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Books > Humanities > Philosophy > Topics in philosophy > Logic

Modal Logics and Philosophy (Hardcover, 2nd edition): Rod Girle Modal Logics and Philosophy (Hardcover, 2nd edition)
Rod Girle
R3,919 Discovery Miles 39 190 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The first edition, published by Acumen in 2000, became a prescribed textbook on modal logic courses. The second edition has been fully revised in response to readers' suggestions, including two new chapters on conditional logic, which was not covered in the first edition. "Modal Logics and Philosophy" is a fully comprehensive introduction to modal logics and their application suitable for course use. Unlike most modal logic textbooks, which are both forbidding mathematically and short on philosophical discussion, "Modal Logics and Philosophy" places its emphasis firmly on showing how useful modal logic can be as a tool for formal philosophical analysis. In part 1 of the book, the reader is introduced to some standard systems of modal logic and encouraged through a series of exercises to become proficient in manipulating these logics. The emphasis is on possible world semantics for modal logics and the semantic emphasis is carried into the formal method, Jeffrey-style truth-trees. Standard truth-trees are extended in a simple and transparent way to take possible worlds into account. Part 2 systematically explores the applications of modal logic to philosophical issues such as truth, time, processes, knowledge and belief, obligation and permission.

What Would Plato Think? - 200+ Philosophical Questions That Could Change Your Life (Hardcover): D. E. Wittkower What Would Plato Think? - 200+ Philosophical Questions That Could Change Your Life (Hardcover)
D. E. Wittkower
R278 Discovery Miles 2 780 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Get one step closer to solving the uncertainties in your life with this guided journal and philosophy overview, What Would Plato Do? Inside What Would Plato Do?, you'll find the basics of philosophy, written in an easy, digestible way we can all understand, along with questions to help you apply these important theories to your own life. So, after you've learned about a philosophical concept, you'll then be challenged to test yourself and see how the results can impact your daily life. For instance, after learning about Kant's theory of morality and the importance of intention you're challenged with questions like: Can good people do bad things? Was there a time when you intended to do something helpful that ended up being hurtful? Does that make you a good person (because you intended to do good) or a bad person (because the results were bad)? What Would Plato Do? will not only help you better understand some of the greatest thinkers ever but will also help you think of the world around you in a whole new way!

New Perspectives on Platonic Dialectic - A Philosophy of Inquiry (Hardcover): Jens Kristian Larsen, Vivil Valvik Haraldsen,... New Perspectives on Platonic Dialectic - A Philosophy of Inquiry (Hardcover)
Jens Kristian Larsen, Vivil Valvik Haraldsen, Justin Vlasits
R4,063 Discovery Miles 40 630 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

For Plato, philosophy depends on, or is perhaps even identical with, dialectic. Few will dispute this claim, but there is little agreement as to what Platonic dialectic is. According to a now prevailing view it is a method for inquiry the conception of which changed so radically for Plato that it "had a strong tendency ... to mean 'the ideal method', whatever that may be" (Richard Robinson). Most studies of Platonic dialectic accordingly focus on only one aspect of this method that allegedly characterizes one specific period in Plato's development. This volume offers fresh perspectives on Platonic dialectic. Its 13 chapters present a comprehensive picture of this crucial aspect of Plato's philosophy and seek to clarify what Plato takes to be proper dialectical procedures. They examine the ways in which these procedures are related to each other and other aspects of his philosophy, such as ethics, psychology, and metaphysics. Collectively, the chapters challenge the now prevailing understanding of Plato's ideal of method. New Perspectives on Platonic Dialectic will appeal to scholars and advanced students interested in Plato, ancient philosophy, philosophical method, and the history of logic.

The History of Logic (Hardcover): Prasad Piet The History of Logic (Hardcover)
Prasad Piet
R1,039 Discovery Miles 10 390 Ships in 12 - 17 working days
The Logic of Liberal Rights - A Study in the Formal Analysis of Legal Discourse (Hardcover, New): Eric Heinze The Logic of Liberal Rights - A Study in the Formal Analysis of Legal Discourse (Hardcover, New)
Eric Heinze
R1,296 Discovery Miles 12 960 Ships in 12 - 17 working days


The Logic of Liberal Rights uses basic logic to develop a model of argument presupposed in all disputes about civil rights and liberties. No prior training in logic is required, as each step is explained. This analysis does not merely apply general logic to legal arguments but is also specifically tailored to the issues of civil rights and liberties. It shows that all arguments about civil rights and liberties presuppose one fixed structure and that there can be no original argument in rights disputes, except within the confines of that structure. Concepts arising in disputes about rights, like 'liberal' or 'democratic', are not mere abstractions but have a fixed and precise character.
This book integrates themes in legal theory, political science and moral philosophy, as well as the philosophy of logic and language. For the advanced scholar, the book provides a model presupposed by leading theoretical schools (liberal and critical, positivist and naturalist). For the student it provides a systematic theory of civil rights and liberties. Examples are drawn from the European Convention in Human Rights but no special knowledge of the Convention is assumed, as the issues analysed arise throughout the world. Such issues include problems of free speech, religious freedom, privacy, torture, unlawful detention and private property.

Vagueness (Hardcover, New Ed): Delia Graff, Timothy Williamson Vagueness (Hardcover, New Ed)
Delia Graff, Timothy Williamson
R5,812 R2,028 Discovery Miles 20 280 Save R3,784 (65%) Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Vagueness, volume XX, contains twenty-seven essays, with issues covered including: nihilism, phenomenal sorites, degrees of truth, epistemicism, higher-order vagueness, contextualism, and intuitionism. Written by leading contemporary philosophers, these essays will be of interest to researchers in philosophy of language, philosophical logic, metaphysics and epistemology; as well as those in natural language semantics, artificial intelligence and cognitive science more generally. A substantial introduction written by the editors provides a guide to the topic and to the essays in the volume.

Revolutionary Mathematics - Artificial Intelligence, Statistics and the Logic of Capitalism (Paperback): Justin Joque Revolutionary Mathematics - Artificial Intelligence, Statistics and the Logic of Capitalism (Paperback)
Justin Joque
R480 R375 Discovery Miles 3 750 Save R105 (22%) Ships in 5 - 10 working days

Our finances, politics, media, opportunities, information, shopping and knowledge production are mediated through algorithms and their statistical approaches to knowledge; increasingly, these methods form the organizational backbone of contemporary capitalism. Revolutionary Mathematics traces the revolution in statistics and probability that has quietly underwritten the explosion of machine learning, big data and predictive algorithms that now decide many aspects of our lives. Exploring shifts in the philosophical understanding of probability in the late twentieth century, Joque shows how this was not merely a technical change but a wholesale philosophical transformation in the production of knowledge and the extraction of value. This book provides a new and unique perspective on the dangers of allowing artificial intelligence and big data to manage society. It is essential reading for those who want to understand the underlying ideological and philosophical changes that have fueled the rise of algorithms and convinced so many to blindly trust their outputs, reshaping our current political and economic situation.

Aristotelian Logic, Platonism, and the Context of Early Medieval Philosophy in the West (Hardcover, New Ed): John Marenbon Aristotelian Logic, Platonism, and the Context of Early Medieval Philosophy in the West (Hardcover, New Ed)
John Marenbon
R1,094 Discovery Miles 10 940 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Philosophy in the medieval Latin West before 1200 is often thought to have been dominated by Platonism. The articles in this volume question this view, by cataloguing, describing and investigating the tradition of Aristotelian logic during this period, examining its influence on authors usually placed within the Aristotelian tradition (Eriugena, Anselm, Gilbert of Poitiers), and also looking at some of the characteristics of early medieval Platonism. Abelard, the most brilliant logician of the age, is the main subject of three articles, and the book concludes with two more general discussions about how and why medieval philosophy should be studied.

Think About It, International Edition (Paperback, New edition): Karen Mauk, John Mauk, Jayme Stayer Think About It, International Edition (Paperback, New edition)
Karen Mauk, John Mauk, Jayme Stayer
R1,310 R1,163 Discovery Miles 11 630 Save R147 (11%) Ships in 10 - 15 working days

THINK ABOUT IT, International Edition aims to help users become more critical, active, academic thinkers by teaching nine essential intellectual practices that span the university. Beginning with overarching strategies for critical thinking and ending with interactive outlines that guide users into greater development and organization, THINK ABOUT IT, International Edition provides key methods for users to think critically and powerfully.

An Invitation to Formal Reasoning - The Logic of Terms (Hardcover, New Ed): Fred Sommers, George Englebretsen An Invitation to Formal Reasoning - The Logic of Terms (Hardcover, New Ed)
Fred Sommers, George Englebretsen
R3,925 Discovery Miles 39 250 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

An Invitation to Formal Reasoning introduces the discipline of formal logic by means of a powerful new system formulated by Fred Sommers. This system, term logic, is different in a number of ways from the standard system employed in modern logic; most striking is its greater simplicity and naturalness. Based on a radically different theory of logical syntax than the one Frege used when initiating modern mathematical logic in the 19th Century, term logic borrows insights from Aristotle's syllogistic, Scholastic logicians, Leibniz, and the 19th century British algebraists. Term logic takes its syntax directly from natural language, construing statements as combinations of pairs of terms, where complex terms are taken to have the same syntax as statements. Whereas standard logic requires extensive 'translation' from natural language to symbolic language, term logic requires only 'transcription' into the symbolic language. Its naturalness is the result of its ability to stay close to the forms of sentences usually found in every day discourse. Written by the founders of the term logic approach, An Invitation to Formal Reasoning is a unique introduction and exploration of this new system, offering numerous exercises and examples throughout the text. Summarising the standard system of mathematical logic to set term logic in context, and showing how the two systems compare, this book presents an alternative approach to standard modern logic for those studying formal logic, philosophy of language or computer theory. Fred Sommers is Professor Emeritus, Brandeis University, USA; George Englebretsen is Professor of Philosophy, Bishop's University, Canada.

Universals (Hardcover): James Porter Moreland Universals (Hardcover)
James Porter Moreland
R3,907 Discovery Miles 39 070 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Things are particulars and their qualities are universals, but do universals have an existence distinct from the particular things describable by those terms? And what must be their nature if they do? This book provides a careful and assured survey of the central issues of debate surrounding universals, in particular those issues that have been a crucial part of the emergence of contemporary analytic ontology. The book begins with a taxonomy of extreme nominalist, moderate nominalist, and realist positions on properties, and outlines the way each handles the phenomena of predication, resemblance, and abstract reference. The debate about properties and philosophical naturalism is also examined. Different forms of extreme nominalism, moderate nominalism, and minimalist realism are critiqued. Later chapters defend a traditional realist view of universals and examine the objections to realism from various infinite regresses, the difficulties in stating identity conditions for properties, and problems with realist accounts of knowledge of abstract objects. In addition, the debate between Platonists and Aristotelians is examined alongside a discussion of the relationship between properties and an adequate theory of existence. The book's final chapter explores the problem of individuating particulars. The book makes accessible a difficult topic without blunting the sophistication of argument required by a more advanced readership.

Cengage Advantage Books: Understanding Arguments - An Introduction to Informal Logic (Paperback, 9th edition): Robert Fogelin,... Cengage Advantage Books: Understanding Arguments - An Introduction to Informal Logic (Paperback, 9th edition)
Robert Fogelin, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
R1,747 R1,536 Discovery Miles 15 360 Save R211 (12%) Ships in 10 - 15 working days

ADVANGEBOOKS - UNDERSTANDING ARGUMENTS: AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMAL LOGIC, 9E shows readers how to construct arguments in everyday life, using everyday language. In addition, this easy-to-read textbook also devotes three chapters to the formal aspects of logic including forms of argument, as well as propositional, categorical, and quantificational logic. Plus, this edition helps readers apply informal logic to legal, moral, scientific, religious, and philosophical scenarios, too.

Introduction To The Theory Of Logic (Paperback): Jose L. Zalabardo Introduction To The Theory Of Logic (Paperback)
Jose L. Zalabardo
R1,547 Discovery Miles 15 470 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This book provides a rigorous introduction to the basic concepts and results of contemporary logic. It also presents, in two unhurried chapters, the mathematical tools (mainly from set theory) that are needed to master the technical aspects of the subject. Methods of definition and proof are also discussed at length, with special emphasis on inductive definitions and proofs and recursive definitions. The book is ideally suited for readers who want to undertake a serious study of logic but lack the mathematical background that other texts at this level presuppose. It can be used as a textbook in graduate and advanced undergraduate courses in logic. Hundreds of exercises are provided. Topics covered include basic set theory, propositional and first-order syntax and semantics, a sequent calculus-style deductive system, the soundness and completeness theorems, cardinality, the expressive limitations of first-order logic, with especial attention to the Loewenheim-Skolem theorems and non-standard models of arithmetic, decidability, complete theories, categoricity and quantifier elimination.

Trivium - The Classical Liberal Arts of Grammar, Logic, & Rhetoric (Hardcover): John Michell, Rachel Grenon, Earl Fontainelle,... Trivium - The Classical Liberal Arts of Grammar, Logic, & Rhetoric (Hardcover)
John Michell, Rachel Grenon, Earl Fontainelle, Adina Arvatu, Andrew Aberdein, …
R777 R623 Discovery Miles 6 230 Save R154 (20%) Ships in 10 - 15 working days
Historical Foundations of Informal Logic (Hardcover, New Ed): Douglas Walton, Alan Brinton Historical Foundations of Informal Logic (Hardcover, New Ed)
Douglas Walton, Alan Brinton
R3,958 Discovery Miles 39 580 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

In just the last twenty years there has arisen a strong interest, especially among teachers of logic at the universities, in teaching techniques of applied logical reasoning and critical thinking. Many universities are now stressing these skills at an introductory level, and to meet the need, informal logic has begun to form and grow as a discipline in its own right. Like all subjects, it helps us to understand it if we can situate it in a context of historical development. This collection of essays provides the readings required to understand the development of a subject whose historical origins have been so far little studied. Many of the chapters are written by scholars in philosophy and speech communication who are themselves leading contributors to the subject, and their contemporary views throw light on how these earlier writers have influenced their thinking. This dimension gives an added interest to the essays, and indicates the way informal logic is currently evolving and seeking out its ancient historical origins.

The Limits of Logic - Higher-Order Logic and the Loewenheim-Skolem Theorem (Hardcover, New Ed): Stewart Shapiro The Limits of Logic - Higher-Order Logic and the Loewenheim-Skolem Theorem (Hardcover, New Ed)
Stewart Shapiro
R7,534 Discovery Miles 75 340 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The International research Library of Philosophy collects in book form a wide range of important and influential essays in philosophy, drawn predominantly from English-language journals. Each volume in the library deals with a field of enquiry which has received significant attention in philosophy in the last 25 years and is edited by a philosopher noted in that field.

Language, Proof, and Logic - Second Edition (Paperback, 2nd Revised edition): David Barker-Plummer, Jon Barwise, John Etchemendy Language, Proof, and Logic - Second Edition (Paperback, 2nd Revised edition)
David Barker-Plummer, Jon Barwise, John Etchemendy
R2,118 Discovery Miles 21 180 Ships in 9 - 15 working days

This textbook/software package covers first-order language in a method appropriate for a wide range of courses, from first logic courses for undergraduates (philosophy, mathematics, and computer science) to a first graduate logic course. The accompanying online grading service instantly grades solutions to hundreds of computer exercises. The second edition of "Language, Proof and Logic" represents a major expansion and revision of the original package and includes applications for mobile devices, additional exercises, a dedicated website, and increased software compatibility and support.

Being Good and Being Logical - Philosophical Groundwork for a New Deontic Logic (Hardcover, New): James W. Forrester Being Good and Being Logical - Philosophical Groundwork for a New Deontic Logic (Hardcover, New)
James W. Forrester
R3,936 Discovery Miles 39 360 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

We all reason about what we ought to do, what should be, and what is permissible, but neither Standard Deontic Logic (SDL) nor its more recent variants adequately represent the principles of our deontic reasoning. In this groundbreaking new work, author James Forrester first explores the shortcomings of standard deontic systems, and concludes that we need a new type of deontic logic; in the second part of the book, he presents a new deontic logic and semantics that fit our deontic reasoning better than standard systems. Finally, in a third section, Forrester sketches some original implications of his new deontic logic for practical reasoning. This book will be of interest to all philosophers, especially those with an interest in questions of moral and practical reasoning.

Being Good and Being Logical - Philosophical Groundwork for a New Deontic Logic (Paperback, New): James W. Forrester Being Good and Being Logical - Philosophical Groundwork for a New Deontic Logic (Paperback, New)
James W. Forrester
R1,184 Discovery Miles 11 840 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This work represents an attempt to show that standard systems of deontic logic (taken as attempts to codify normal deontic reasoning) run into a number of difficulties. It also presents a new system of deontic logic and argues that it is free from the shortcomings of standard systems.

Collected Works of John Stuart Mill - VII. System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive Vol A (Hardcover, New Ed): John M.... Collected Works of John Stuart Mill - VII. System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive Vol A (Hardcover, New Ed)
John M. Robson
R13,290 Discovery Miles 132 900 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill took thirty years to complete and is acknowledged as the definitive edition of J.S. Mill and as one of the finest works editions ever completed. Mill's contributions to philosophy, economics, and history, and in the roles of scholar, politician and journalist can hardly be overstated and this edition remains the only reliable version of the full range of Mill's writings. Each volume contains extensive notes, a new introduction and an index. Many of the volumes have been unavailable for some time, but the Works are now again available, both as a complete set and as individual volumes.

Collected Works of John Stuart Mill - VIII. System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive Vol B (Hardcover, New Ed): John M.... Collected Works of John Stuart Mill - VIII. System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive Vol B (Hardcover, New Ed)
John M. Robson
R12,556 Discovery Miles 125 560 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill took thirty years to complete and is acknowledged as the definitive edition of J.S. Mill and as one of the finest works editions ever completed. Mill's contributions to philosophy, economics, and history, and in the roles of scholar, politician and journalist can hardly be overstated and this edition remains the only reliable version of the full range of Mill's writings. Each volume contains extensive notes, a new introduction and an index. Many of the volumes have been unavailable for some time, but the Works are now again available, both as a complete set and as individual volumes.

The Emergence of Logical Empiricism - From 1900 to the Vienna Circle (Hardcover): Sahotra Sarkar The Emergence of Logical Empiricism - From 1900 to the Vienna Circle (Hardcover)
Sahotra Sarkar; Robert Nozick
R1,278 Discovery Miles 12 780 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

A new direction in philosophy
Between 1920 and 1940 logical empiricism reset the direction of philosophy of science and much of the rest of Anglo-American philosophy. It began as a relatively organized movement centered on the Vienna Circle, and like-minded philosophers elsewhere, especially in Berlin. As Europe drifted into the Nazi era, several important figures, especially Carnap and Neurath, also found common ground in their liberal politics and radical social agenda. Together, the logical empiricists set out to reform traditional philosophy with a new set of doctrines more firmly grounded in logic and science.
Criticism and decline
Because of Nazi persecution, most of the European adherents of logical empiricism moved to the United States in the late 1930s. During the 1940s, many of their most cherished tenets became targets of criticism from outsiders as well as from within their own ranks. Philosophers of science in the late 1950s and 1960s rejected logical empiricism and, starting in the 1970s, presented such alternative programs such as scientific realism with evolutionary epistemology.
A resurgence of interest
During the early 1980s, philosophers and historians of philosophy began to study logical empiricism as an important movement. Unlike their predecessors in the 1960s-for whom the debate over logical empiricism now seems to have been largely motivated by professional politics-these philosopher no longer have to take positions for or against logical empiricism. The result has been a more balanced view of that movement, its achievements, its failures, and its influence.
Hard-to-find core writings now available
This collection makes available aselection of the most influential and representative writings of the logical empiricists, important contemporary criticisms of their doctrines, their responses, as well as the recent reappraisals. Introductions to each volume examine the articles in historical context and provide important background information that is vital to a full understanding of the issues discussed. They outline prevalent trends, identifying leading figures and summarize their positions and reasoning, as well as those of opposing thinkers.

Decline and Obsolescence of Logical Empiricism - Carnap vs. Quine and the Critics (Hardcover): Sahotra Sarkar Decline and Obsolescence of Logical Empiricism - Carnap vs. Quine and the Critics (Hardcover)
Sahotra Sarkar
R5,266 Discovery Miles 52 660 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

A new direction in philosophy
Between 1920 and 1940 logical empiricism reset the direction of philosophy of science and much of the rest of Anglo-American philosophy. It began as a relatively organized movement centered on the Vienna Circle, and like-minded philosophers elsewhere, especially in Berlin. As Europe drifted into the Nazi era, several important figures, especially Carnap and Neurath, also found common ground in their liberal politics and radical social agenda. Together, the logical empiricists set out to reform traditional philosophy with a new set of doctrines more firmly grounded in logic and science.
Criticism and decline
Because of Nazi persecution, most of the European adherents of logical empiricism moved to the United States in the late 1930s. During the 1940s, many of their most cherished tenets became targets of criticism from outsiders as well as from within their own ranks. Philosophers of science in the late 1950s and 1960s rejected logical empiricism and, starting in the 1970s, presented such alternative programs such as scientific realism with evolutionary epistemology.
A resurgence of interest
During the early 1980s, philosophers and historians of philosophy began to study logical empiricism as an important movement. Unlike their predecessors in the 1960s-for whom the debate over logical empiricism now seems to have been largely motivated by professional politics-these philosopher no longer have to take positions for or against logical empiricism. The result has been a more balanced view of that movement, its achievements, its failures, and its influence.
Hard-to-find core writings now available
This collection makes available aselection of the most influential and representative writings of the logical empiricists, important contemporary criticisms of their doctrines, their responses, as well as the recent reappraisals. Introductions to each volume examine the articles in historical context and provide importantbackground information that is vital to a full understanding of the issues discussed. They outline prevalent trends, identifying leading figures and summarize their positions and reasoning, as well as those of opposing thinkers.

Logical Empiricism at Its Peak - Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath (Hardcover): Sahotra Sarkar Logical Empiricism at Its Peak - Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath (Hardcover)
Sahotra Sarkar; Maria Neurath, Schlick, Rudolf Carnap
R3,344 Discovery Miles 33 440 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

A new direction in philosophy
Between 1920 and 1940 logical empiricism reset the direction of philosophy of science and much of the rest of Anglo-American philosophy. It began as a relatively organized movement centered on the Vienna Circle, and like-minded philosophers elsewhere, especially in Berlin. As Europe drifted into the Nazi era, several important figures, especially Carnap and Neurath, also found common ground in their liberal politics and radical social agenda. Together, the logical empiricists set out to reform traditional philosophy with a new set of doctrines more firmly grounded in logic and science.
Criticism and decline
Because of Nazi persecution, most of the European adherents of logical empiricism moved to the United States in the late 1930s. During the 1940s, many of their most cherished tenets became targets of criticism from outsiders as well as from within their own ranks. Philosophers of science in the late 1950s and 1960s rejected logical empiricism and, starting in the 1970s, presented such alternative programs such as scientific realism with evolutionary epistemology.
A resurgence of interest
During the early 1980s, philosophers and historians of philosophy began to study logical empiricism as an important movement. Unlike their predecessors in the 1960s-for whom the debate over logical empiricism now seems to have been largely motivated by professional politics-these philosopher no longer have to take positions for or against logical empiricism. The result has been a more balanced view of that movement, its achievements, its failures, and its influence.
Hard-to-find core writings now available
This collection makes available aselection of the most influential and representative writings of the logical empiricists, important contemporary criticisms of their doctrines, their responses, as well as the recent reappraisals. Introductions to each volume examine the articles in historical context and provide importantbackground information that is vital to a full understanding of the issues discussed. They outline prevalent trends, identifying leading figures and summarize their positions and reasoning, as well as those of opposing thinkers.

Logical Empiricism and the Special Sciences - Reichenbach, Feigl, and Nagel (Hardcover): Sahotra Sarkar Logical Empiricism and the Special Sciences - Reichenbach, Feigl, and Nagel (Hardcover)
Sahotra Sarkar
R1,504 Discovery Miles 15 040 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

A new direction in philosophy
Between 1920 and 1940 logical empiricism reset the direction of philosophy of science and much of the rest of Anglo-American philosophy. It began as a relatively organized movement centered on the Vienna Circle, and like-minded philosophers elsewhere, especially in Berlin. As Europe drifted into the Nazi era, several important figures, especially Carnap and Neurath, also found common ground in their liberal politics and radical social agenda. Together, the logical empiricists set out to reform traditional philosophy with a new set of doctrines more firmly grounded in logic and science.
Criticism and decline
Because of Nazi persecution, most of the European adherents of logical empiricism moved to the United States in the late 1930s. During the 1940s, many of their most cherished tenets became targets of criticism from outsiders as well as from within their own ranks. Philosophers of science in the late 1950s and 1960s rejected logical empiricism and, starting in the 1970s, presented such alternative programs such as scientific realism with evolutionary epistemology.
A resurgence of interest
During the early 1980s, philosophers and historians of philosophy began to study logical empiricism as an important movement. Unlike their predecessors in the 1960s-for whom the debate over logical empiricism now seems to have been largely motivated by professional politics-these philosopher no longer have to take positions for or against logical empiricism. The result has been a more balanced view of that movement, its achievements, its failures, and its influence.
Hard-to-find core writings now available
This collection makes available aselection of the most influential and representative writings of the logical empiricists, important contemporary criticisms of their doctrines, their responses, as well as the recent reappraisals. Introductions to each volume examine the articles in historical context and provide importantbackground information that is vital to a full understanding of the issues discussed. They outline prevalent trends, identifying leading figures and summarize their positions and reasoning, as well as those of opposing thinkers.

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