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Books > Science & Mathematics > Biology, life sciences > Zoology & animal sciences > Invertebrates
The history of pathogens and vectors, unique symptoms of diseases
and economic importance of important viral diseases have been dealt
with in the introductory chapter of this book. While highlighting
the role of arthropods, nematodes, and fungi; other agents of the
spread of plant pathogens have also been included. Important
aspects of insect vectors with direct bearing on transmission, i.e.
vector identification, biology, feeding apparatus, and mechanism of
spread including control of pathogens through vectors are covered
comprehensively. As aphids and other hemipterous insects are major
insect vectors, the book stresses on this order. There is a focus
on the transmission of determinants under different categories of
the transmission mechanism. The transmission determinant paradigm
comprising coat protein and helper component has been expounded
with recent cases. A brief description of new diseases at least one
from each genus of plant viruses has been included in this
compendium to elucidate the interaction of vector and virus.
Phytoplasmal etiology of pathogens has been detailed separately on
account of their importance. The transmission of plant viruses
through insects with biting and chewing type of mouth parts has
been discussed in detail as separate chapter. The latest research
in the field of mites, nematodes, and fungi as vectors of plant
viruses has been included. How the phytotoxemia is different from
other crop disorders, has been critically explained with support
from suitable and common examples of crop disorders. The book also
highlights the effects of plant viruses on their vectors. An
account of classification of plant viruses has also been given for
better understanding of subject matter. Likewise, the information
on the electron microscope along with its use has been included so
as to define the procedure of examining sub-microscopic entities.
The latest developments in the management of plant pathogens
through vector management have been discussed with special
reference to the use of biotechnology, crop protection, and plant
resistance. The book will be of value to the teachers and to
researchers. It will also be useful for extension workers in
managing crop disorders. Students and researchers of entomology,
plant pathology, plant protection and virology disciplines will
obtain the latest in the field, through this book.
While silk derived from silkworm has been of economic importance
for centuries, more recently silkworm has been found to have
utility in biomedicine. This has attracted attention for expressing
eukaryotic recombinant proteins, which require post-translational
modifications. In 1985 Dr. Susumu Maeda demonstrated that silkworm
larvae could produce a functional human-interferon. Since then
various techniques have been developed to express recombinant
proteins in silkworm. With the development of the Bombyx mori
nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) bacmid system, which is capable of
replicating in both Escherichia coli and Bombyx mori derived cell
lines or silkworm, silkworm larvae or pupae have been used for the
expression system for recombinant protein production. This method
has the advantage of a bacmid, in that it can be easily prepared
for sufficient bacmid DNA for subsequent expression in silkworm. It
is potentially a big breakthrough in production of recombinant
eukaryotic proteins and viruses, which will be a powerful tool in a
new proteome era. This volume contributes to the advancement of our
knowledge in the subject, for example gene expression systems and
silkworm research, and focuses on silkworm biofactories for the
recombinant protein production and commercial applications of
proteins.
The idea that socialism could be established in a single country
was adopted as an official doctrine by the Soviet Union in 1925,
Stalin and Bukharin being the main formulators of the policy.
Before this there had been much debate as to whether the only way
to secure socialism would be as a result of socialist revolution on
a much broader scale, across all Europe or wider still. This book
traces the development of ideas about communist utopia from Plato
onwards, paying particular attention to debates about universalist
ideology versus the possibility for "socialism in one country". The
book argues that although the prevailing view is that "socialism in
one country" was a sharp break from a long tradition that tended to
view socialism as only possible if universal, in fact the
territorially confined socialist project had long roots, including
in the writings of Marx and Engels.
A remarkable look at the rarest butterflies, how global changes
threaten their existence, and how we can bring them back from
near-extinction Most of us have heard of such popular butterflies
as the Monarch or Painted Lady. But what about the Fender's Blue?
Or the St. Francis' Satyr? Because of their extreme rarity, these
butterflies are not well-known, yet they are remarkable species
with important lessons to teach us. The Last Butterflies spotlights
the rarest of these creatures-some numbering no more than what can
be held in one hand. Drawing from his own first-hand experiences,
Nick Haddad explores the challenges of tracking these vanishing
butterflies, why they are disappearing, and why they are worth
saving. He also provides startling insights into the effects of
human activity and environmental change on the planet's
biodiversity. Weaving a vivid and personal narrative with ideas
from ecology and conservation, Haddad illustrates the race against
time to reverse the decline of six butterfly species. Many
scientists mistakenly assume we fully understand butterflies'
natural histories. Yet, as with the Large Blue in England, we too
often know too little and the conservation consequences are dire.
Haddad argues that a hands-off approach is not effective and that
in many instances, like for the Fender's Blue and Bay Checkerspot,
active and aggressive management is necessary. With deliberate
conservation, rare butterflies can coexist with people, inhabit
urban fringes, and, in the case of the St. Francis' Satyr, even
reside on bomb ranges and military land. Haddad shows that through
the efforts to protect and restore butterflies, we might learn how
to successfully confront conservation issues for all animals and
plants. A moving account of extinction, recovery, and hope, The
Last Butterflies demonstrates the great value of these beautiful
insects to science, conservation, and people.
Since the second half of the 20th Century, our agricultural bee
pollinators have faced mounting threats from ecological disturbance
and pan-global movement of pathogens and parasites. At the same
time, the area of pollinator-dependent crops is increasing globally
with no end in sight. Never before has so much been asked of our
finite pool of bee pollinators. This book not only explores the
evolutionary and ecologic bases of these dynamics, it translates
this knowledge into practical research-based guidance for using
bees to pollinate crops. It emphasizes conserving wild bee
populations as well as culturing honey bees, bumble bees, and
managed solitary bees. To cover such a range of biology, theory,
and practice from the perspectives of both the pollinator and the
crop, the book is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 focuses on
bees, their biology, coevolution with plants, foraging ecology and
management, and gives practical ways to increase bee abundance and
pollinating performance on the farm. Volume 2 (also available from
CABI) focuses on crops, with chapters addressing crop-specific
requirements and bee pollination management recommendations. Both
volumes will be essential reading for farmers, horticulturists and
gardeners, researchers and professionals working in insect ecology
and conservation, and students of entomology and crop protection.
Proceedings of a Symposium held in Liblice near Prague,
Sept.27-Oct.1, 1965
Here are nearly 1,000 questions about Boston's four major
professional teams, the Red Sox, Patriots, Celtics, and Bruins.
There are questions that every true fan should be able to answer
and questions that will stump even those who bleed Red Sox red and
Celtics green.
Insect parasitoids are a fascinating group of animals in many
respects. Perhaps the most fascinating point is that these insects,
in the course of the evolutionary time, have developed an
impressive way to use chemical compounds to dialogue with the
different protagonists of their environment (i.e., conspecifics,
their hosts and the plants on which their hosts are living).
Unravelling the evolutionary meaning of such chemical communication
networks can give new insights into the ecology of these insects
and especially on how to improve their use for the control of
noxious pests in biological control programmes. Chemical Ecology of
Insect Parasitoids is a timely publication, with organised chapters
to present the most important knowledge and discoveries that have
taken place over the last decade, and their potential use in pest
control strategy. Specific relevant case studies are presented to
enhance the reader's experience. Suited to graduate students and
professional researchers and practitioners in pest management,
entomology, evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology, and chemical
ecology, this book is essential for anyone needing information on
this important group of insects.
C is for Cicada . . . G is for Green Lacewing . . . M is for
Monarch Butterfly . . . T is for Tiger Beetle . . . Entomologist
Mike Raupp and his friend, Mantie the Mantid, take children on a
lyrical and colourful journey through the alphabet and the insect
world. We all meet and learn about bugs and their fascinating
habits along the way.
This book recounts the habits of many interesting and unusual
exceptions to the rule that insects are typically terrestrial forms
of life. It examines the different ways that groups of species have
developed modes of existence in or on the surface of water, and
gives reasons why the gross morphology of insects is not favorable
for life in or near bodies of water, such as wings that fail to
function after coming into contact with water, rendering them
useless.
Diana Sammataro and Alphonse Avitabile have created the best
single-volume guide to the hobby and profession of beekeeping. The
Beekeeper's Handbook provides step-by-step instructions for setting
up an apiary, handling bees, and working throughout the season to
maintain a healthy colony and a generous supply of honey. Various
colony care options and techniques are explained so that beekeepers
can make the best choices for their hives. The Beekeeper's Handbook
is an invaluable resource for both beginner and veteran beekeepers.
This fully updated and expanded fifth edition includes: Hand-drawn
instructional diagrams that provide step-by-step instructions
Updated research regarding the health and behaviors of bees in
different habitats and what operations may best suit individual
needs Information on how to identify, treat, and prevent the
introduction of Varroa destructor mites and other harmful intruders
in a colony
Written by a globally prominent entomologist, Agricultural
Acarology: Introduction to Integrated Mite Management provides
tools for developing integrated mite management programs for
agriculture, including management of plant-feeding mites, mites
attacking bees and livestock, and stored products. Emphasizing the
biology, ecology, behavior, and diverse methods of controlling
mites, this book provides an overview of the management of
agriculturally important mites using all available Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) tools, including biological control, cultural
practices, host-plant resistance, and pesticides. Agricultural
Acarology prepares agricultural managers to identify, manage, and
contribute to the field of integrated mite management. An
accompanying downloadable resource contains numerous color
photographs of mites and the damage they cause, and PDFs of key
publications.
This open access book will provide an introduction to forest
entomology, the principles and techniques of forest insect pest
management, the different forest insect guilds/feeding groups, and
relevant forest insect pest management case studies. In addition to
covering 30% of the earth, forest ecosystems provide numerous
timber and non-timber products that affect our daily lives and
recreational opportunities, habitat for diverse animal communities,
watershed protection, play critical roles in the water cycle, and
mitigate soil erosion and global warming. In addition to being the
most abundant organisms in forest ecosystems, insects perform
numerous functions in forests, many of which are beneficial and
critical to forest health. Conversely, some insects damage and/or
kill trees and reduce the capacity of forests to provide desired
ecosystem services. The target audience of this book is upper-level
undergraduate and graduate students and professionals interested in
forest health and entomology.
The Utah Mollusk Identification Guide offers up-to-date information
for identifying aquatic and terrestrial snails, slugs, clams, and
mussels within the state of Utah, providing comparative tables,
taxonomic keys, and more than 230 images, including many type
specimen images published for the first time. Amateur naturalists
and biologists alike will benefit from detailed information
regarding size, type, specimen location, junior synonyms (including
taxonomy notes), original descriptions for each of the 139 species,
and comments to help differentiate similar species. In contrast to
older guides, this book includes data on the external and internal
anatomy of mollusks. Taxonomic names are updated to incorporate the
latest information available. Family descriptions and miscellaneous
data on ecology, life history, and genetics are also presented.
Distribution data are based on historical articles, museum records,
personal observations, and collections. Although the focus is on
Utah mollusks, many species are widely distributed and the data,
images, references, and taxonomy details within the guide will be
of interest to many outside the state.
This book presents a 360-degree picture of the world of insects and
explores how their existence affects our lives: the "good, bad, and
ugly" aspects of their interactions with humankind. It provides a
lucid introductory text for beginning undergraduate students in the
life sciences, particularly those pursuing beginner courses in
entomology, agriculture, and botany.
This book is perhaps the first attempt to comprehensively project
the uniqueness of molluscs, covering almost all aspects of
reproduction and development from aplacophorans to vampyromorphic
cephalopods. Molluscs are unique for the presence of protective
external shell, defensive inking, geographic distribution from the
depth of 9,050 m to an altitude of 4,300 m, gamete diversity, the
use of nurse eggs and embryos to accelerate the first few mitotic
divisions in embryos, the natural occurrence of androgenics in a
couple of bivalves, viable induced tetraploids, gigantism induced
by elevated ploidy, the complementary role played by mitochondrial
genome in sex determination by nuclear genes and the uptake and
accumulation of steroid hormone from surrounding waters. In
molluscs, sexuality comprises of gonochorism (< 75 %) and
hermaphroditism, which itself includes simultaneous (> 24%),
protandry (< 1 %), Marian and serial. In them, the presence of
shell affords iteroparity and relatively longer life span in
prosobranchs and bivalves but its absence semelparity and short
life span in opisthobranchs and cephalopods. Within semelparity,
gonochorism facilitates faster growth and larger body size but
hermaphroditism small body size. In them, sex is irrevocably
determined at fertilization by a few unknown genes and is not
amenable to any environmental influence. However, the sex
determining mechanism is more a family trait in bivalves. Primary
sex differentiation is also fixed and not amenable to environmental
factor but secondary differentiation is labile, protracted and
amenable to environmental factors. Both sex differentiation and
reproductive cycle are accomplished and controlled solely by
neurohormones. In these processes, the role of steroid hormones may
be alien to molluscs.
"A ground-breaking identification guide ... the perfect marriage of
artistic excellence, deep knowledge and, dare I say it, of
scientists' genuine affection." BRETT WESTWOOD This brand new
illustrated field guide covers all 47 species of ladybird occurring
in the British Isles in a handy and easy-to-use format.
Twenty-seven species are colourful and conspicuous and easily
recognised as ladybirds; the remaining species are more
challenging, but the clear illustrations and up-to-date text in
this guide will help to break down the identification barriers. A
useful introduction provides an overview of ladybird ecology, tips
on studying and recording, and suggested sites for finding
ladybirds. The main part of the book comprises detailed species
texts, covering field characters, food, habitats, suggested survey
methods, ranges, conservation statuses and distribution trends. An
illustrated at-a-glance identification guide and helpful pointers
for differentiating similar-looking species are also included. With
102 colour photographs and 47 distribution maps, combined with
Richard Lewington's peerless artwork, this is the definitive guide
to one of our most cherished and charismatic insect groups.
This book presents the whole picture of the ecological and
evolutionary study on the ground beetle group, the subgenus
Ohomopterus of the genus Carabus, endemic to Japan. This flightless
beetle group consists of many geographic races. They show
divergence in key traits for reproductive isolation-body size and
genital morphology, which leads to coexistence of two or more
species. This beetle group provides an important material to study
how a lineage of organisms diversify and form multi-species
assemblage, and thereby multiply their species richness. The book
introduces novel genomic approaches to resolve questions about
evolution of Ohomopterus. The readers will find that this story of
evolution in Carabus beetles revealed by recent approaches is much
different from what was told in previous literature. Exploring
different cases across a wide range of lineages is important in
constructing a synthetic theory of species radiation and richness,
including speciation and species coexistence. This study on
Ohomopterus beetles contributes to the ongoing discussion to
understand how and why species multiply and how species richness
increases in one area of our planet.
How the nature illustrations of a Renaissance polymath reflect his
turbulent age This pathbreaking and stunningly illustrated book
recovers the intersections between natural history, politics, art,
and philosophy in the late sixteenth-century Low Countries. Insect
Artifice explores the moment when the seismic forces of the Dutch
Revolt wreaked havoc on the region's creative and intellectual
community, compelling its members to seek solace in intimate
exchanges of art and knowledge. At its center is a neglected
treasure of the late Renaissance: the Four Elements manuscripts of
Joris Hoefnagel (1542-1600), a learned Netherlandish merchant,
miniaturist, and itinerant draftsman who turned to the study of
nature in this era of political and spiritual upheaval. Presented
here for the first time are more than eighty pages in color
facsimile of Hoefnagel's encyclopedic masterwork, which showcase
both the splendor and eccentricity of its meticulously painted
animals, insects, and botanical specimens. Marisa Anne Bass unfolds
the circumstances that drove the creation of the Four Elements by
delving into Hoefnagel's writings and larger oeuvre, the works of
his friends, and the rich world of classical learning and empirical
inquiry in which he participated. Bass reveals how Hoefnagel and
his colleagues engaged with natural philosophy as a means to
reflect on their experiences of war and exile, and found refuge
from the threats of iconoclasm and inquisition in the manuscript
medium itself. This is a book about how destruction and violence
can lead to cultural renewal, and about the transformation of
Netherlandish identity on the eve of the Dutch Golden Age.
This book is a comprehensive elucidation on aspects of reproduction
and development in platyhelminthes covering from acoelids to
taeniids. With the unique presence of neoblasts, turbellarians
serve as a model for studies on cancer and senescence. Of ~ 27,000
species, ~ 77% are parasites; they are harmful to man and his food
basket from livestock and fish. The stress hormone, cortisol level
is responsible for susceptibility and resistance of the host. In
digeneans, the propagatory multiplication potency is retained by
all the larval forms and in either direction in sporocyst. The
higher clonal diversity, mixing and selection in Second
Intermediate Host (SIH) may purge inbreeding depression suffered by
the fluke on propagatory multiplication in First Intermediate Host
(FIH). Of 12,012 digeneans, 88% may engage 33,014 potential SIH
species. They have the choice to select one among the
available/awaiting 3.5 host species. The motility of vertebrate
host and euryxenic flexibility/scope for selection of SIH species
has increased lineage diversification in digeneans. The life cycle
of cestodes is divided into aquatic and terrestrial patterns. The
former includes (i) oncosphere and (ii) coracidium types and the
latter (iii) hexacanth-cysticercoid, (iv) hexacanth-tetrathyridium
and (v) hexacanth-cysticercus types. The share for the oncosphere,
coracidium and hexacanth types is 17.0, 29.5 and 46.5%,
respectively. The staggering fecundity and adoption of the
intermediate host in the herbivorous/insectivorous food chain have
enriched Taenioidea as the most (2,264) speciose order. Sex
specific genes Smed-dmd 1 and macbol have been identified, and
neuropeptides and dipeptides are involved in sexualization.
Trematodes are unable to parasitize elasmobranchs, as they cannot
suck body fluid/blood containing a high level of urea. Relatively
higher fecundity supplemented with propagatory multiplication,
incorporation of SIH in 88% species, clonal selection in SIH, and
euryxenic flexibility and the widest choice for selection of SIH
have led to the highest lineage diversification to render digeneans
as the most speciose order in Platyhelminthes.
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