'Ali, son of Abi Talib, Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin, is the only Companion of the Prophet who has remained to this day the object of fervent devotion of hundreds of millions of followers in the lands of Islam, especially in the East. Based on a detailed analysis of several categories of sources, this book demonstrates that Shi'ism is the religion of the Imam, of the Master of Wisdom, just like Christianity is that of Christ, and that 'Ali is the first Master and Imam par excellence. Shi'ism can therefore be defined, in its most specific religious aspects, as the absolute faith in 'Ali: the divine Man, the most perfect manifestation of God's attributes, simultaneously spiritual refuge, model and horizon. With contributions by Orkhan Mir-Kasimov & Mathieu Terrier Translated from French by Francisco Jose Luis & Anthony Gledhill

Nazar, literally 'vision', is a unique Arabic-Islamic term/concept that offers an analytical framework for exploring the ways in which Islamic visual culture and aesthetic sensibility have been shaped by common conceptual tools and moral parameters. It intertwines the act of 'seeing' with the act of 'reflecting', thereby bringing the visual and cognitive functions into a complex relationship. Within the folds of this multifaceted relationship lies an entangled web of religious ideas, moral values, aesthetic preferences, scientific precepts, and socio-cultural understandings that underlie the intricacy of one's personal belief. Peering through the lens of nazar, the studies presented in this volume unravel aspects of these entanglements to provide new understandings of how vision, belief, and perception shape the rich Islamic visual culture. Contributors: Samer Akkach, James Bennett, Sushma Griffin, Stephen Hirtenstein, Virginia Hooker, Sakina Nomanbhoy, Shaha Parpia, Ellen Philpott-Teo, Wendy M.K. Shaw.

MEN WHO HAVE WALKED WITH GOD BEING THE STORY OF MYSTICISM THROUGH THE AGES TOLD IN THE BIOGRAPHIES OF REPRESENTATIVE SEERS AND SAINTS WITH EXCERPTS FROM THEIR WRITINGS AND SAYINGS B Y Sheldon Cheney New York Alfred A. Knopf 1948 THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK, PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. Copyright 1943 by Sheldon Cheney. All rights rc emd. No fart of this book may be reproduced in any form unthout permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce not more than three illustrations in a review to bo printed in a magazine or newspaper. Manufactured in the United States of America Published simultaneously in Canada by The Bpmm Press PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 20, 1045 REPRINTED FOUR TIMES SIXTH PRINTING, MAY 1948 Contents Preface viii I The Golden Age and the Mystic Poet LAO-TSE 1 II The BUDDHA, the Great Light, and the Bliss of NIRVANA 38 III The Age of Reason in Greece PYTHAGORAS and PLATO 86 IV The Tardy Flowering of Greek Mysticism PLOTINUS 118 V Christian Mysticism, from the Founders to SAINT BERNARD 143 VI The Medieval Flowering ECKHART and the Friends of GOD 176 VII FRA ANGELICO, the Saintly Painter and Tool of GOD 212 VIII JACOB BOEHME, the Shoemaker-Illuminate of the Reformation 238 IX BROTHER LAWRENCE, the Lay Monk Who Attained Unclouded Vision 285 X A Mystic in the Age of Enlightened Scepticism WILLIAM BLAKE 309 Afterword 378 A Descriptive Reading List, with Acknowledgments 385 Index 395 List of Illustrations FOLLOWING PAGE Lao-Tse on a Water Buffalo. Chinese, Sung 10 Sage in Contemplation. In the style of Ma Yuan 20 Sage in Contemplation under a Pine Tree. By Ma Yuan 84 An Arahat Entering into Nirvana. By Lin Ting-Kuei 80 Socrates102 Christ Appearing to the Apostles. By William Blake 146 Saint Paul By El Greco 154 Augustine Recording His Vision of the City of God 160 Saint Bernard. By El Greco 170 Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata, School of Giotto 178 Meeting of Saint Francis and Saint Dominic, By Fra Angelico 182 The Garden of Paradise. School of Cologne, about 1400 204 The Annunciation. By Fra Angelico 216 Portrait of Fra Angelico. By Carlo Dolci The Naming of Saint John. By Fra Angelico 222 The Visitation, By Fra Angelico The Annunciation. By Fra Angelico 226 The Annunciation. By Fra Angelico Coronation of the Virgin. By Fra Angelico 232 The Nativity, By Fra Angelico j The Flight into Egypt. By Fra Angelico 286 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOLLOWING PAGE Glad Day. By William Blake 250 When the Morning Stars Sang Together. By William Blake 318 Then a Spirit Passed before My Face. By William Blake 326 338 356 362 Saint Paul Preaching at Athens. By William Blake Satan Rousing the Rebel Angels. By William Blake The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun. By William Blake Satan Smiting Job with Boils. By William Blake Then Went Satan Forth from the Presence of the Lord. By William Blake The Ancient of Days Laying out the Circle of the Earth. By William Blake Blake Dethroning Urizen. By William Blake The Angel of the Revelation. By William Blake 374 THE author and the publisher wish to record their thanks to the De partment of Education and Museum Extension of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and to the Photograph Library, School of the Fine Arts, Yale University, for providing certain of the illustrations of Fra Angeli co s paintings and to Miss Elizabeth Mongan of the Print Department of the NationalGallery, Washington, for exceptional aid in assembling the photographs of William Blakes drawings and prints. Our indebted ness to museum directors and to photographers is more directly re corded in the captions under individual illustrations. vii gjr PBEPACE JlN THE final analysis there is only one subject of permanent interest, the soul. It is a truth easily forgotten in the press of prac tical undertakings...