This book is one of the rare studies embracing, through a comparative and prospective approach, the emerging pan-Euro-Mediterranean regional integration. The main purpose of this study is to make an analysis and a systematic comparison of the preferential relations between the EU and its eastern and southern peripheries and to stimulate further reflection on this topic. The respective frameworks for these relations share considerable similarities but also many differences.

'Structural adjustment' has been a central part of the development strategy for the 'third world'. Loans made by the World Bank and the IMF have been conditional on developing countries pursuing rapid economic liberalization programmes as it was believed this would strengthen their economies in the long run. M. Rodwan Abouharb and David Cingranelli argue that, conversely, structural adjustment agreements usually cause increased hardship for the poor, greater civil conflict, and more repression of human rights, therefore resulting in a lower rate of economic development. Greater exposure to structural adjustment has increased the prevalence of anti-government protests, riots and rebellion. It has led to less respect for economic and social rights, physical integrity rights, and worker rights, but more respect for democratic rights. Based on these findings, the authors recommend a human rights-based approach to economic development.

European integration is at a turning point with implications for all member states and their citizens. The Amsterdam treaty marks a shift towards constitutional issues. Integration has involved a continually evolving process of constitution making. A group of leading scholars argue that the shift towards constitutional issues is rooted not only in the issues on the European level, but also in shifting models of political and economic organization in the member states. Paradox ically, however, this push towards integration is accompanied by a number of institutional changes and political decisions, which challenge the picture of on-going integration, and indicate a shift towards a new pluralism in the Euro-polity. The contributors address questions such as; what are the likely effects of the Amsterdam treaty changes in comparison with Maastricht?; how will these changes effect the complex balance among the governing institutions of the EU?; and what will be the implications for the lingering quest for democracy?

This unique book investigates the implications of the rising importance of supra-national regional organizations for global governance in general, and for the United Nations, in particular. It touches upon issues such as regional representation at the UN, high-level dialogues with regional organisations, as well as the coordination of UN member states' voting behaviour in the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council. The book further explores the regional dimension and coordination of UN operations in areas such as peace and security, human rights, and sustainable development. The contributions to the book are both in-depth chapters and shorter viewpoints, written by a combination of academics, policy-makers at regional organizations, and experts from international think tanks. The book is essential reading for anyone interested in the future of global governance.

This book explores the structural tensions and conflicts that arise with the abolition of border controls between the EU's member states and how this conflict ridden relationship affects and is affected by the institutional shape of the EU's external borders.

The European Union clearly matters for Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). EU officials and European political entrepreneurs has been crucial in the promotion of funding and access opportunities, but they have been proven to have little capacity to use CSOs for their own purposes.

This book shows that the executive branch of government has added a supranational level that increasingly seems to operate in a similar way to national governments. The European Commission administration has enhanced its professional integrity while the College emerges as a fully-fledged political body. As a whole the Commission seems to operate very much according to a sectoral logic rather than a territorial one. Case studies illuminate how a genuine Community Administration might evolve.

This book considers the environmental policies that the EU employs outside its borders. Using a systematic and coherent approach to cover a range of EU activities, environmental issues, and geographical areas, it charts the EU's attempts to shape environmental governance beyond its borders. Key questions addressed include: What environmental norms, rules and policies does the EU seek to promote outside its territory? What types of activities does the EU engage in to pursue these objectives? How successful is the EU in achieving its external environmental policy objectives? What factors explain the degree to which the EU attains its goals? The book will be of interest to students and academics as well as practitioners in governments (both inside and outside of the EU), the EU institutions, think tanks, and research institutes.

Once the sound of NATO bombing campaigns on Serbia died away, Europe was left with the problem of the hundreds of thousands of people displaced by the conflict, both from Kosovo and from Serbia. Whatever Western governments say about the need for swift repatriation, in practice it is a long and difficult process. The situation became a testing ground for the EU's asylum and immigration laws which came into force in May 1999 with the Treaty of Amsterdam. This book describes and analyzes the vacillations of EU Member states concerning the management of the Kosovo refugee crisis. Contributors looks at seven states - Austria, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom - writing from the standpoints of law, political science, international relations and geography, and addressing key themes: the lessons to be learnt from the reception of refugee Bosnians; the national debates on asylum and immigration within which this crisis took place, and which influence policy making; the wider theortical issues; and the way EU integration impacts on national policy making.

Since the mid-1990s, the European Union has defined the Asia Pacific as one of its key strategic targets on its ambitious road towards a global power. Over the past decades, big changes have taken place on both sides and the wider world. It's high time to evaluate the EU's performance in its Asian policy. In fact, the EU is at crossroads with its Asia Pacific policy. On several aspects, the EU is compelled to redefine its interests and roles, and rethink its strategies and policies towards the dynamic and ever important Asia Pacific region. This volume addresses this theme, by elaborating the general context, major issues and countries in the EU's Asia Pacific policy. It covers issue areas of traditional security, economy and trade, public diplomacy, and human security and focuses on the EU's relations with China, Japan, the ASEAN countries, and Australasia. -- .

THEBACKGROUND Why a book on Europe - Toward the Year 200l? There are two principal reasons why a European should embark upon such a hazardous enterprise. First, when the Treaty on European Union (popularly known as the Maastricht Treaty, and, hereafter referred to as the Treaty in this introduction) was signed in February 1992, it was agreed that the heads of government of the EU Member States would assemble, in 1996, to examine its workings. This meeting will be known as the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC). Second, by the end of the century, it is certain that arrangements will have been made for the admission of some countries of Central and Eastern Europe into the European Union (EU). Consequently, even with or without the holding of the IGC, it will be urgently necessary to reform some of the Community's policies - notably the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the structural poliCies which are linked, for example, 2 Europe - Toward 2001 with the Regional and Social Funds - before these countries become members. Failure to do this could result in bankruptcy for the EU. Of almost equal importance is the reform of the institutions and the actual workings of the Community. Already with 12 Member States, it was difficult enough to manage things on a daily basis. Now, as more countries join the Union, things could literally grind to a stop. Thus, changes in this area are indispensable.

The vision of the founders of the United Nations, the World Bank and the IMF some fifty years ago contrasts sharply with the often weak and limited performance of the institutions they created. The 15 papers in this volume critically assess this record in order to set out proposals for strengthening and restructuring the institutions to meet the new challenges of the 21st century. The changes proposed emphasize human security rather than military security, poverty eradication, gender equity and new international mechanisms to offset growing global inequality.

Since the beginning of the European Community students of international politics and of international, resp. Constitutional law, have been wondering what kind of animal it is, and will be, once integration has been completed. Whereas the EC Treaty of 1957 stressed the economic aspects and envisioned a steady and dynamic progress towards a Single Market, it was conspicuously silent about the political implications of integration and the new democratic order. What is needed, so the author argues in this powerful and original contribution to the debate on democratisation of the European Union, is a flexible system that supplements the European decision-making process with various direct democratic instruments such as the use of referenda. These would serve to increase the accountability of the politicians without demanding or requiring a definitive resolution of the exact constitutional status of the Union.

'In this important contribution to the analysis and construction of European Union citizenship, Charlotte O'Brien provides her characteristic blend of rigorous legal scholarship and compelling social vision. She identifies challenging questions about the relationship between justice and vulnerability that should concern the shaping of law at all levels of governance.' Professor Niamh Nic Shuibhne, University of Edinburgh 'Piercing the veil of well-known proclamations of "equality" and "non-discrimination", in this intimate portrait of Union law O'Brien sounds a sobering wake up call. The Union, to the genuine surprise of some converted, is a powerful actor of injustice, failing the vulnerable Europeans at many a turn, blinded by its own proclaimed righteousness and goodness to be aware of the plight of those it lets down. The sooner we dispel the oxymoronic myth of a "market citizen" as a necessary tool of the uniquely benevolent EU internal market project, the sooner the process of healing the Union turning its back on the majority of Europeans can begin. This book is an important part of this beginning.' Professor Dimitry Kochenov, University of Groningen 'Doctrinal mastery. Intellectual rigour. Conceptual depth. Empirical enrichment. O'Brien's landmark text offers its readers all of these qualities. But she also writes with a clarity and honesty of purpose that is an inspiration to her readers. Particularly at a time when certain political actors seek to vilify "expertise", Unity in Adversity is a testament to the value of independent and critical academic research.' Professor Michael Dougan, University of Liverpool The EU is at a crossroads of constitution and conscience. Unity in Adversity argues that EU market citizenship is incompatible with a pursuit of social justice, because it contributes to the social exclusion of women and children, promotes a class-based conception of rights, and tolerates in-work poverty. The limitations of EU citizenship are clearest when EU nationals engage with national welfare systems, but this experience has been neglected in EU legal research. Unity in Adversity draws upon the ground-breaking EU Rights Project, working first hand with EU nationals in the UK, providing advice and advocacy, and giving ethnographic insight into the process of navigating EU and UK welfare law. Its study of EU law in action is a radical new approach, and the case studies illustrate the political, legal and administrative obstacles to justice faced by EU nationals. Taken together, the strands demonstrate that 'equal treatment' for EU nationals is an illusion. The UK's welfare reforms directed at EU nationals are analysed as a programme of declaratory discrimination, and in light of the subsequent referendum, should be treated as a cautionary tale - both to the EU, to take social justice seriously, and to other Member States, to steer away from xenophobic law-making. Shortlisted for the 2018 BBC Thinking Allowed Award for Ethnography. Winner of the 2019 Hart-SLSA Book Prize.

Poland is one of Europe's economic out-performers. The country's history and geography encourage it to be in favour of deeper European integration. This book aims to contribute to discussions on the future shape of EMU and the next steps ahead.

This book is based on fresh and original research with 50 EU business associations and 150 of their members, drawing on literature from a wide range of disciplines, and presents some highly original synthesis. It assesses the effectiveness of EU business associations and their potential to bring value to the EU policy-making process and to their members, and lends a methodology by which they can be evaluated.The book bocates and assesses factors in the environment of EU business associations that influence their 'governabliity,' that is their ability to unify their members' intersts and to ensure they work together for the sam purpose. It then examines variation in the governability of EU business associations. From this, the reader will be able to understand the prospect for, and limitations on, the effectiveness of EU business associations, why they vary in their capacities and performance, and why they vary in their ability to bring value to their members and to the EU policy-making process.

This is the sixth and latest addition to the European Union Studies Association's prestigious series, State of the European Union. The contributors of this volume take the dynamic interaction between law, politics and society as a starting point to think critically about key recent events in the European Union, while bringing to the forefront why these developments matter for ordinary citizens.

This book provides an original and wide-ranging analysis of the impact of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on economic governance in the EU and in several key Member States within and outside the Euro area. Its emphasis is on adaptation: how EMU encourages change in national and EU institutions and in national economic regimes. It brings together economic, political science and legal perspectives to explain how national economies adapted, the dynamics of policy-making and the complex web of laws, processes and actors in the EMU.

This book explores regionalism in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and highlights the influence of the European Union (EU) as an extra-regional actor on the organization and integration process. The analysis is guided by theory and explains the emergence, institutional design and performance of SADC's major integration projects in the issue areas of the economy, security and infrastructure. It provides in this way a profound assessment of the organization as a whole. The study shows that South Africa plays a regional key role as driver for integration while external influence of the EU is ambivalent in character because it unfolds a supportive or obstructive impact. The author argues that the EU gains influence over regional integration processes in the SADC on the basis of patterns of asymmetric interdependence and becomes a 'game-changer' insofar as it facilitates or impedes solutions to regional cooperation problems.

Recent controversies in NATO have caused observers to question the Alliance's "raison d'etre." They generally contend that NATO's crisis has gone from bad to worse and that the Alliance is ill-adapted to the era of international terrorism, but this assessment is inaccurate. NATO leaders have, in fact, become better at shaping NATO to the strategic environment following a severe crisis in the mid-1990s. At that time, the allies were trying to turn NATO into something it could not be; at present, the allies are on target in their efforts to adapt NATO. "NATO Renewed" is the story of why NATO's problems are manageable and why the Atlantic Alliance likely will continue to have both power and purpose.

A group of leading European scholars examines the likely impact of European Monetary Union on the political institutions of the region. This book moves the debate about the Euro forward beyond the economic and sovereignty questions that have so far dominated discussion.

At a time when the European Union is further expanding and countries such as Turkey are being accepted for eventual membership, the question of what is meant by a unified Europe and how that might be achieved has never been more pressing. Europe is more than a system of rules and political institutions that regulate European citizenship: it is also a space of political traditions, political experiences and cultural memories. Can political integration ever be realised without an understanding and acceptance of the complexity of the political cultures that make up Europe ? In this important volume, well known European scholars from a diversity of backgrounds explore the issues that must be addressed if the challenge of an integrated Europe is to be successfully met.

When the United Nations sanctions a humanitarian relief operation, how can the numerous and diverse UN, Non-Governmental Organizations and military elements be coordinated? What are the practical, political and institutional considerations and impediments? What can be learned from previous experience? This is a volume of practitioner perspectives: the views of distinguished individuals from all of the concerned professions, including former Special Representatives of the Secretary-General and Force Commanders, as well as senior UN officials and representatives of the NGO community.

The experience of one region over 25 years within the European Union forms the basis of an examination of how the EU impacts on a region's economy, on its society and on its own particular problems. In the case of Northern Ireland, inclusion in the European Union has coincided with the most sustained campaign of political terrorism in western Europe. Specialist contributors to this book consider what difference the European dimension has made to the region over the quarter century since 1973.

This collection presents the results of a research agenda which examines how information plays a key role in policymaking. As a very dynamic environment characterised by many different modes of information gathering and processing, the EU forms a particularly interesting case to test the politics of information approach.