Flow cytometry forms an integral part of both basic biological research and clinical diagnosis in pathology. This straightforward new volume provides a clear, easy-to-read, and practical manual for both clinicians and non-clinicians at all levels of their careers.

The chapter topics range from basic principles to more advanced subjects, such as apoptosis and cell sorting. The book charts the history, development and basic principles of flow cytometry.

Thisbookisintendedformolecularbiologistswhoperformquantitativeanalysesondata emanatingfromtheir?eldandforthestatisticianswhoworkwithmolecularbiologists andotherbiomedicalresearchers. Therearemanyexcellenttextbooksthatprovidefun- mentalcomponentsforstatisticaltrainingcurricula. Therearealsomany"byexpertsfor experts"booksinstatisticsandmolecularbiologywhichrequirein-depthknowledgein bothsubjectstobetakenfulladvantageof. Sofar,nobookinstatisticshasbeenpublished thatprovidesthebasicprinciplesofproperstatisticalanalysesandprogressestoamore advancedstatisticsinresponsetorapidlydevelopingtechnologiesandmethodologiesin the?eldofmolecularbiology. Respondingtothissituation,ourbookaimsatbridgingthegapbetweenthesetwo extremes. Molecularbiologistswillbene?tfromtheprogressivestyleofthebookwhere basicstatisticalmethodsareintroducedandgraduallyelevatedtoanintermediatelevel. Similarly,statisticianswillbene?tfromlearningthevariousbiologicaldatageneratedfrom the?eldofmolecularbiology,thetypesofquestionsofinteresttomolecularbiologists, andthestatisticalapproachestoanalyzingthedata. Thestatisticalconceptsandmethods relevanttostudiesinmolecularbiologyarepresentedinasimpleandpracticalmanner. Speci?cally,thebookcoversbasicandintermediatestatisticsthatareusefulforclassical and molecular biology settings and advanced statistical techniques that can be used to helpsolveproblemscommonlyencounteredinmodernmolecularbiologystudies,such assupervisedandunsupervisedlearning,hiddenMarkovmodels,manipulationandan- ysisofdatafromhigh-throughputmicroarrayandproteomicplatform,andsynthesisof these evidences. A tutorial-type format is used to maximize learning in some chapters. Advicefromjournaleditorsonpeer-reviewedpublicationandsomeusefulinformationon softwareimplementationarealsoprovided. Thisbookisrecommendedforuseassupplementarymaterialbothinsideandoutside classroomsorasaself-learningguideforstudents,scientists,andresearcherswhodealwith numericdatainmolecularbiologyandrelated?elds. Thosewhostartasbeginners,but desiretobeatanintermediatelevel,will?ndthisbookespeciallyusefulintheirlearning pathway. WewanttothankJohnWalker(serieseditor),PatrickMarton,DavidCasey,andAnne Meagher,(editorsatSpringerandHumana)andShanthyJaganathan(Integra-India). The followingpersonsprovidedusefuladviceandcommentsonselectionoftopics,referralto expertsineachtopic,and/orchapterreviewsthatwetrulyappreciate:StephenLooney(a former editor of this book), Stan Young, Dmitri Zaykin, Douglas Hawkins, Wei Pan, Alexandre Almeida, John Ho, Rebecca Doerge, Paula Trushin, Kevin Morgan, Jason Osborne,PeterWestfall,JennyXiang,Ya-linChiu,YolandaBarron,HuiboShao,Alvin Mushlin,andRonaldFanta. Drs. Bang,Zhou,andMazumdarwerepartiallysupported byClinicalTranslationalScienceCenter(CTSC)grant(UL1-RR024996). HeejungBang vii Contents Preface...vii Contributors...xi PARTIBASICSTATISTICS...1 1. ExperimentalStatisticsforBiologicalSciences...3 HeejungBangandMarieDavidian 2. NonparametricMethodsforMolecularBiology...105 KnutM. WittkowskiandTingtingSong 3. BasicsofBayesianMethods...155 SujitK. Ghosh 4. TheBayesiant-TestandBeyond ...179 MithatGonen PARTII DESIGNSANDMETHODSFORMOLECULARBIOLOGY...201 5. SampleSizeandPowerCalculationforMolecularBiologyStudies...203 Sin-HoJung 6. DesignsforLinkageAnalysisandAssociationStudiesofComplexDiseases...219 YuehuaCui,GengxinLi,ShaoyuLi,andRonglingWu 7. IntroductiontoEpigenomicsandEpigenome-WideAnalysis...243 MelissaJ. FazzariandJohnM. Greally 8. Exploration,Visualization,andPreprocessingofHigh-DimensionalData...267 ZhijinWuandZhiqiangWu PARTIII STATISTICALMETHODSFORMICROARRAYDATA ...285 9. IntroductiontotheStatisticalAnalysisofTwo-ColorMicroarrayData...287 MartinaBremer,EdwardHimelblau,andAndreasMadlung 10. BuildingNetworkswithMicroarrayData...315 BradleyM. Broom,WareeRinsurongkawong,LajosPusztai, andKim-AnhDo PARTIV ADVANCEDORSPECIALIZEDMETHODSFORMOLECULARBIOLOGY. . 345 11. SupportVectorMachinesforClassi?cation:AStatisticalPortrait...347 YoonkyungLee 12. AnOverviewofClusteringAppliedtoMolecularBiology ...369 RebeccaNugentandMarinaMeila ix xContents 13. HiddenMarkovModelandItsApplicationsinMotifFindings...405 JingWuandJunXie 14. DimensionReductionforHigh-DimensionalData...417 LexinLi 15. IntroductiontotheDevelopmentandValidationofPredictiveBiomarker ModelsfromHigh-ThroughputDataSets ...435 XutaoDengandFabienCampagne 16. Multi-geneExpression-basedStatisticalApproachestoPredicting Patients'ClinicalOutcomesandResponses...471 FengCheng,Sang-HoonCho,andJaeK. Lee 17. Two-StageTestingStrategiesforGenome-WideAssociationStudies inFamily-BasedDesigns ...485 AmyMurphy,ScottT. Weiss,andChristophLange 18. StatisticalMethodsforProteomics ...497 KlausJung PARTVMETA-ANALYSISFORHIGH-DIMENSIONALDATA ...509 19. StatisticalMethodsforIntegratingMultipleTypesofHigh-ThroughputData. . 511 YangXieandChulAhn 20. ABayesianHierarchicalModelforHigh-DimensionalMeta-analysis...531 FeiLiu 21. MethodsforCombiningMultipleGenome-WideLinkageStudies...541 TreciaA. KippolaandStephanieA. Santorico PARTVI OTHERPRACTICALINFORMATION ...561 22. ImprovedReportingofStatisticalDesignandAnalysis:Guidelines, Education,andEditorialPolicies...5 63 MadhuMazumdar,SampritBanerjee,andHeatherL. VanEpps 23. StataCompanion...599 JenniferSousaBrennan SubjectIndex...627 Contributors CHULAHN* Division of Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Sciences, The Harold C.

International Review of Cytology presents current advances and comprehensive reviews in cell biology both plant and animal. Authored by some of the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for future research. Articles in this volume address cell biology of membrane trafficking in human disease; the biology of the gaucher cell; intracellular signals and events activated by cytokines of the TNF superfamily; cellular and molecular biology of orphan G-protein coupled receptors; organization and function of the actin; cytoskeleton in developing root cells.

Microarray Technology, Volumes 1 and 2, present information in designing and fabricating arrays and binding studies with biological analytes. This is done while providing the reader with a broad description of microarray technology tools and their potential applications. The first volume deals with methods and protocols for the preparation of microarrays. The second volume details applications and data analysis, which is important in analyzing the enormous data coming out of microarray experiments. Microarray Technology, Volumes 1 and 2, provide ample information to all levels of scientists from novice to those intimately familiar with array technology.

Cell cycle checkpoints control the fidelity and orderly progression of eukaryotic cell division. By controlling the orderly progression of critical cell cycle events such as DNA replication and chromosome segregation and ensuring proper repair of damaged DNA, cell cycle checkpoints function to ensure genome integrity. Mechanisms of checkpoint controls are not only the research focus of investigators interested in mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle, but are also the interests of researchers studying cancer development as it is increasingly clear that loss of cell cycle checkpoints, which leads to genomic instability as a result, is a hallmark of tumorigenesis. Cell Cycle Checkpoints: Methods and Protocols provides detailed descriptions of methodologies currently employed by researchers in the field, including those commonly used in the mammalian, yeast, C. elegans, Drosophila, and Xenopus model systems. Each chapter describes a specific technique or protocol, such as a method to induce cell cycle checkpoints in a particular model system, to synchronize a population of cells to allow observations of cell cycle progression, to identify genes involved in checkpoint regulation, and to study particular protein components of cell cycle checkpoint pathways. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series format, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Cell Cycle Checkpoints: Methods and Protocols seeks to serve both professionals and novices with its well-honed methodologies in an effort to further our knowledge of this essential field.

The field of bacterial diagnostics has seen unprecedented advances in recent years. The increased need for accurate detection and identification of bacteria in human, animal, food, and environmental samples has fueled the development of new techniques. The field has seen extensive research aided by the information from bacterial genome sequencing projects. Although traditional methods of bacterial detection and identification remain in use in laboratories around the world, there is now a growing trend toward the use of nucleic ac- based diagnostics and alternative biochemically and immunologically based formats. The ultimate goal of all diagnostic tests is the accurate detection, identification, or typing of microorganisms in samples of interest. Although the resulting information is of obvious use in the areas of patient management, animal health, and quality control, it is also of use in monitoring routes of infection and outlining strategies for infection control. There is, therefore, a need to ensure that the information being provided is of the highest standard and that any new technique is capable of delivering this.

Gene correction is a technology that gives us the tools for both repairing and mutating DNA, for discovering gene functions and for engineering new genetic variants. Gene Correction: Methods and Protocols provides a user friendly, detailed and up-to-date collection of strategies and methodologies utilized for generating specific sequence changes in the DNA of cells in the laboratory, while also tackling the major problems that the field of gene correction faces. This volume brings together many experts in the field of gene correction to disclose a wide and varied array of specific gene correction protocols for engineering mutations in DNA, for delivering correcting DNA to target cells, and for improving the accuracy and safety of the gene correction process. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Gene Correction: Methods and Protocols seeks to serve scientists of all backgrounds interested in the area of gene targeting/recombination/therapy.

Target Discovery and Validation Reviews and Protocols, Volumes 1 and 2 review the most progressive and current methods for drug target discovery and validation. These volumes explore how recent improvement in understanding the molecular mechanisms of human pathology is impacting drug target discovery in the laboratory and in real therapeutics, specifically for cancers and autoimmune disorders.

Volume 1 focuses on novel and innovative techniques, and presents the most up-to-date protocols available for maximizing the likelihood of achieving target-selective inhibition in vivo while minimizing side effects. The profound impact of genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics on target discovery is explored, and specific attention is given to the role of transgenic and knockout animals in functional genomics and target validation. Cancer researchers will find tremendous value in the molecular classification of breast cancers and the review of protocols for tumor antigens and cancer vaccines. The methods and protocols collected here, all reviewed by leading scientists and clinicians, present the practical details necessary for translating the enormous discovery potential of the genome into real therapeutic products.

Volume 2 collects all the practical details required for efficient translation of discovered targets into real pharmaceutical drugs. Specific targets in cancers and autoimmunity are described and the potential of using siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides and RNA aptamers in patients is reviewed. This volume explores the tremendous impact of the application of genotyping and gene expression profiling on the future of healthcare, and presents cutting-edge protocols to aid inbringing agents against specific targets closer to application in the clinic.

Collectively, these volumes provide a thorough review of the most cutting-edge methods available for each step in drug target identification, validation, and clinical application. For researchers, an understanding of available methods aids in the creation of innovative experiments in the laboratory, and the successful translation of target discovery to real therapeutics.

In the last few years, significant advances have been made in understanding how a yeast cell responds to the stress of producing a recombinant protein, and how this information can be used to engineer improved host strains. The molecular biology of the expression vector, through the choice of promoter, tag and codon optimization of the target gene, is also a key determinant of a high-yielding protein production experiment. Recombinant Protein Production in Yeast: Methods and Protocols examines the process of preparation of expression vectors, transformation to generate high-yielding clones, optimization of experimental conditions to maximize yields, scale-up to bioreactor formats and disruption of yeast cells to enable the isolation of the recombinant protein prior to purification. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Recombinant Protein Production in Yeast: Methods and Protocols, seeks to aid scientists in adopting yeast as a protein production host.

Computational Biomechanics for Medicine: Solid and fluid mechanics for the benefit of patients contributions and papers from the MICCAI Computational Biomechanics for Medicine Workshop help in conjunction with Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention conference (MICCAI 2020) in Lima, Peru. The content is dedicated to research in the field of methods and applications of computational biomechanics to medical image analysis, image-guided surgery, surgical simulation, surgical intervention planning, disease prognosis and diagnostics, analysis of injury mechanisms, implant and prostheses design, as well as artificial organ design and medical robotics. This book appeals to researchers, students and professionals in the field.

This book provides step-by-step explanations of successful implementations and practical applications of machine learning. The book's GitHub page contains software codes to assist readers in adapting materials and methods for their own use. A wide variety of applications are discussed, including wireless mesh network and power systems optimization; computer vision; image and facial recognition; protein prediction; data mining; and data discovery. Numerous state-of-the-art machine learning techniques are employed (with detailed explanations), including biologically-inspired optimization (genetic and other evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence); Viola Jones face detection; Gaussian mixture modeling; support vector machines; deep convolutional neural networks with performance enhancement techniques (including network design, learning rate optimization, data augmentation, transfer learning); spiking neural networks and timing dependent plasticity; frequent itemset mining; binary classification; and dynamic programming. This book provides valuable information on effective, cutting-edge techniques, and approaches for students, researchers, practitioners, and teachers in the field of machine learning.

This book summarizes the main surface analysis techniques that are being used to study biological specimens/systems. The compilation of chapters in this book highlight the benefits that surface analysis provides.

The outer layer of bulk solid or liquid samples is referred to as the surface of the sample/material. At the surface, the composition, microstructure, phase, chemical bonding, electronic states, and/or texture is often different than that of the bulk material. The outer surface is where many material interactions/reactions take place. This is especially true biomaterials which may be fabricated into bio-devices and in turn implanted into tissues and organs. Surfaces of biomaterials (synthetic or modified natural materials) are of critical importance since the surface is typically the only part of the biomaterial/bio-device that comes in contact with the biological system.

Analytical techniques are required to characterize the surface of biomaterials and quantify their impact in real-world biological systems. Surface analysis of biological materials started in the 1960 s and the number of researchers working in this area have increased very rapidly since then, a number of advances have been made to standard surface analytical instrumentation, and a number of new instruments have been introduced.

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International Review of Cytology presents current advances and comprehensive reviews in cell biology both plant and animal. Authored by some of the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for future research. Articles in this volume address endogenous ligands of PACAP, VIP receptors in the autocrine-paracrine regulation of the adrenal gland; ultrastructural dynamcs of human reproduction, from ovulation to fertilization and early embryo development; chromosomal variation in mammalian neuronal cells; automated interpretation of protein subcellular location patterns; cell and molecular biology of human lacrimal gland and nasolacrimal duct mucins.

The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook: Introduction to Chlamydomonas and Its Laboratory Use, Volume One, Third Edition has been fully revised and updated to include a wealth of new resources for the Chlamydomonas community (new mutant libraries, new omics studies, and potentially more information about different Chlamydomonas species in the environment). In addition to updates on molecular techniques and analysis of the sequenced genome, the book presents the latest in research and best practices for applications in research, including methods for culture, preservation of cultures, preparation of media, and more.

Scattering Methods in Structural Biology, Part B, Volume 676 in the Methods in Enzymology serial, highlights advances in the field, presenting chapters on Quality controls, Refining biomolecular structures and ensembles by SAXS-driven molecular dynamics simulations, Data analysis and modelling of small-angle scattering data with contrast variation, Observing protein degradation in solution by the PAN-20S proteasome complex: state-of-the-art and future perspectives of TR-SANS as a complementary tool to NMR, crystallography and Cryo-EM, Extracting structural insights from chemically-specific soft X-ray scattering, Reconstruction of 3D density of biological macromolecules from solution scattering, ATSAS- present state and new developments in computational methods, and much more. Additional chapters cover Modeling Structure and Dynamics of Protein Complexes with SAXS Profiles (FoXSDock and MultiFoXS), Validation of macromolecular flexibility in solution by SAXS, Combining NMR, SAXS and SANS to characterize the structure and dynamics of protein complexes, Application of Molecular Simulation Methods to Analyze SAS Data, and more.

This book presents recent methods for Systems Genetics (SG) data analysis, applying them to a suite of simulated SG benchmark datasets. Each of the chapter authors received the same datasets to evaluate the performance of their method to better understand which algorithms are most useful for obtaining reliable models from SG datasets. The knowledge gained from this benchmarking study will ultimately allow these algorithms to be used with confidence for SG studies e.g. of complex human diseases or food crop improvement. The book is primarily intended for researchers with a background in the life sciences, not for computer scientists or statisticians.

The proposed volume provides both fundamental and detailed information about the computational and computational-experimental studies which improve our knowledge of how leaving matter functions, the different properties of drugs (including the calculation and the design of new ones), and the creation of completely new ways of treating numerical diseases. Whenever it is possible, the interplay between theory and experiment is provided. The book features computational techniques such as quantum-chemical and molecular dynamic approaches and quantitative structure-activity relationships. The initial chapters describe the state-of-the art research on the computational investigations in molecular biology, molecular pharmacy, and molecular medicine performed with the use of pure quantum-chemical techniques. The central part of the book illustrates the status of computational techniques that utilize hybrid, so called QM/MM approximations as well as the results of the QSAR studies which now are the most popular in predicting drugs' efficiency. The last chapters describe combined computational and experimental investigations.

Sheds new light on intrinsically disordered proteins and peptides, including their role in neurodegenerative diseases

With the discovery of intrinsically disordered proteins and peptides (IDPs), researchers realized that proteins do not necessarily adopt a well defined secondary and tertiary structure in order to perform biological functions. In fact, IDPs play biologically relevant roles, acting as inhibitors, scavengers, and even facilitating DNA/RNA-protein interactions. Due to their propensity for self-aggregation and fibril formation, some IDPs are involved in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

With contributions from leading researchers, this text reviews the most recent studies, encapsulating our understanding of IDPs. The authors explain how the growing body of IDP research is building our knowledge of the folding process, the binding of ligands to receptor molecules, and peptide self-aggregation. Readers will discover a variety of experimental, theoretical, and computational approaches used to better understand the properties and function of IDPs. Moreover, they'll discover the role of IDPs in human disease and as drug targets.

Protein and Peptide Folding, Misfolding, and Non-Folding begins with an introduction that explains why research on IDPs has significantly expanded in the past few years. Next, the book is divided into three sections:

Conformational Analysis of Unfolded States

Disordered Peptides and Molecular Recognition

Aggregation of Disordered Peptides

Throughout the book, detailed figures help readers understand the structure, properties, and function of IDPs. References at the end of each chapter serve as a gateway to the growing body of literature in the field.

With the publication of Protein and Peptide Folding, Misfolding, and Non-Folding, researchers now have a single place to discover IDPs, their diverse biological functions, and the many disciplines that have contributed to our evolving understanding of them.

This volume discusses various basic and advanced methods and protocols that have been proven to be successful among certain bacterial species, or a family of species, in type III secretion systems (T3S system). The chapters in this book cover topics such as: site-directed mutagenesis and its application in studying the interactions of T3S components; use of transcriptional control to increase expression and secretion of heterologous proteins in T3S systems; fractionation techniques to examine effector translocation; detecting immune responses to T3S systems; mouse immunization with purified needle proteins from T3S systems and the characterization of the immune responses to these proteins; and detection of protein interactions in T3S systems using yeast 2-hybrid analysis. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Practical and comprehensive, Type 3 Secretion Systems: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning about the fascinating and ever-changing T3S systems.

This thorough volume provides an in-depth introduction to and discussion of microRNAs (miRs) and their targets, miR functions, and computational techniques applied in miR research, thus serving the need for a comprehensive book focusing on miR target genes, miR regulation mechanisms, miR functions performed in various human diseases, and miR databases/knowledgebases. Without prior knowledge of the area of study, computational biologists, computer scientists, bioinformaticians, bench biologists, as well as clinical investigators will find it easy to follow the techniques in this collection. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detailed implementation advice that ensures successful results. Accessible and practical, Bioinformatics in MicroRNA Research functions as an ideal guide for researchers of all backgrounds to explore this vital area of study.

This second edition expands upon the previous volume with additional emphasis on recent innovation in basic renal research and has a more holistic approach on associated disorders such as complications associated with peritoneal dialysis, ischemic acute kidney injury, the sympathetic nervous system, and vascular calcification. The book is divided into five parts: Part I provides a number of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models of kidney disease and associated complications; Part II looks at recent advances in imaging techniques; Part III covers recent developments in studying metabolism in renal ischemia and reperfusion; Part IV addresses study and measurement of vascular calcification; and Part V explores analytical techniques that are both topical and of widespread relevance to the study of experimental renal disease. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Kidney Research: Experimental Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable collection of protocols useful to new and experienced researchers who are interested in the field of Nephrology.

Leading chemists and engineers concisely explain the principles behind microchip capillary electrophoresis and demonstrate its use in a variety of biochemical applications, ranging from the analysis of DNA, proteins, and peptides to single cell analysis and measuring the impact of surface modification on flow in microfluidic channels. Since surface chemistry must be carefully considered for optimal operation at this scale, the authors also discuss methods of both adsorbed and covalent surface modification for its control. Fabrication methods for producing microchips with glass, poly(dimethylsiloxane), and other polymers are also provided so that even novices can produce simple devices for standard separations. Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols provides a practical starting point for either initiating research in the field of microchip capillary electrophoresis or understanding the full range of what can be done with existing systems.

In this book, seven chapters describe studies aimed at understanding and exploiting the key features of such molecular RNA and DNA devices. In the first section of the book, four chapters are devoted to artificial nucleic acid switches and sensors. These chapters introduce the concept of allosteric ribozymes as molecular switches and sensors; describe nucleic acid enzymes that are switched by oligonucleotides and other nucleic acid enzymes that are switched by proteins; and illustrate how switching elements can be integrated rationally into fluorescently signaling molecular sensors made out of nucleic acids. In the second section of the book, three chapters show that nature has been as crafty a molecular-scale engineer as any modern scientist via evolution of natural nucleic acid switches and sensors. RNAs have been found whose activities are modulated either by proteins or by small-molecule metabolites, and both kinds of system are described. Finally, the notion of exploiting naturally occurring RNA switches for drug development is discussed.

This book brings together the most important research developments of the past 45 years that have enriched our knowledge and contributed to a better understanding of the biochemistry and cell and molecular biology of basement membranes. It describes the studies that shed light on the ultrastructural organization, the biosynthesis of the macromolecular components, their functions in embryonic development and differentiation, and in the mature state. A major portion of the book is devoted to the description of the genes that regulate the expression of the various structural macromolecules.
* Reviews the early years of research and the discovery of type IV collagen
* Presents the diversity of basement membrane morphology
* Discusses gene structure