This book unravels the role of Point-of-Care (POC) glucose monitoring as an essential part of diabetes management. It provides the reader with an in-depth knowledge and understanding of diabetes management, including: the need for POC glucose monitoring the glucose detection technologies (invasive, noninvasive and continuous) being used in the POC devices the analytical performance, characteristics, pros and cons of the POC devices developed to date the importance and role of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) monitoring for diabetes management the various POC devices and analyzers for the determination of HbA1c. This is the first book to provide complete up-to-date information on POC glucose detection technologies and devices for diabetic monitoring and management. It will be an important reference for healthcare professionals, biomedical engineers, researchers, economists and policy makers. This book also serves as an asset and teaching aid for professionals and researchers in diabetic monitoring and management.

This book uniquely presents conceptual understanding as well as advancements in the field of endocrinology. It emphasizes the harmonization between the function and the structure of different endocrine glands in the body. The book's initial chapters introduce hormones' biological synthesis, structure, function, and signaling pathways. The subsequent chapters examine the functional relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland and its leading and regulating roles on other endocrine and non- endocrine organs. A separate chapter discusses the synergistic functions of adrenal glands and pineal gland in the circadian rhythm and analyze the role of corticoids in carbohydrate and mineral metabolism. Furthermore, the book addresses the role of growth hormones, prolactin, gonads regulating hormones, adrenocorticotropin, thyroid hormones, parathormone, gluco- and mineral corticoids, insulin and glucagon, Physiology of bone remodeling is presented with the role of parathyroid glands, C cells and vitamin D explaining the bone as an endocrine organ. The regulation of male and female reproductive functions is represented well. Lastly, the book reviews the novel endocrine role and metabolic aspects of adipose tissue as an endocrine tissue and its relationship to inflammatory diseases, insulin resistance and many metabolic disorders. The book introduces key parts for endocrine's stem cell in each gland is discussed in term of its survival, proliferation, migration, homing, differentiation and its regeneration and remodeling roles.

Up-to-date and evidence-based, Updates on Treatment and Management of Endocrinopathies [correct title?] provides an overview of recent developments regarding the most prevalent endocrine disorders. A concise, easy-to-read reference for endocrinologists and endocrine surgeons, this timely reference includes an overview of each disorder as well as diagnosis, management, treatment, prognosis, and a summary by a renowned expert who has contributed to the most current literature. Addresses endocrine diseases of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands as well as familial endocrine syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2 (MEN). Includes both surgical and nonsurgical treatments. Consolidates today's available information on this timely topic into one convenient resource.

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a highly prevalent condition in developed countries and is a cluster of several risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease that includes increased body mass index/waist circumference, visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperclycaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension, which are all major causes of morbidity and death.

This volume provides a critical review and discussion of the knowledge gathered on MS and analyzes the interplay between oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and angiogenesis features. There is a special focus on recent discoveries and progress toward possible therapeutic strategies, such as the role of glucose transporters within MS; the effects of polyphenols as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic compounds.

The role of NFkB, nitric oxide synthases, hypoxia-inducible factors, and many other molecules that play a part in the development of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as angiogenesis is also covered.

This book fills the gap between basic science and medical care, and provides the reader with the skills to apply rigorous basic science to clinical settings of metabolic syndrome-associated disorders.

Current thinking holds that obesity derives primarily from overnutrition (though compelling arguments for other mechanisms, like endocrine disruption by environmental pollutants, also gain support from the literature). In animals, overnutrition is initially handled by adipose tissue expansion; however, exhaustion of this route of lipid sequestering results in oversupply of lipid to other tissues including skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and others. Failure of these tissues to clear excess lipids through either metabolism or sequestration into putatively inert triacylglycerols results in perturbation of bioactive lipid metabolism in cells. In particular, aberrant generation of bioactive sphingolipids is implicated in a multitude of pathological outcomes of metabolic disease including insulin resistance, inflammation, cardiomyopathy, and others. This volume addresses not only the fundamentals of sphingolipid metabolism and analysis, but also the roles of sphingolipids in these disease processes.

Protein degradation has been identified as a major mechanism for the regulation of cellular functions. Not surprisingly, its deregulation is implied in almost any pathological condition. This book describes how aged proteins are eliminated during cell metabolism, how cell proliferation is regulated by protein degradation and how its deregulation can contribute to the development of cancer, how protein degradation is modified during normal and abnormal aging, in particular with regard to Alzheimer's disease and other degenerative diseases of the brain and central nervous system. Attempts aiming at correcting these pathologies by interfering with deviations of the normal pathway of protein degradation are also treated.

Volume I of this book provides a comprehensive discussion of the factors involved in regulation of the cell cycle, the general biological properties of growth factors, and the receptor and postreceptor mechanisms of action of these signaling agents. It evaluates the possible role of growth factors in the regulation of proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor gene expression, and the development of neoplastic processes is discussed in detail.

The scientific advances in the physiology and pathophysiology of adipose tissue over the last two decades have been considerable. Today, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of adipogenesis are well known. In addition, adipose tissue is now recognized as a real endocrine organ that produces hormones such as the leptin acting to regulate food intake and energy balance in the central nervous system, a finding that has completely revolutionized the paradigm of energy homeostasis. Other adipokines have now been described and these molecules are taking on increasing importance in physiology and pathophysiology. Moreover, numerous works have shown that in obesity, but also in cases of lipodystophy, adipose tissue was the site of a local low-grade inflammation that involves immune cells such as macrophages and certain populations of lymphocytes. This new information is an important step in the pathophysiology of both obesity and related metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Finally, it is a unique and original work focusing on adipose tissue, covering biology and pathology by investigating aspects of molecular and cellular biology, general, metabolic, genetic and genomic biochemistry.

This text covers the basic principles of mitochondrial dynamics in cardiovascular medicine, with particular emphasis on their functional roles in physiology and disease. The book will include articles pertaining to mitochondrial fitness on a global basis, providing therefore an update on the progress made in several aspects in the field. Thus, it will assist scientists and clinicians alike in furthering basic and translational research. Organized in sections focusing on: basic science, mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac disorders, in vascular disorders, in metabolic disorders, in kidney disease, therapeutic challenges and options, this essential volume fills imperative gaps in understanding and potentially treating several cardiovascular disorders.

This book contains an extensive collection of critical reviews, from leading researchers in the field of regulated protein degradation. It covers the role of regulated proteolysis in a range of microorganisms (from Gram positive, Gram negative and pathogenic bacteria to Archaea and the Baker s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae)."

This book discusses the maximal power and capacity of the three major biochemical pathways - aerobic (oxygen consumption), anaerobic lactic (muscle lactate accumulation in absence of oxygen consumption), and anaerobic alactic (phosphocreatine hydrolysis) metabolism - as well as the factors that limit them. It also discusses the metabolic and cardio-pulmonary mechanisms of the dynamic response to exercise. The way and extent to which the power and capacity of the three major energy metabolisms are affected under a number of different conditions, such as training, hypoxia and microgravity, are also described.

Textbook of Nephro-Endocrinology, Second Edition, continues to be the definitive translational reference in the field of nephro-endocrinology, investigating both the endocrine functions of the kidneys and how the kidney acts as a target for hormones from other organ systems. It offers researchers and clinicians expert analyses of nephro-endocrine research and translation into the treatment of diseases such as anemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), rickets, osteoporosis, and hypoparathyroidism. Changes to this edition include new chapters focused on hypercalcemia/hypocalcemia and the interaction of dialysis, chronic renal disease, and endocrine diseases. All chapters have been updated to include more preclinical data and more tables and schema that help translate this data into clinical recommendations. The section on hormones and renal insufficiency discusses insulin/diabetes, growth hormone, sex steroids, thyroid hormone, acid-base disturbances, and pregnancy.

The role of oxidative stress in human disease has become an area of intense interest. Free radicals, a normal product of metabolism, exist in all aerobic cells in balance with biochemical antioxidants. Environmental stress increases the levels of free radicals drastically, thereby disturbing the equilibrium between free radical production and the antioxidant capability causing oxidative stress. Over the years, ROS has been implicated in the pathologies of various diseases like cancer, neurological disorder, cardiovascular diseases rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes etc. This book provides an in depth critical state-of-art reviews from established investigators on free radicals, ROS associated pathogenesis of human diseases, biomarkers of oxidative damage, antioxidants, phytonutrients and other related health concerns of modern society. The present book is aimed at graduate students, researchers in academia, industry and clinicians with the interest in redox biology. Special attention has been devoted to the topic of ROS signalling, oxidative stress induced human pathologies & antioxidative therapies. The book consists of four parts in specified topics based on the current literatures for the better understanding of the readers with respect to their subject-wise interests. The first section of the book provides an overview about the ROS production and their measuring tools and techniques followed by the mechanisms involved in the oxidative stress in the second section. The third section describes the involvement of oxidative stress in different human diseases and the last section focuses on the different strategies to ameliorate oxidative stress induced stress.

Profound mortality rates, due to cardiovascular disease, are a worldwide problem. Cardiovascular disease results from complications of a silent and chronic arterial disease: atherosclerosis. The challenge for the practitioner is adapting diagnostic and therapeutic responses to prevent this common and complex disease. Dyslipidemia, are disorders of the metabolism of soluble transporters of lipids in extracellular spaces of the human body (including blood), called lipoproteins. They are major cardiovascular risk factors, causally related with atherosclerosis and are themselves multifactorial diseases, resulting from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The study of genetic factors has recently taken a new path with the study of DNA as an experimental object. More than fifty genes of lipoprotein metabolism have been identified in both their physiological actions and their contribution to the pathogenesis of human dyslipidemia. The diversity of observations has refined our current knowledge of the control of lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in living organisms beyond the limits of the cardiovascular system (e.g., brain, immune system, and development). These studies have given way to a shake-up of former phenotypic classifications, distinguishing new entities, defining targeted therapeutic strategies, providing a basis for different patterns of disease distribution in human populations.

Fluids and Electrolytes: Essentials for Healthcare Practice is designed to give a solid understanding of fluid and electrolyte physiology and its implications for practice, including acid-base balance and intravenous (IV) therapy, in a concise and easily understandable format. Chapters incorporate physiological, developmental and practical aspects, highlighting some of the key issues that arise from childhood to old age. This accessible text is presented with clear graphical representations of key processes, numerous tables and contains interesting facts to explore some common myths about human fluid and electrolyte physiology. A valuable resource for healthcare students, this book also provides a strong comprehensive overview for practitioners, nurses, physiotherapists and paramedics.

In September 1991, Victor Zammit and I were in the Department of Biochemistry, the University of Cambridge, discussing ou r collaborative research project when we real ized thepotential value and need fora conference specifically concerned with fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. Thei dea, onceseeded, was indulged and flourished into the first "Fatty Acid Oxidation & Ketogenesis (FAOx&K) Conference"t hatwas held in the Department at Eastertime, 1992. Itw as attended byc olleagues mainly from the U. K., France and Spain. From these modest beginnings atradition for holding a conference every second yearh asgrown and this Book results from the 4th International FAOx&K Conference that was held in London at the Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital forChildren NHSTrust, University College London Medical School in the new Conference Suite and was attended by colleagues from over twenty c ountries and five different c ontinents. I would like to thank allm y colleagues who havec ontributed to the conferences and, mos t importantly, to this Book. The first two c onferences were held in the University of Cambridge and were orga nized entirely by me but Simon Eaton, who came to work in London with me in Febru ary 1997, b ecame Conference Secretary andco organized the last two meetings. His contribution tot he conferences has been invaluable and w ithout hisdedicated help and effort neither the latermeetings n ort his Book would haveb een possible.

This book discusses the relationship between cellular immunity and tryptophan metabolism, as well as its products, serotonin and melatonin, in the development of several diseases and reappraises the common signal transduction pathways of the neurodegenerative diseases, carcinogenesis, immune tolerance, inflammation, hypersensitivity reactions, neuropsychiatric disorders, in addition to bacterial tryptophan biosynthesis and novel antimicrobials. Tryptophan Metabolism: Implications for Biological Processes, Health and Disease presents fundamental information on tryptophan related metabolic pathways and metabolites, implications of these products for specific biological processes, diseases and conditions. This book focuses on effects of tryptophan metabolites on human health and will appeal to researchers, clinicians and students within this field.

The heart has a very high energy demand but very little energy reserves. In order to sustain contractile function, the heart has to continually produce a large amount of ATP.The heart utilizes free fatty acids mainly and carbohydrates to some extent as substrates for making energy and any change in this energy supply can seriously compromise cardiac function.It has emerged that alterations in cardiac energy metabolism are a major contributor to the development of a number of different forms of heart disease.It is also now known that optimizing energy metabolism in the heart is a viable and important approach to treating various forms of heart disease.

"Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Health and Disease" describes the research advances that have been made in understanding what controls cardiac energy metabolism at molecular, transcriptional and physiological levels.It also describes how alterations in energy metabolism contribute to the development of heart dysfunction and how optimization of energy metabolism can be used to treat heart disease.The topics covered include a discussion of the effects of myocardial ischemia, diabetes, obesity, hypertrophy, heart failure, and genetic disorders of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism on cardiac energetics.The treatment of heart disease by optimizing energy metabolism is also discussed, which includes increasing overall energy production as well as increasing the efficiency of energy production and switching energy substrate preference of the heart. This book will be a valuable source of information to graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and investigators in the field of experimental cardiology as well as biochemists, physiologists, pharmacologists, cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons and other health professionals."

Providing a nuanced study of the connections between sleep, circadian rhythms, and metabolis, this informative book examines how circadian actions affect the liver and adipose tissue, the brain, and metabolism. This important book introduces the reader to circadian rhythms in the body and the external cues that set them, discusses on a molecular and organ level how disrupting these clocks results in metabolic and sleep disorders, and looks at the clinical applications of circadian rhythms, with a focus on sleep.

The book covers a variety of important research in the field, including:

The power of computational biology to uncover new nodes in the network of circadian rhythms

Circadian rhythms as they relates to obesity

How late-night shift conditions impair the body s ability to keep time and promote metabolic diseases and how this can be mitigated by strategic planning of feeding times

The relationship between the suprachiasmatic nuclei and orexin neurons, demonstrating the elegant interplay between our biological clocks and wakefulness

How sleep disorders can result from irregular circadian rhythms and potential ways to diagnose this in individuals

How sleeping behaviors can disturb the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the repercussions of this disruption on female reproduction

How disruption of sleep can be clinically beneficial for depressed patients

How mental state is influenced by circadian rhythm"

This book covers the most important clinical and bench science aspects of metabolic syndrome. It will be of value to all of those seeking a comprehensive update on the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, it will provide a broad basis for advancing research in the multiple intersecting disciplines encompassed by the metabolic syndrome.

The first comprehensive overview of an emerging field, Metabolic Medicine and Surgery introduces a new paradigm in patient management that crosses existing subspecialty boundaries. This approach is necessitated by the challenges of treating patients with obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and prediabetes, as well as those with maldigestion, malabsorption, malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies. This book teaches physicians and surgeons what they need to know about clinical nutrition, metabolism and the metabolic effects of bariatric surgery. It is also applicable to those in primary care, including physicians, residents, medical students, nurses and nurse practitioners, physician assistants and dietitians who are on the front lines of treating patients with obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The book is presented in four sections: 1. An Overview of Metabolic Medicine and Surgery; 2. Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance and Obesity; 3. Diseases of Undernutrition and Absorption; 4. A Nutritional Relationship to Neurological Diseases. It contains chapters from world-renowned experts who are widely published in major medical journals. The book also benefits from the contributions of clinicians with extensive experience and perspective in the field, including many who have been witness to its major developments. This book's strength lies in the cross-specialty consensus created by the collaboration of the editors and further developed by their renowned contributors. It demonstrates how medicine, surgery, therapeutics, and nutrition can be combined synergistically to impact patient outcomes. It crystallizes the efforts of a multitude of physicians and scientists trying to control the linked pandemics of obesity, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This book helps you develop comprehensive solutions to diseases afflicting vast numbers of patients worldwide.

This book underlines the importance of reciprocal interactions between probiotics and humans in terms of stress induction, epigenetic control of cellular responses, oxidative status, bioactive molecules biosynthesis, moonlighting proteins secretion, endogenous toxins neutralization, and several other biological functions. It explores how these responses can affect metabolism and metabolic-related disorders, gutbrain axis balance, mood, inflammatory, allergic and anti-infective reactions, cancer, and ageing. The book explores how probiotics create a dynamic and "fluid" network of signals able to control the balance between healthy and altered human status.

Within the last few years, knowledge about vitamins has increased dramatically, resulting in improved understanding of human requirements for many vitamins. This new edition of a bestseller presents comprehensive summaries that analyze the chemical, physiological, and nutritional relationships, as well as highlight newly identified functions, for all recognized vitamins. These include vitamins A, D, K, E, B6, B12, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, pantothenic acid, biotin, folate, choline, and ascorbic acid. Keeping the tradition of the previous volumes, the Handbook of Vitamins, Fifth Edition provides an updated, contemporary perspective on vitamins in human nutrition. Bringing together leading experts in molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology, the book contains substantial revisions in every chapter, covering vitamin metabolism, including human requirements, clinical aspects of deficiency, vitamin-dependant cell signals and gene regulation, and roles as coenzymes. The chapter on epigenetics has been updated and expanded to include novel findings about vitamins not previously considered in studies of nutrient-dependent epigenome modification. The book also contains a new chapter on genome stability, highlighting current understanding of vitamin-genome interactions in the evolution of the human genome and the functional consequences of human genetic variation. Maintaining its status as a high-quality reference, this handbook incorporates new discoveries into an updated and revised fifth edition.

Providing a holistic, global approach to all aspects of PCOS, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Basic Science to Clinical Advances Across the Lifespan offers authoritative guidance on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of this challenging syndrome. It presents a coherent, evidence-based approach to diagnosis, as well as recommendations for clinical practice grounded in recent advances in basic sciences. Unique in the field, this practical resource provides decision-making tools for endocrinologists, fertility specialists, gynecologists, and internists who diagnose and treat patients with this complex chronic condition. Covers all aspects of PCOS and management across the lifespan, including short- and long-term metabolic, endocrine, and psychological challenges. Offers an integrative approach to the understanding of pathophysiology and management of PCOS in adult women and adolescent girls with a focus on genetics, microRNAs, and risk factors. Includes clinical, hormonal and metabolic features as well as diagnostic criteria and PCOS phenotypes. Presents treatment and management options for common symptoms, hirsutism, menstrual irregularity, and conception planning, including a chapter on subfertility and the male PCOS equivalent. Includes coverage of standard comorbidities, as well as a section on global approaches to patients with PCOS that addresses unique concerns, practices, and stigmas associated with how different cultures approach the disorder. Addresses the use of complementary/alternative medicine, lifestyle modification, and behavioral therapy in managing PCOS. An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.