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Books > Humanities > Philosophy > Topics in philosophy > Logic
This book investigates a number of central problems in the
philosophy of Charles Peirce grouped around the realism of his
semiotics: the issue of how sign systems are developed and used in
the investigation of reality. Thus, it deals with the precise
character of Peirce's realism; with Peirce's special notion of
propositions as signs which, at the same time, denote and describe
the same object. It deals with diagrams as signs which depict more
or less abstract states-of-affairs, facilitating reasoning about
them; with assertions as public claims about the truth of
propositions. It deals with iconicity in logic, the issue of
self-control in reasoning, dependences between phenomena in their
realist descriptions. A number of chapters deal with applied
semiotics: with biosemiotic sign use among pre-human organisms: the
multimedia combination of pictorial and linguistic information in
human semiotic genres like cartoons, posters, poetry, monuments.
All in all, the book makes a strong case for the actual relevance
of Peirce's realist semiotics.
This book applies the formal discipline of logic to everyday
discourse. It offers a new analysis of the notion of individual,
suggesting that this notion is linguistic, not ontological, and
that anything denoted by a proper name in a well-functioning
language game is an individual. It further posits that everyday
discourse is non-compositional, i.e., its complex expressions are
not just the result of putting simpler ones together but react on
the latter, modifying their meaning through feedback. The book
theorizes that in everyday discourse, there is no algebra of truth
values, but the latter can be both input and output of something
which has no truth value at all. It suggests that an elementary
proposition of everyday discourse (defined as having exactly one
predicate) can, in principle, be indefinitely expanded by adding
new components, belonging neither to subject nor to predicate, but
remain elementary. This book is of interest to logicians and
philosophers of language.
"An Introduction to the History of Philosophical and Formal Logic"
introduces ideas and thinkers central to the development of
philosophical and formal logic. From its Aristotelian origins to
the present-day arguments, logic is broken down into four main time
periods: -Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Aristotle and The Stoics)
-The early modern period (Leibniz, Bolzano, Boole) -High modern
period (Frege, Peano & Russell and Hilbert)-Early 20th century:
(Godel and Tarski) Each new time frame begins with an introductory
overview highlighting themes and points of importance. Chapters
discuss the significance and reception of influential works and
look at historical arguments in the context of contemporary
debates. To support independent study, comprehensive lists of
primary and secondary reading are included at the end of chapters,
along with exercises and discussion questions.By clearly presenting
and explaining the changes to logic across the history of
philosophy, "An Introduction to the History of Philosophical and
Formal Logic" constructs an easy-to-follow narrative. This is an
ideal starting point for students looking to understand the
historical development of logic.
This book focuses on logic and logical language. It examines
different types of words, terms and propositions in detail. While
discussing the nature of propositions, it illustrates the
procedures used to determine the truth and falsity of a
proposition, and the validity and invalidity of an argument. In
addition, the book provides a clear exposition of the pure and
mixed form of syllogism with suitable examples. The book
encompasses sentential logic, predicate logic, symbolic logic,
induction and set theory topics. The book is designed to serve all
those involved in teaching and learning courses on logic. It offers
a valuable resource for students and researchers in philosophy,
mathematics and computer science disciplines. Given its scope, it
is an essential read for everyone interested in logic, language,
formulation of the hypotheses for the scientific enquiries and
research studies, and judging valid and invalid arguments in the
natural language discourse.
This monograph presents a general theory of weakly implicative
logics, a family covering a vast number of non-classical logics
studied in the literature, concentrating mainly on the abstract
study of the relationship between logics and their algebraic
semantics. It can also serve as an introduction to (abstract)
algebraic logic, both propositional and first-order, with special
attention paid to the role of implication, lattice and residuated
connectives, and generalized disjunctions. Based on their recent
work, the authors develop a powerful uniform framework for the
study of non-classical logics. In a self-contained and didactic
style, starting from very elementary notions, they build a general
theory with a substantial number of abstract results. The theory is
then applied to obtain numerous results for prominent families of
logics and their algebraic counterparts, in particular for
superintuitionistic, modal, substructural, fuzzy, and relevant
logics. The book may be of interest to a wide audience, especially
students and scholars in the fields of mathematics, philosophy,
computer science, or related areas, looking for an introduction to
a general theory of non-classical logics and their algebraic
semantics.
Bertrand Russell, (1872 - 1970) was a British philosopher,
logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic. Russell's
books are excellent for those who have no experience of reading
philosophy. This volume contains many of his most notable works:
The Problems with Philosophy, The Analysis of the Mind, Mysticism
and Logic and other Essays, Political Ideals, The Problem of China,
The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism, Proposed Roads to Freedom,
Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific
Method in Philosophy
This book features more than 20 papers that celebrate the work of
Hajnal Andreka and Istvan Nemeti. It illustrates an interaction
between developing and applying mathematical logic. The papers
offer new results as well as surveys in areas influenced by these
two outstanding researchers. They also provide details on the
after-life of some of their initiatives. Computer science connects
the papers in the first part of the book. The second part
concentrates on algebraic logic. It features a range of papers that
hint at the intricate many-way connections between logic, algebra,
and geometry. The third part explores novel applications of logic
in relativity theory, philosophy of logic, philosophy of physics
and spacetime, and methodology of science. They include such
exciting subjects as time travelling in emergent spacetime. The
short autobiographies of Hajnal Andreka and Istvan Nemeti at the
end of the book describe an adventurous journey from electric
engineering and Maxwell's equations to a complex system of computer
programs for designing Hungary's electric power system, to
exploring and contributing deep results to Tarskian algebraic logic
as the deepest core theory of such questions, then on to
applications of the results in such exciting new areas as
relativity theory in order to rejuvenate logic itself.
The first critical work to attempt the mammoth undertaking of
reading Badiou's Being and Event as part of a sequence has often
surprising, occasionally controversial results. Looking back on its
publication Badiou declared: "I had inscribed my name in the
history of philosophy". Later he was brave enough to admit that
this inscription needed correction. The central elements of
Badiou's philosophy only make sense when Being and Event is read
through the corrective prism of its sequel, Logics of Worlds,
published nearly twenty years later. At the same time as presenting
the only complete overview of Badiou's philosophical project, this
book is also the first to draw out the central component of
Badiou's ontology: indifference. Concentrating on its use across
the core elements Being and Event-the void, the multiple, the set
and the event-Watkin demonstrates that no account of Badiou's
ontology is complete unless it accepts that Badiou's philosophy is
primarily a presentation of indifferent being. Badiou and
Indifferent Being provides a detailed and lively section by section
reading of Badiou's foundational work. It is a seminal source text
for all Badiou readers.
This book offers insights relevant to modern history and
epistemology of physics, mathematics and, indeed, to all the
sciences and engineering disciplines emerging of 19th century. This
research volume is the first of a set of three Springer books on
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot's (1753-1823) remarkable work:
Essay on Machines in General (Essai sur les machines en general
[1783] 1786). The other two forthcoming volumes are: Principes
fondamentaux de l'equilibre et du mouvement (1803) and Geometrie de
position (1803). Lazare Carnot - l'organisateur de la victoire - in
Essai sur le machine en general (1786) assumed that the
generalization of machines was a necessity for society and its
economic development. Subsequently, his new coming science applied
to machines attracted considerable interest for technician, as
well, already in the 1780's. With no lack in rigour, Carnot used
geometric and trigonometric rather than algebraic arguments, and
usually went on to explain in words what the formulae contained.
His main physical- mathematical concepts were the Geometric motion
and Moment of activity-concept of Work . In particular, he found
the invariants of the transmission of motion (by stating the
principle of the moment of the quantity of motion) and theorized
the condition of the maximum efficiency of mechanical machines
(i.e., principle of continuity in the transmission of power). While
the core theme remains the theories and historical studies of the
text, the book contains an extensive Introduction and an accurate
critical English Translation - including the parallel text edition
and substantive critical/explicative notes - of Essai sur les
machines en general (1786). The authors offer much-needed insight
into the relation between mechanics, mathematics and engineering
from a conceptual, empirical and methodological, and universalis
point of view. As a cutting-edge writing by leading authorities on
the history of physics and mathematics, and epistemological
aspects, it appeals to historians, epistemologist-philosophers and
scientists (physicists, mathematicians and applied sciences and
technology).
Now in a new edition --the classic presentation of the theory of
computable functions in the context of the foundations of
mathematics. Part I motivates the study of computability with
discussions and readings about the crisis in the foundations of
mathematics in the early 20th century, while presenting the basic
ideas of whole number, function, proof, and real number. Part II
starts with readings from Turing and Post leading to the formal
theory of recursive functions. Part III presents sufficient formal
logic to give a full development of G del's incompleteness
theorems. Part IV considers the significance of the technical work
with a discussion of Church's Thesis and readings on the
foundations of mathematics. This new edition contains the timeline
"Computability and Undecidability" as well as the essay "On
mathematics."
This volume clusters together issues centered upon the variety of
types of intensional semantics. Consisting of 10 contributions, the
volume is based on papers presented at the Trends in Logic 2019
conference. The various chapters introduce readers to the topic, or
apply new types of logical semantics to elucidate subtleties of
logical systems and natural language semantics. The book introduces
hyperintentional systems that aim at solving some open
philosophical problems. Specifically, the first three studies focus
on relating semantics, while the following ones discuss fundamental
issues related to hyper-intensional semantics or develop
hyper-intensional frameworks to address issues in modal, epistemic,
deontic and action logic. Authors in this volume present original
results on logical systems but also extend beyond this by offering
philosophical considerations on the topic as well. This volume will
appeal to students and researchers in the field of logic.
Pragmatists have traditionally been enemies of representationalism
but friends of naturalism, when naturalism is understood to pertain
to human subjects, in the sense of Hume and Nietzsche. In this
volume Huw Price presents his distinctive version of this
traditional combination, as delivered in his Rene Descartes
Lectures at Tilburg University in 2008. Price contrasts his view
with other contemporary forms of philosophical naturalism,
comparing it with other pragmatist and neo-pragmatist views such as
those of Robert Brandom and Simon Blackburn. Linking their
different 'expressivist' programmes, Price argues for a radical
global expressivism that combines key elements from both. With Paul
Horwich and Michael Williams, Brandom and Blackburn respond to
Price in new essays. Price replies in the closing essay,
emphasising links between his views and those of Wilfrid Sellars.
The volume will be of great interest to advanced students of
philosophy of language and metaphysics.
This book repairs and revives the Theory of Knowledge research
program of Russell's Principia era. Chapter 1, 'Introduction and
Overview', explains the program's agenda. Inspired by the
non-Fregean logicism of Principia Mathematica, it endorses the
revolution within mathematics presenting it as a study of
relations. The synthetic a priori logic of Principia is the essence
of philosophy considered as a science which exposes the dogmatisms
about abstract particulars and metaphysical necessities that create
prisons that fetter the mind. Incipient in The Problems of
Philosophy, the program's acquaintance epistemology embraced a
multiple-relation theory of belief. It reached an impasse in 1913,
having been itself retrofitted with abstract particular logical
forms to address problems of direction and compositionality. With
its acquaintance epistemology in limbo, Scientific Method in
Philosophy became the sequel to Problems. Chapter 2 explains
Russell's feeling intellectually dishonest. Wittgenstein's demand
that logic exclude nonsense belief played no role. The 1919 neutral
monist era ensued, but Russell found no epistemology for the logic
essential to philosophy. Repairing, Chapters 4-6 solve the impasse.
Reviving, Chapters 3 and 7 vigorously defend the facts about
Principia. Studies of modality and entailment are viable while
Principia remains a universal logic above the civil wars of the
metaphysicians.
George Berkeley's Principles of Human Knowledge is a crucial text
in the history of empiricism and in the history of philosophy more
generally. Its central and seemingly astonishing claim is that the
physical world cannot exist independently of the perceiving mind.
The meaning of this claim, the powerful arguments in its favour,
and the system in which it is embedded, are explained in a highly
lucid and readable fashion and placed in their historical context.
Berkeley's philosophy is, in part, a response to the deep tensions
and problems in the new philosophy of the early modern period and
the reader is offered an account of this intellectual milieu. The
book then follows the order and substance of the Principles whilst
drawing on materials from Berkeley's other writings. This volume is
the ideal introduction to Berkeley's Principles and will be of
great interest to historians of philosophy in general.
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