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Books > Humanities > Philosophy > Topics in philosophy > Logic
"Coalescent Argumentation" is based on the concept that arguments
can function from agreement, rather than disagreement. To prove
this idea, Gilbert first discusses how several
components--emotional, visceral (physical) and kisceral (intuitive)
are utilized in an argumentative setting by people everyday. These
components, also characterized as "modes," are vital to
argumentative communication because they affect both the argument
and the resulting outcome.
This introduction to modern formal logic also contains discussions on more philosophical issues, such as truth, conditionals and modal logic. It presents the formal material using informal explanations and arguments rather than rigorous development. Worked examples and exercises enable readers to check their progress. The aim is to equip students with: a complete and clear account of the truth-tree system for first order logic; the importance of logic and its relevance to many different disciplines; the skills needed to grasp sophisticated formal reasoning techniques necessary to explore complex metalogic; and the ability to contest claims that "ordinary" reasoning is well represented by formal first order logic. The issues covered include truth-functional and full first order logic, using the truth-tree or semantic tableau approach. Completeness and soundness proofs are given for both truth-functional and first order trees. Much use is made of induction, which is presented in a clear and consistent manner. There is also discussion of alternative deductive systems.
Originally published in 1938. This compact treatise is a complete treatment of Aristotle's logic as containing negative terms. It begins with defining Aristotelian logic as a subject-predicate logic confining itself to the four forms of categorical proposition known as the A, E, I and O forms. It assigns conventional meanings to these categorical forms such that subalternation holds. It continues to discuss the development of the logic since the time of its founder and address traditional logic as it existed in the twentieth century. The primary consideration of the book is the inclusion of negative terms - obversion, contraposition etc. - within traditional logic by addressing three questions, of systematization, the rules, and the interpretation.
"Coalescent Argumentation" is based on the concept that arguments
can function from agreement, rather than disagreement. To prove
this idea, Gilbert first discusses how several
components--emotional, visceral (physical) and kisceral (intuitive)
are utilized in an argumentative setting by people everyday. These
components, also characterized as "modes," are vital to
argumentative communication because they affect both the argument
and the resulting outcome.
A timely and accessible guide to 100 of the most infamous logical fallacies in Western philosophy, helping readers avoid and detect false assumptions and faulty reasoning You'll love this book or you'll hate it. So, you're either with us or against us. And if you're against us then you hate books. No true intellectual would hate this book. Ever decide to avoid a restaurant because of one bad meal? Choose a product because a celebrity endorsed it? Or ignore what a politician says because she's not a member of your party? For as long as people have been discussing, conversing, persuading, advocating, proselytizing, pontificating, or otherwise stating their case, their arguments have been vulnerable to false assumptions and faulty reasoning. Drawing upon a long history of logical falsehoods and philosophical flubs, Bad Arguments demonstrates how misguided arguments come to be, and what we can do to detect them in the rhetoric of others and avoid using them ourselves. Fallacies--or conclusions that don't follow from their premise--are at the root of most bad arguments, but it can be easy to stumble into a fallacy without realizing it. In this clear and concise guide to good arguments gone bad, Robert Arp, Steven Barbone, and Michael Bruce take readers through 100 of the most infamous fallacies in Western philosophy, identifying the most common missteps, pitfalls, and dead-ends of arguments gone awry. Whether an instance of sunk costs, is ought, affirming the consequent, moving the goal post, begging the question, or the ever-popular slippery slope, each fallacy engages with examples drawn from contemporary politics, economics, media, and popular culture. Further diagrams and tables supplement entries and contextualize common errors in logical reasoning. At a time in our world when it is crucial to be able to identify and challenge rhetorical half-truths, this bookhelps readers to better understand flawed argumentation and develop logical literacy. Unrivaled in its breadth of coverage and a worthy companion to its sister volume Just the Arguments (2011), Bad Arguments is an essential tool for undergraduate students and general readers looking to hone their critical thinking and rhetorical skills.
First Published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
This long-awaited book replaces not one but both of Hughes and
Cresswell's two previous classic studies of modal logic: "An
Introduction to Modal Logic" and "A Companion to Modal Logic."
A new direction in philosophy
A new direction in philosophy
Argumentation theory is a distinctly multidisciplinary field of
inquiry. It draws its data, assumptions, and methods from
disciplines as disparate as formal logic and discourse analysis,
linguistics and forensic science, philosophy and psychology,
political science and education, sociology and law, and rhetoric
and artificial intelligence. This presents the growing group of
interested scholars and students with a problem of access, since it
is even for those active in the field not common to have acquired a
familiarity with relevant aspects of each discipline that enters
into this multidisciplinary matrix. This book offers its readers a
unique comprehensive survey of the various theoretical
contributions which have been made to the study of argumentation.
It discusses the historical works that provide the background to
the field and all major approaches and trends in contemporary
research.
This volume is a direct result of the International Symposium on Japanese Sentence Processing held at Duke University. The symposium provided the first opportunity for researchers in three disciplinary areas from both Japan and the United States to participate in a conference where they could discuss issues concerning Japanese syntactic processing. The goals of the symposium were three-fold: * to illuminate the mechanisms of Japanese sentence processing from the viewpoints of linguistics, psycholinguistics and computer science; * to synthesize findings about the mechanisms of Japanese sentence processing by researchers in these three fields in Japan and the United States; * to lay foundations for future interdisciplinary research in Japanese sentence processing, as well as international collaborations between researchers in Japan and the United States. The chapters in this volume have been written from the points of view of three different disciplines, with various immediate objectives -- from building usable speech understanding systems to investigating the nature of competence grammars for natural languages. All of the papers share the long term goal of understanding the nature of human language processing mechanisms. The book is concerned with two central issues -- the universality of language processing mechanisms, and the nature of the relation between the components of linguistic knowledge and language processing. This volume demonstrates that interdisciplinary research can be fruitful, and provides groundwork for further research in Japanese sentence processing.
First published in 1985. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
In the past 15 years a host of critical thinking books have
appeared that teach students to find flaws in the arguments of
others by learning to detect a number of informal fallacies. This
book is not in that tradition. The authors of this book believe
that while students learn to become vicious critics, they still
continue to make the very mistakes they criticize in others. Thus,
this book has adopted the approach of teaching the construction of
good arguments first and then introducing criticism as a secondary
skill. Moreover, the emphasis of the book is not on learning to
name fallacies, but on being able to identify weaknesses in an
argument so as to be able to construct an effective critique of
that argument. The book is accompanied by a workbook featuring a
wealth of examples to help students acquire the material.
In the past 15 years a host of critical thinking books have
appeared that teach students to find flaws in the arguments of
others by learning to detect a number of informal fallacies. This
book is not in that tradition. The authors of this book believe
that while students learn to become vicious critics, they still
continue to make the very mistakes they criticize in others. Thus,
this book has adopted the approach of teaching the construction of
good arguments first and then introducing criticism as a secondary
skill. Moreover, the emphasis of the book is not on learning to
name fallacies, but on being able to identify weaknesses in an
argument so as to be able to construct an effective critique of
that argument. The book is accompanied by a workbook featuring a
wealth of examples to help students acquire the material.
When this book was originally published in 1957 there had been lively debates on the air and in the press about the bearing of modern philosophy upon Christianity, but there had been relatively little sustained discussion of the subject. This book of essays was the product of a small group of Oxford philosophers and theologians, who had met and talked informally for some years before writing it. It is an attempt to discuss with care and candour some of the problems raised for Christian belief by contemporary analytical philosophy. In asking the questions raised, this book makes articulate the perplexities of many intelligent people, both believers and unbelievers. The contributors concentrate on the way such concepts as God, Revelation, the Soul, Grace are actually used rather than asserting or denying some very general theory of meaning.
Epistemic Logic studies statements containing verbs such as 'know' and 'wish'. It is one of the most exciting areas in medieval philosophy. Neglected almost entirely after the end of the Middle Ages, it has been rediscovered by philosophers of the present century. This is the first comprehensive study of the subject. Ivan Boh explores the rules for entailment between epistemic statements, the search for the conditions of knowing contingent propositions, the problems of substitutivity in intentional contexts, the relationship between epistemic and modal logic, and the problems of composite and divided senses in authors ranging from Abelard to Frachantian.
Marx's Grundrisse is acknowledged as the vital link between Marx's early and late work. It is also a crucial text in elucidating Marx's debt to the idealist philosopher G.W.F. Hegel. This book, first published in 1988, is the first full-length study of that relationship, in a thorough textual analysis which makes the connections explicit and also the Grundrisse's relations to the works of Adam Smith and Aristotle. This book argues that Marx's critique of political economy, and his critique of Hegel, are double interrelated. Not only did Marx adapt Hegelian logic in order to analyse the economic categories crucial to modern society but it is argued that those logical categories were themselves seen as reflections of the productive processes of contemporary commercial society. Uchida reveals a conceptual structure common to the apparently rarefied world of Hegelian conceptual logic and to the supposedly common-sensical world of economic science. Demonstrating this is a considerable achievement, and it allows us to consider precisely what is valuable today in Marx's critical commentary on this conceptual structure and on the type of society in which it is manifested. Uchida's subject, like Marx's, is 'the force of capital on modern life'.
This volume gives a theoretical account of the problem of analyzing
and evaluating argumentative discourse. After placing argumentation
in a communicative perspective, and then discussing the fallacies
that occur when certain rules of communication are violated, the
authors offer an alternative to both the linguistically-inspired
descriptive and logically-inspired normative approaches to
argumentation.
Philosophy means 'love of wisdom,' but author Edmond Holmes fears the encroaching dominance of intellect over feeling. In this title, Holmes argues that metaphysics' reliance on intellect and pure reason undermines the study of philosophy. Rather, Holmes suggests a return to intuitional philosophy, combining thought and feeling. First published in 1930, this title will be ideal for students interested in Philosophy and Western Civilisation. |
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