The final six chapters discuss various aspects of the reduced
chemistry problem for premixed and nonpremixed combustion.
This formula index contains the compounds of all three volumes. The
molecular formulae show metal atoms first, followed by carbon,
hydrogen, and other nonmetal atoms arranged alphabetically. The
monometallic and homo- polymetallic compounds are followed by
hetero-bimetallic, -trimetallic, and -polymetallic compounds.
Heterometallic compounds are listed under each metal. To make the
use of the index easier, for the most part, simplified linear
structural formulae are given after the molecular formulae. In the
case of compounds containing complicated structures, such as fused
carbocyclic, hetero- cyclic, or spiro rings, index names or a
combination of group symbols and the parent compound names are
used. Polymeric compounds are listed under their monomer formulae.
Arseno, antimono, and bismutho compounds appear under their
monomeric formulae. Arsenomethane and arsenobenzene, which were
isolated as a pentamer and hexamer, respectively, and also as
oligomers, are listed under their monomeric formulae and under Ass
and Ase, respectively. The reference fiven at the end of each entry
includes the volume number under- scored, followed by the page
number. An asterisk following a reference page number signifies
that the name or formula of this compound in the text was
corrected. The lists of corrections and additions to the three
volumes are appended to this volume. Several compounds missed in
the main body of this index are compiled in the "Additions"
section. We wish to express our appreciation to Mrs. Mary Alice
Doiron for her perse- verance shown in the preparation of this
typescript.
Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes for Electroorganic Chemistry, by
Siegfried R. Waldvogel, Stamo Mentizi und Axel Kirste.- Modern
Developments in Aryl Radical Chemistry, by Gerald Pratsch und
Markus R. Heinrich.- Radical Additions to Chiral Hydrazones:
Stereoselectivity and Functional Group Compatibility, by Gregory K.
Friestad.- Hydrogen Atom Donors: Recent Developments, by Andreas
Gansauer, Lei Shi, Matthias Otte, Inga Huth, Antonio Rosales, Iris
Sancho-Sanz, Natalia M. Padial und J. Enrique Oltra.- Radicals in
Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions? Transition Metal Catalyzed
Radical Reactions? - A Fruitful Interplay Anyway Part 1. Radical
Catalysis by Group 4 to Group 7 Elements, by Ullrich Jahn.-
Radicals in Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions? Transition Metal
Catalyzed Radical Reactions? - A Fruitful Interplay Anyway Part 2.
Radical Catalysis by Group 8 and 9 Elements, by Ullrich Jahn.-
Radicals in Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions? Transition Metal
Catalyzed Radical Reactions?: A Fruitful Interplay Anyway Part 3:
Catalysis by Group 10 and 11 Elements and Bimetallic Catalysis, by
Ullrich Jahn.-"
|
|