The 8th volume in the Proteases in Biology and Disease series focuses on the role of proteases in virus function and their potential as anti-viral targets. Viral infections are still difficult to threat and some remained life-threatening diseases in spite of antiviral drug research over decades. Proteases are still regarded as an Achilles heel of the pathogens and, thus, protease inhibitors may help to handle the known and the emerging viral threads. The book discusses viral proteases of the most important pathogenic viruses, responsible for severe diseases: AIDS, SARS, Hepatitis, Cytomegalovirus, T-cell lymphotropic virus, Picornavirus. This book focuses specifically on the viral proteases, crucial prerequisites for viral entry into cells and viral replication. Viral proteases represent an important pharmaceutical target. The current stage of protease inhibitor development and therapy are summarised and discussed by experts in the field. This volume represents a timely and valuable continuation of the Proteases in Biology and Disease series. The reader will learn the potential for proteases as targets for effective anti-virals. This book will be a valuable source of information on viral proteases and provoke further research in this important field."

A mainstay for pathology residents, Autopsy Pathology is designed with a uniquely combined manual and atlas format that presents today's most complete coverage of performing, interpreting, and reporting post-mortem examinations. This lasting and useful medical reference book offers a practical, step-by-step approach to discussing not only the basics of the specialty, but the performance of specialized autopsy procedures as well. Material is divided into two sections for ease of use: a manual covering specific autopsy procedures, biosafety, generation of autopsy reports, preparation of death certificates, and other essential subjects; and an atlas, organized by organ system, which captures the appearance of the complete spectrum of autopsy findings. Offers expanded coverage of microscopic anatomy. Includes a chapter on performing special dissection procedures that may not be covered during a typical residency. Examines important techniques, such as autopsy photography and radiology, microscopic examination, supplemental laboratory studies, and other investigative approaches. Addresses the latest legal, social, and ethical issues relating to autopsies, as well as quality improvement and assurance. Presents more than 600 full-color photographs depicting common gross and microscopic autopsy findings for every part of the body. Correlates pathologic findings with their clinical causes to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Improved images in the Atlas section provide greater visual understanding. Additional online features include dissection videos demonstrating autopsy techniques; downloadable, commonly used forms for autopsy reports; and calculators for weights and measures. Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience offers access to all of the text, figures, images, videos, forms, calculators, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Clinical and preclinical exploration of gene and cellular immunotherapy have seen rapid growth and interest with the development and approval of five Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) products for lymphoma and myeloma and one Bispecific T-Cell Engager (BiTE) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These advances have dramatically improved the management of patients with relapsed refractory lymphoma, myeloma and leukemia. Gene and Cellular Immunotherapy for Cancer offers readers a comprehensive review of current cellular and gene-based immunotherapies. Divided into eighteen cohesive chapters, this book provides an in-depth and detailed look into cellular-based immunotherapies including CAR-T, TCR-T, TIL, Viral CTLs, NK cells in addition to T/NK cell engagers, focusing on their historical perspectives, biology, development and manufacturing, toxicities and more. Edited by two leading experts on gene and cellular immunotherapy, the book will feature chapters written by a diverse collection of recognized and up-and-coming experts and researchers in the field, providing oncologists, immunologists, researchers and clinical and basic science trainees with a bench to bedside view of the latest developments in the field.

Stillbirth remains a sufficiently frequent outcome of pregnancy to pose great problems for clinicians, who have to treat extremely distressed patients. This concise but comprehensive book from an international team of contributors sets out clear guidelines for clinical procedures and patient management for the obstetrician, as well as the gynecologist and the gynecologic pathologist.

This comprehensive and authoritative reference covers all aspects of the group of disorders collectively known as the lymphoid neoplasms. The reader is taken through a description of its normal cellular origins and the molecular genetic abnormalities that can lead to this group of conditions, a section of the book that has been considerably strengthened for this third edition, to the environmental factors that may be relevant to disease development, and, finally, to the pragmatic aspects of disease management. The authors synthesise for the reader apsects of current knowledge and likely future developments, and direct them to the appropriate resources should they wish to pursue particular avenues of scientific or literature research.

The importance of vaccines to combat bacterial diseases cannot be overstated. Methods used in the development and testing of these vaccines are evolving rapidly as a direct consequence of the availability of advanced technologies. This volume will cover methods developed in the last decade, the usage of which are enabling the development of cheaper, cost-effective and structurally stable vaccines for global use. Chapters cover in silico analytical methods such as reverse vaccinology and machine learning; low-energy electron irradiation for the generation of inactivated bacterial vaccines; methods for assessment of OMV/GMMA quality and stability; and controlled human infection models. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Bacterial Vaccines: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for novice and expert researchers interested in learning more about this important and constantly evolving field.

The autopsy is a central component of postgraduate training in pathology and remains an important part of medical practice today. Pathologists are now expected to possess a higher level of knowledge and understanding of the autopsy, the law surrounding it, and its clinical value, in an increasingly scrutinized and legislated environment. Autopsy practice can no longer be viewed in the absence of external contextual issues: it is vital that pathologists have solid grounding not only in standard technique, but also in such matters as personal health and safety to obtaining informed family consent, before undertaking an autopsy procedure. This new and revised edition of The Hospital Autopsy presents a clear and systematic approach to safe and effective modern autopsy practice. Like the extremely popular second edition, it begins by discussing issues of consent and mortuary design before going on to comprehensively cover external examination, evisceration, dissection of internal organs, and report writing. In this edition, new chapters have been added on the radiological autopsy, religious attitudes to autopsy, and the implications of high-risk infections for autopsy practice. Specialist techniques are covered in depth, and chapters are devoted to complex issues including perinatal autopsies, maternal deaths, and neuropathological examinations. The Hospital Autopsy, Third Edition, is sure to be an indispensable resource for pathologists in training, as well as a useful refresher for practicing pathologists and autopsy technicians.

Microbiologists, medical mycologists, immunologists, and biochemists are increasingly working together to focus on the processes involved in the progression and treatment of fungal disease. Host-Fungus Interactions: Methods and Protocols is designed for research scientists who are involved in this work and interested in undertaking new or comparative studies of interactions between the mammalian host and clinically important fungal pathogens. Aiming to combine approaches for reverse genetics in pathogenic fungi with methods for their application in in vitro and in vivo models of disease, the book includes methods for the culture and genetic manipulation of the primary fungal pathogens and the opportunistic pathogens, as well as methods for investigating host-fungus interactions in model systems. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and practical, Host-Fungus Interactions: Methods and Protocols describes available molecular methods and fungal infection models in great detail in order to encourage researchers to try new approaches to investigating host-fungus interactions with added levels of confidence.

Leading experts in enzyme manipulation describe in detail their cutting-edge techniques for the screening, evolution, production, immobilization, and application of enzymes. These readily reproducible methods can be used to improve enzyme function by directed evolution, to covalently immobilize enzymes, to microencapsulate enzymes and cells, and to manufacture enzymes for human health, nutrition, and environmental protection. Overview chapters on microorganisms as a source of metabolic and enzymatic diversity, and on the fast-moving field of enzyme biosensors are presented. Microbial Enzymes and Biotransformations offers laboratory and industrial scientists a wealth of proven enzymatic protocols that show clearly how to go from laboratory results to successful industrial applications.

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, both in developed industrial countries as well as in the developing world. Human immunodeficiency virus infections and the ensuing opportunistic infections are a major drain on the human and financial resources of many countries in the developing world and even with the availability of effective treatment the epidemic is not yet contained. Screening in developing worlds is difficult and there is a need for simple reliable cheap diagnostic methods that can be performed at the point of care, on the same day and by staff with limited training. Molecular biological methods are very attractive for the diagnosis of STI since a well defined range of pathogens is responsible for the infection. Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Methods and Protocols strives to cover the full range of molecular testing for STI. Chapters cover a variety of topics such as aspects of DNA extraction from small volume samples or difficult tissues, simple, nested or multiplex PCR, use of duplex primers or other modifications of primers and PCR conditions, sequence analysis for genotyping, denaturing gel analysis, microarrays using liquid beads or microspheres and silicon nanoparticle-enhanced microcantilever detection of DNA. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Methods and Protocols will be a valuable reference for the scientist looking to establish molecular methodologies for the diagnosis of STI tests in their own lab.

Once the existence of free radicals was proven, an avalanche of studies on free radical-mediated biological processes ensued. The study of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) is center stage in biological free radical investigations. Written by a biochemist, Signaling Mechanisms of Oxygen and Nitrogen Free Radicals discusses the regulatory functions of ROS and RNS in physiological and pathophysiological states. An exploration of the main questions of signaling mechanisms of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in enzymatic processes, this book draws attention to the chemical mechanisms of these reactions. It elucidates the differences between signaling functions and damaging effects of ROS and RNS in biological systems. The text also covers free radical signaling processes catalyzed by enzymes, producers of superoxide and nitric oxide that are able to use produced ROS and RNS as signaling species in their own catalytic processes. It then examines ROS and RNS signaling produced by mitochondrial enzymes. The author explores signaling functions of ROS and RNS in enzymatic heterolytic reactions, supplying important data on ROS and RNS signaling in the catalysis by the enzymes which do not produce free radicals by themselves. He provides information on signaling by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in apoptosis and aging/senescence and concludes with coverage of mechanisms of free radical signaling in enzymatic processes. The book provides new understanding of signaling functions in living organisms related to cardiovascular processes, cancer, inflammation, hereditary diseases, and their regulation of physiological functions such as development, aging, and senescence. This information can support the development of new drugs and novel treatment methods.

This expert volume in the Diagnostic Pathology series is an excellent point-of-care resource for practitioners at all levels of experience and training. Covering all areas of bone pathology, it incorporates the most recent clinical, pathological, and molecular knowledge in the field to provide a comprehensive overview of all key issues relevant to today's practice. Richly illustrated and easy to use, Diagnostic Pathology: Bone is a one-stop reference for accurate, complete surgical pathology reports, ideal as a day-to-day reference or as a reliable training resource. Includes a wide range of nonneoplastic and neoplastic entities in bone pathology that enhance diagnostic accuracy and provide the biological basis for optimal treatment of patients with bone tumors and nonneoplastic conditions Reflects updates from the 5th Edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone Brings you fully up to date with recent advances in nonneoplastic orthopaedic specimens, including osteoarthrosis, osteonecrosis, pathology of intervertebral discs and menisci, non-infectious inflammatory arthritis, crystal deposition diseases, and common metabolic disorders Features new chapters covering growth and development, radiologic approach to bone tumors, and synovial tumors Contains thousands of extensively annotated images, including gross pathology photographs, histopathology photomicrographs, immunohistochemistry, FISH, correlative radiologic imaging, and full-color illustrations Features a templated, highly formatted design; concise, bulleted text; diagnostic pearls, key facts in each chapter; and an extensive index for easy reference Provides an excellent resource at the point of care for physicians in pathology, radiology, and orthopaedics, as well as medical and radiation oncologists who treat bone tumors Includes the enhanced eBook version, which allows you to search all text, figures, and references on a variety of devices

Once students have learned the principles behind basic pathology and the mechanisms of disease, they must then consolidate their knowledge by putting those principles into clinical practice. Providing a practical learning experience, this volume presents fifty structured clinical scenarios. Each case is based on a clinical situation that pulls together the key pathological, radiological, and clinical aspects of a condition. Questions and answers highlight diagnostic avenues and provide an effective way of testing assimilation of the material. Students can set their own level of challenge and build their clinical understanding by delving into a cluster of cases covering related topics, or instead emphasize one of the five main themes: symptoms, signs, investigations, treatment, and overall management. Ample illustrations supplement the text, which blends typical clinical case presentations with narrative-style and imaging-based cases.

In recent years, the field of pharmaceutical microbiology has experienced numerous technological advances, accompanied by the publication of new and harmonized compendial methods. It is therefore imperative for those who are responsible for monitoring the microbial quality of pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical products to keep abreast of the latest changes. Microbial Limit and Bioburden Tests: Validation Approaches and Global Requirements guides readers through the various microbiological methods listed in the compendia with easy-to-follow diagrams and approaches to validations of such test methodologies. Includes New and Updated Material Now in its second edition, this work is the culmination of research and discussions with technical experts, as well as USP and FDA representatives on various topics of interest to the pharmaceutical microbiologist and those responsible for the microbial quality of products, materials, equipment, and manufacturing facilities. New in this edition is an entire chapter dedicated to the topic of biofilms and their impact on pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical operations. The subject of rapid methods in microbiology has been expanded and includes a discussion on the validation of alternative microbiological methods and a case study on microbial identification in support of a product contamination investigation. Substantially updated and revised, this book assists readers in understanding the fundamental issues associated with pharmaceutical microbiology and provides them with tools to create effective microbial contamination control and microbial testing programs for the areas under their responsibility.

Until recently, innate immunity was regarded as a relatively nonspecific system designed to engulf and destroy pathogens. However, new studies show that the innate immune system is highly developed in its ability to discriminate between self and foreign entities. Understanding this mechanism can lead to therapeutic strategies based on manipulation of this previously unexploited branch of the immune system.
Drawing on the research of leading experts, Nucleic Acids in Innate Immunity provides insight in this new area of immunology. The book begins by explaining the roles of nucleic acids in immunity, describing the mechanism of discrimination based on pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLR), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLR). Chapters discuss how these PRRs recognize and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by activating specific signaling pathways.
The second section focuses on the therapeutic applicationsof immunomodulatory DNA by manipulating released pathogenic nucleic acids as immune system stimulants. The book introduces novel therapeutics developed to prevent or treat infectious diseases, allergic disorders, and cancer, as well as clearing unnecessary or abnormal host molecules.
The final section addresses how the immune system discriminates self and non-self RNA. Recent findings that host (self) nucleic acids are not inert in the immune system beg the question of exactly what elements within DNA or RNA are recognized by the innate immune system. Contributions review recent advances to understand innate immune recognition of nucleic acids and describe the resulting immune modulation.
Providing a comprehensive review of nucleic acid recognition and regulation by the innate immune system, this seminal work reveals new directions for future research in immune modulation.

Theworld'spopulationisestimatedtoreach8. 9billionby2050with370million peopleof80yearsofageorolder. Ageingisanincurablediseaseandde?nedasthe 'deregulationofbiochemicalprocessesimportantforlife',butforthepurposeof this book, ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment. Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection. Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost's microbiology are poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting signi?cancetothehost. Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease? Asthehost'smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival ofbene? cialbacteria? Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson ageingtheorieswithChap. 2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis isaffectedduringageing. Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap. 6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly. Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits associatedimmunity. Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13. The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition. Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle. Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1 AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms...1 StevenL. Percival 2 IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost...15 JohnG. ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly ...39 KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4 SkinAgingandMicrobiology...57 LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5 LungInfectionsandAging ...95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6 In?uenzaintheElderly...113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7 ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge ...131 RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing...153 EileenMurphy,CarolineMurphy,andLiamO',butforthepurposeof this book, ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment. Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection. Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost's microbiology are poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting signi?cancetothehost. Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease? Asthehost'smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival ofbene?cialbacteria? Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson ageingtheorieswithChap. 2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis isaffectedduringageing. Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap. 6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly. Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits associatedimmunity. Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13. The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition. Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle. Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1 AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms...1 StevenL. Percival 2 IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost...15 JohnG. ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly ...39 KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4 SkinAgingandMicrobiology...57 LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5 LungInfectionsandAging ...95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6 In?uenzaintheElderly...113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7 ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge ...131 RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing...1 53 EileenMurphy,CarolineMurphy,andLiamO'Mahony 9 AGutReaction:AgingAffectsGut-AssociatedImmunity ...175 JosephF. AlbrightandJuliaW. Albright 10 ClostridiumandTheAgeingGut...223 SarahConnorandStevenL. Percival ix x Contents 11 TheSigni?canceofHelicobacterPyloriAcquisition andtheHygieneHypothesis...263 StevenL. Percival 12 ProbioticsandtheAgeingGut...275 StevenL. Percival 13 MicrobiologicalTheoryofAutisminChildhood ...291 StevenL. Percival 14 DecompositionofHumanRemains...313 RobertC. Janaway,StevenL. Percival,andAndrewS. Wilson Index ...335 Contributors JosephF. Albright,PhD Departmentof Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA JuliaW. Albright,PhD Departmentof Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA LeslieBaumann,MD UniversityofMiamiCosmeticCenter,MiamiBeach,FL,USA SarahConnor,MSc DepartmentofMicrobiology,LeedsGeneralIn?rmary,Leeds,UK CaterinaHatzifoti,PhD UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool,BeechHillRoad,Shef?eld,UK AndrewW. Heath,PhD UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool,BeechHillRoad,Shef?eld,UK RobertC.

This authoritative reference work and practical bench book provides a thorough clinico-pathologic analysis of melanocytic disorders, as well as effective practical guidance in the diagnosis of problem lesions. The authors, both renowned experts in surgical pathology of tumors, expansively discuss clinical and microscopic characteristics of a very wide spectrum of melanocytic lesions. Key diagnostic features as well as potential pitfalls are highlighted in reader-friendly tables, facilitating quick reference in a busy diagnostic pathology practice. Pertinent up-to-date references are included and the index has been meticulously compiled.From reviews of the previous edition: 'I strongly recommend this book to everyone interested in benign or malignant melanocytic disorders'. "The New England Journal of Medicine"'Any histopathologist or histopathology department with skin biopsies to report should have a copy of this book.' "Histopathology"'This book is undoubtedly a real advance for the diagnostic pathologist and I would recommend it to all departments: it will probably become the standard text on pigmented lesions' "The Bulletin of the Royal College of Pathologists"'I found the book a pleasure to read. It is to be highly recommended for all routine pathological departments; those dealing with only occasional cases will easily find guidance and reassurance; those departments dealing with large numbers will find it helpful in the more unusual case.' "The Journal of Pathology"""

Glycosylation is a common and extremely important modification in biological molecules, particularly of proteins. "HIV Glycans in Infection and Immunity"provides an overview of the roles of glycans in the transmission/infection, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of HIV and the HIV envelope glycoprotein. It explores recent advances in the understanding of the impact of HIV glycans in infection and their promise for immunological and therapeutic intervention.

Novel collaborations between glycobiologists and immunologists in recent years have led to key advances in the understanding of HIV glycans. These cross-disciplinary endeavors, their achievements and their impact on the field are all addressed, herein."

Key features: Succinct case studies presented in an easy-to-read format, listing patient history, examination and investigations Questions at the end of each case prompt readers to consider their options for diagnosis, investigation and management Answer pages then guide readers through the clinician's sequence of thoughts and actions Subsections include histopathology, laboratory medicine (chemical pathology and immunology), haematology and microbiology Illustrations, information boxes and key points summaries reinforce learning, ideal during exam revision A broad range of common conditions is covered, from acidosis to urinary tract infection, together with more unusual cases

The Postmaster looked over my shoulder. As I turned to look I saw a flicker of movement from across the street. I felt unseen eyes peer at me. He walked away without another word. I watched as he climbed onto his bicycle and sped away down the street. I turned back and looked over my shoulder. Someone had been watching us. 1904. Thomas Bexley, one of the first forensic photographers, is called to the sleepy and remote Welsh village of Dinas Powys, several miles down the coast from the thriving port of Cardiff. A young girl by the name of Betsan Tilny has been found murdered in the woodland - her body bound and horribly burnt. But the crime scene appears to have been staged, and worse still: the locals are reluctant to help. As the strange case unfolds, Thomas senses a growing presence watching him, and try as he may, the villagers seem intent on keeping their secret. Then one night, in the grip of a fever, he develops the photographic plates from the crime scene in a makeshift darkroom in the cellar of his lodgings. There, he finds a face dimly visible in the photographs; a face hovering around the body of the dead girl - the face of Betsan Tilny.

Microbiological matters continue to exercise considerable influence on product quality. In both the pharmaceutical and medical device industries, products of greater sophistication, along with evolving regulatory requirements, are elevating the challenges related to maintaining microbiological integrity.
Updated to reflect technological and regulatory changes, the Guide to Microbiological Control in Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices, Second Edition covers thoseprincipal aspects of microbiology that arerelevant to the preformulation, formulation, manufacturing, and license application stages involved with the production of pharmaceuticals and medical devices.
In recognition of the diverse disciplines involved in pharmaceutical and medical device production, this work provides a brief introduction to microbiology geared towards the nonmicrobiologist. Covering good manufacturing practice in the control of contamination, the text explores quality control, the preservation of formulations, and principles of sterilization, including microbiological-specific considerations for biotechnological products and other medical devices. It also provides additional materials on package integrity and contamination risks in clean rooms.
The editors have produced a companion text, the Handbook of Microbiological Quality Control in Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices ("see reverse"), which when paired with the Guide offers a complete theoretical and practical treatment of microbiological control.
This book provides a comprehensive distillation of information concerning methodology and regulations that would otherwise remain scattered throughout the literature. It allows scientists frommany fields to address potential problems in advance and implement suitable strategies at the earliest stages of development.