In fabrication of FeRAMs, various academic and technological backgrounds are necessary, which include ferroelectric materials, thin film formation, device physics, circuit design, and so on. This book covers from fundamentals to applications of ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAMs). The book consists of 5 parts: (1) ferroelectric thin films, (2) deposition and characterization methods, (3) fabrication process and circuit design, (4) advanced-type memories, and (5) applications and future prospects; each part is further divided into several chapters. Because of the wide range of topics discussed, each chapter in this book was written by one of the best authors knowing the specific topic very well. Thus, this is a good introductory book on FeRAM for graduate students and newcomers to this field; it also helps specialists to understand FeRAMs more deeply.

Floating Gate Devices: Operation and Compact Modeling focuses on standard operations and compact modeling of memory devices based on Floating Gate architecture. Floating Gate devices are the building blocks of Flash, EPROM, EEPROM memories. Flash memories, which are the most versatile nonvolatile memories, are widely used to store code (BIOS, Communication protocol, Identification code, ) and data (solid-state Hard Disks, Flash cards for digital cameras, ).
The reader, who deals with Floating Gate memory devices at different levels - from test-structures to complex circuit design - will find an essential explanation on device physics and technology, and also circuit issues which must be fully understood while developing a new device. Device engineers will use this book to find simplified models to design new process steps or new architectures. Circuit designers will find the basic theory to understand the use of compact models to validate circuits against process variations and to evaluate the impact of parameter variations on circuit performances.
Floating Gate Devices: Operation and Compact Modeling is meant to be a basic tool for designing the next generation of memory devices based on FG technologies.

This friendly, solutions-oriented guide is filled with step-by-step examples that illustrate how to set up and navigate your Zire, and make the most of the hardware, built-in applications, and third-party tools. Each chapter begins with the specific how-to topics that will be covered. Within the chapter, each topic is accompanied by a solid, easy-to-follow walkthrough of the process.

Keep tabs on the vast array of storage network technologies, including SAN, NAS, Fibre Channel, file systems, virtualization, database storage, and snapshots. Plus, discover emerging technology standards such as iSCSI, InfiniBand, and storage provisioning. A profoundly useful resource for troubleshooting and coping with legacy issues such as interoperability and storage resource management.

The more rapid rate of increase in the speed of microprocessor technology than in memory speeds has created a serious 'memory gap' for computer designers and manufacturers. "High Performance Memory Systems" addresses this issue and examines all aspects of improving the memory system performance of general-purpose programs. Current research highlights from both industry and academia focus on: coherence, synchronization, and allocation; power-awareness, reliability, and reconfigurability; software-based memory tuning; architecture design issues; and workload considerations. Topics and features: *both harware and software approaches to scalability and speed disparities are considered *introductory chapter provides broad examination of high performance memory systems *includes coverage of topics from several important international conferences Edited by leading international authorities in the field, this new work provides a survey from researchers and practitioners on advances in technology, architecture, and algorithms that address scalability needs in multiprocessors and the expanding gap between CPU/network and memory speeds. It is ideally suited to researchers and R & D professionals with interests or practice in computer engineering, computer architecture, and processor architecture.

* Get up to speed quickly on storage area networks (SANs) in the real world

* What they are, what they do, how to get one

* Essentials on backup, recovery, disaster avoidance

NO-HYPE SANs

With plain words but impressive authority, storage area network (SAN) consultant Denise Colon explains how SANs use fibre channel to store vast amounts of data, move it at lightning speed, scale to meet accelerating growth, and offer unprecedented reliability. Her SANs Demystified then gives you the tools to build, configure, and manage your own SAN without mishaps.

YOU MUST READ THIS BOOK IF—

* People look to you for answers on networks, systems administration, or data management

* How a SAN fits with your system--practically and technically--is need-to-know info

* Evaluating, implementing, configuring, or managing SANs may be in your future

* You want a solutions kit for SAN issues from buildout to backup

* Impartial comparisons of off-the-shelf SANs could save your company money

* Right answers on recovery and disaster avoidance are more than a pass/fail issue to you

* You need to be knowledgeable on the next steps for networks

* Your job involves network training, security, administration, management, assessment, implementation, or configuration

* Your business is growing globally—or you want it to

Faster than a speeding bullet, capable of storing and moving massive quantities of data, reliable and scalable, SANs are in the future of many networks—and this is the book that brings the future home.

Welcome to the 2nd International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval, CIVR2003. The goal of CIVR is to illuminate the state of the art in visual information retrieval and to stimulate collaboration between researchers and practitioners. This year we received 110 submissions from 26 countries. Based upon the reviews of at least 3 members of the program committee, 43 papers were accepted for the research track of the conference. First, we would like to thank all of the members of the Program Committee and the additional referees listed below. Their reviews of the submissions played a pivotal role in the quality of the conference. Moreover, we are grateful to Nicu Sebe and Xiang Zhou for helping to organize the review process; Shih-Fu Chang and Alberto del Bimbo for setting up the practitioner track; and Erwin Bakker for editing the proceedings and designing the conference poster. Special thanks go to our keynote and plenary speakers, Nevenka Dimitrova fromPhilipsResearch, RameshJainfromGeorgiaTech, ChrisPorterfromGetty Images, andAlanSmeatonfromDublinCityUniversity.Furthermore, wewishto acknowledge our sponsors, the Beckman Institute at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, TsingHuaUniversity, theInstitutionofElectricalEngineers (IEE), PhilipsResearch, andtheLeidenInstituteofAdvancedComputerScience at Leiden University. Finally, we would like to express our thanks to severalpeople who performed important work related to the organization of the conference: Jennifer Quirk and Catherine Zech for the localorganizationat the BeckmanInstitute; Richard Harvey for his help with promotional activity and sponsorship for CIVR2003; andtotheorganizingcommitteeofthe?rstCIVRforsettinguptheinternational mission and structure of the co

The 2002 IFIP Workshop on Internet Technologies, Applications, and Societal Impact (WITASI 2002), held in Wroclaw, Poland, October 10-11, 2002, presents different research aspects of the Internet, both technical and societal. The workshop aims at getting together scientists and practitioners from different research areas to work together on Internet development and reflect on Internet consequences to the economy and society. The papers presented in these proceedings describe state-of-the-art research in such areas of Internet applications as languages, mobility, multimedia, quality of service, voice over IP, and wireless access. A total of 40 papers were submitted to WITASI 2002 out of which 18 papers were selected for presentation at the workshop and inclusion in the proceedings. The workshop also includes 4 invited papers. WIT ASI 2002 was sponsored by IFIP -the International Federation for Information Processing. It was organized by Working Group WG 6.4 on Internet Applications Engineering of the Technical Committee TC 6 on Communication Systems. Locally, WITASI 2002 was organized by the Institute of Control and Systems Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology.

Java Card is one of the latest developments in the area of multi-application and platform-independent smart cards. As a working tool for professionals, this easy-to-understand resource provides clear, detailed guidance on smart cards, credit and debit cards, Java Card and Open Card Framework (OCF). It offers in-depth coverage of important standards, open specifications and critical security issues, including common threats and security mechanisms regarding the card and its connection interface. The book explains how to program a Java Card applet, an OCF card service and a terminal application. What's more, the book presents an informative case study on the credit-debit application, offering a detailed road map of the application development process.

Are memory applications more critical than they have been in the past? Yes, but even more critical is the number of designs and the sheer number of bits on each design. It is assured that catastrophes, which were avoided in the past because memories were small, will easily occur if the design and test engineers do not do their jobs very carefully.
High Performance Memory Testing: Design Principles, Fault Modeling and Self Test is based on the author's 20 years of experience in memory design, memory reliability development and memory self test.

High Performance Memory Testing: Design Principles, Fault Modeling and Self Test is written for the professional and the researcher to help them understand the memories that are being tested.

In today's world, smart cards play an increasingly important role in everyday life. We encounter them as credit cards, loyalty cards, electronic purses, health cards, and as secure tokens for authentication or digital signature. Their small size and the compatibility of their form with the magnetic stripe card make them ideal carriers of personal information such as secret keys, passwords, customization profiles, and medical emergency information. This book provides a guide for the rapid development of smart card applications using Java and the OpenCard Framework. It gives you the basic information you need about smart cards and how they work. It shows in detail how to develop applications that use smart cards by guiding you through examples step by step. A smart card provided with the book will help you to quickly get some first hands-on experience.

Information Spaces: The Architecture of Cyberspace is aimed at students taking information management as a minor in their course as well as those who manage document collections but who are not professional librarians. The first part of this book looks at how users find documents and the problems they have; the second part discusses how to manage the information space using various tools such as classification and controlled vocabularies. It also explores the general issues of publishing, including legal considerations, as well the main issues of creating and managing archives. Supported by exercises and discussion questions at the end of each chapter, the book includes some sample assignments suitable for use with students of this subject. A glossary is also provided to help readers understand the specialised vocabulary and the key concepts in the design and assessment of information spaces.

Thisvolumecontainsthe?nalproceedingsoftheSeventhWorkshoponOpen Hypermedia Systems (OHS7), the Third Workshop on Structural Computing (SC3),andtheThirdWorkshoponAdaptiveHypermedia(AH3). Allworkshops wereheldatthe12thACMConferenceonHypertextandHypermediainAarhus, Denmark,August14-18,2001. Introductions, agendas, lists of program committee members and parti- pants,and,ofcourse,thepaperscanbefoundintheindividualsectionsofthe workshops. ThisvolumewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthesupportofSpringer- Verlag,Heidelberg. Inparticular,wewouldliketothanktheexecutiveeditorof theLNCSseries,Mr. AlfredHofmann. November2001 SigiReich ManolisTzagarakis PaulDeBra TableofContents TheSeventhWorkshoponOpenHypermediaSystems (OHS7) ProgramCommitteeMembersofOHS7...2 ListofPresentationsatOHS7 ...2 ListofParticipantsatOHS7 ...3 IntroductiontoOHS7 ...4 SigiReich(SalzburgResearch,Austria) UsingOpenHypermediatoSupportInformationIntegration ...8 KennethM. AndersonandSusanneA. Sherba(UniversityofColorado, Boulder,US) ApplyingCollaborativeOpenHypermediaConceptsto ExtendedEnterpriseEngineeringandOperation ...17 JorgM. Haake(GMD-IPSI,Germany) MemeMediaandMemePoolsforRe-editingand RedistributingIntellectualAssets ...2 8 YuzuruTanaka,JunFujima,andTsuyoshiSugibuchi (HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan) ThePipelineofEnrichment:SupportingLinkCreationfor ContinuousMedia...47 RichardBeales,DonCruickshank,DavidDeRoure,NickGibbins, BenJuby,DaniusT. Michaelides,andKevinR. Page(Universityof Southampton,UK) AuldLeaky:AContextualOpenHypermediaLinkServer...59 DaniusT. Michaelides,DavidE. Millard,MarkJ. Weal,and DavidDeRoure(UniversityofSouthampton,UK) FOHM+RTSP:ApplyingOpenHypermediaandTemporalLinkingto AudioStreams...71 NeilRidgwayandDavidDeRoure(UniversityofSouthampton,UK) VIII TableofContents DevelopmentToolsinComponent-Based StructuralComputingEnvironments ...82 U?eKockWiil(AalborgUniversityEsbjerg,Denmark) Peer-Reviewed,PublishableHypertexts:AFirstLook ...94 PeterJ. Nurnb .. ergandDavidL. Hicks(AalborgUniversity Esbjerg,Denmark) BecauseISeekanImage,NotaBook ...104 MoritzNeumul ler(WirtschaftsuniversitatWien,Austria) TheThirdWorkshoponStructuralComputing(SC3) ProgramCommitteeMembersofSC3 ...116 ListofPresentationsatSC3...116 ListofParticipantsatSC3...117 IntroductiontoSC3...118 ManolisM. Tzagarakis(CTI,Patras,Greece) WritingtheHoles;"Structural"Re?ectionsofaVisualArtist...1 20 SaulShapiro(Denmark) BroadeningStructuralComputingtowardsHypermediaDevelopment...131 MariaKyriakopoulou,DimitrisAvramidis,MichalisVaitis, ManolisM. Tzagarakis,andDimitrisChristodoulakis(CTI,Greece) AGraphicalUserInterfaceIntegratingFeaturesfrom Di?erentHypertextDomains...141 WeigangWangandAlejandroFern'andez(FhG-ISPI,Germany) UsingStructuralComputingtoSupportInformationIntegration...151 KennethM. AndersonandSusanneA. Sherba(UniversityofColorado, Boulder,US) ProvidingStructuralComputingServicesontheWorldWideWeb ...160 U?eKockWiilandDavidL. Hicks(AalborgUniversity Esbjerg,Denmark) CooperationServicesinaStructuralComputingEnvironment ...172 SamirTata,DavidL. Hicks,andU?eKockWiil(AalborgUniversity Esbjerg,Denmark) TableofContents IX StructuralComputingandItsRelationshipstoOtherFields...183 PeterJ. Nurnb ..18,2001. Introductions, agendas, lists of program committee members and parti- pants,and,ofcourse,thepaperscanbefoundintheindividualsectionsofthe workshops. ThisvolumewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthesupportofSpringer- Verlag,Heidelberg. Inparticular,wewouldliketothanktheexecutiveeditorof theLNCSseries,Mr. AlfredHofmann. November2001 SigiReich ManolisTzagarakis PaulDeBra TableofContents TheSeventhWorkshoponOpenHypermediaSystems (OHS7) ProgramCommitteeMembersofOHS7...2 ListofPresentationsatOHS7 ...2 ListofParticipantsatOHS7 ...3 IntroductiontoOHS7 ...4 SigiReich(SalzburgResearch,Austria) UsingOpenHypermediatoSupportInformationIntegration ...8 KennethM. AndersonandSusanneA. Sherba(UniversityofColorado, Boulder,US) ApplyingCollaborativeOpenHypermediaConceptsto ExtendedEnterpriseEngineeringandOperation ...17 JorgM. Haake(GMD-IPSI,Germany) MemeMediaandMemePoolsforRe-editingand RedistributingIntellectualAssets ...28 YuzuruTanaka,JunFujima,andTsuyoshiSugibuchi (HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan) ThePipelineofEnrichment:SupportingLinkCreationfor ContinuousMedia...47 RichardBeales,DonCruickshank,DavidDeRoure,NickGibbins, BenJuby,DaniusT. Michaelides,andKevinR. Page(Universityof Southampton,UK) AuldLeaky:AContextualOpenHypermediaLinkServer...59 DaniusT. Michaelides,DavidE. Millard,MarkJ. Weal,and DavidDeRoure(UniversityofSouthampton,UK) FOHM+RTSP:ApplyingOpenHypermediaandTemporalLinkingto AudioStreams...7 1 NeilRidgwayandDavidDeRoure(UniversityofSouthampton,UK) VIII TableofContents DevelopmentToolsinComponent-Based StructuralComputingEnvironments ...82 U?eKockWiil(AalborgUniversityEsbjerg,Denmark) Peer-Reviewed,PublishableHypertexts:AFirstLook ...94 PeterJ. Nurnb .. ergandDavidL. Hicks(AalborgUniversity Esbjerg,Denmark) BecauseISeekanImage,NotaBook ...104 MoritzNeumul ler(WirtschaftsuniversitatWien,Austria) TheThirdWorkshoponStructuralComputing(SC3) ProgramCommitteeMembersofSC3 ...116 ListofPresentationsatSC3...116 ListofParticipantsatSC3...117 IntroductiontoSC3...118 ManolisM. Tzagarakis(CTI,Patras,Greece) WritingtheHoles;"Structural"Re?ectionsofaVisualArtist...120 SaulShapiro(Denmark) BroadeningStructuralComputingtowardsHypermediaDevelopment...131 MariaKyriakopoulou,DimitrisAvramidis,MichalisVaitis, ManolisM. Tzagarakis,andDimitrisChristodoulakis(CTI,Greece) AGraphicalUserInterfaceIntegratingFeaturesfrom Di?erentHypertextDomains...141 WeigangWangandAlejandroFern'andez(FhG-ISPI,Germany) UsingStructuralComputingtoSupportInformationIntegration...151 KennethM. AndersonandSusanneA. Sherba(UniversityofColorado, Boulder,US) ProvidingStructuralComputingServicesontheWorldWideWeb ...160 U?e KockWiilandDavidL. Hicks(AalborgUniversity Esbjerg,Denmark) CooperationServicesinaStructuralComputingEnvironment ...172 SamirTata,DavidL. Hicks,andU?eKockWiil(AalborgUniversity Esbjerg,Denmark) TableofContents IX StructuralComputingandItsRelationshipstoOtherFields...183 PeterJ. Nurnb .. erg(AalborgUniversityEsbjerg,Denmark)and MonicaM. C. Schraefel(UniversityofToronto,Canada) TheThirdWorkshoponAdaptiveHypermedia(AH3) ProgramCommitteeMembersofAH3...196 ListofPresentationsatAH3 ...196 ListofParticipantsatAH3 ...197 IntroductiontoAH3 ...199 PaulM. E. DeBra(EindhovenUniversityofTechnology, TheNetherlands) TheImpactofEmpiricalStudiesontheDesignofanAdaptiveHypertext GenerationSystem...201 KalinaBontcheva(UniversityofShe?eld,UK) INSPIRE:AnINtelligentSystemforPersonalizedInstructionin aRemoteEnvironment ...215 KyparisiaA. Papanikolaou,MariaGrigoriadou,HarryKornilakis (UniversityofAthens,Greece),andGeorgeD. Magoulas (BrunelUniversity,UK) DevelopingAdaptiveInternetBasedCourseswith theAuthoringSystemNetCoach...226 GerhardWeber,Hans-ChristianKuhl,andStephanWeibelzahl (UniversityofFreiburg,Germany) LinkAugmentation:AContext-BasedApproachto SupportAdaptiveHypermedia...2 39 ChristopherBailey,SamhaaR. El-Beltagy,andWendyHall (UniversityofSouthampton,UK) XAHM:AnXML-BasedAdaptiveHypermediaModeland ItsImplementation...252 MarioCannataro(ISI-CNR,Italy)andAndreaPugliese (UniversityofCalabria,Italy) RevisitingandVersioninginVirtualSpecialReports ...264 S'atWien,Austria) TheThirdWorkshoponStructuralComputing(SC3) ProgramCommitteeMembersofSC3 ...116 ListofPresentationsatSC3...116 ListofParticipantsatSC3...117 IntroductiontoSC3...118 ManolisM. Tzagarakis(CTI,Patras,Greece) WritingtheHoles;"Structural"Re?ectionsofaVisualArtist...120 SaulShapiro(Denmark) BroadeningStructuralComputingtowardsHypermediaDevelopment...131 MariaKyriakopoulou,DimitrisAvramidis,MichalisVaitis, ManolisM. Tzagarakis,andDimitrisChristodoulakis(CTI,Greece) AGraphicalUserInterfaceIntegratingFeaturesfrom Di?erentHypertextDomains...141 WeigangWangandAlejandroFern'andez(FhG-ISPI,Germany) UsingStructuralComputingtoSupportInformationIntegration...151 KennethM. AndersonandSusanneA. Sherba(UniversityofColorado, Boulder,US) ProvidingStructuralComputingServicesontheWorldWideWeb ...160 U?eKockWiilandDavidL. Hicks(AalborgUniversity Esbjerg,Denmark) CooperationServicesinaStructuralComputingEnvironment ...172 SamirTata,DavidL. Hicks,andU?eKockWiil(AalborgUniversity Esbjerg,Denmark) TableofContents IX StructuralComputingandItsRelationshipstoOtherFields...183 PeterJ. Nurnb .. erg(AalborgUniversityEsbjerg,Denmark)and MonicaM. C. Schraefel(UniversityofToronto,Canada) TheThirdWorkshoponAdaptiveHypermedia(AH3) ProgramCommitteeMembersofAH3...196 ListofPresentationsatAH3 ...196 ListofParticipantsatAH3 ...197 IntroductiontoAH3 ...199 PaulM. E. DeBra(EindhovenUniversityofTechnology, TheNetherlands) TheImpactofEmpiricalStudiesontheDesignofanAdaptiveHypertext GenerationSystem...201 KalinaBontcheva(UniversityofShe?eld,UK) INSPIRE:AnINtelligentSystemforPersonalizedInstructionin aRemoteEnvironment ...215 KyparisiaA. Papanikolaou,MariaGrigoriadou,HarryKornilakis (UniversityofAthens,Greece),andGeorgeD. Magoulas (BrunelUniversity,UK) DevelopingAdaptiveInternetBasedCourseswith theAuthoringSystemNetCoach...226 GerhardWeber,Hans-ChristianKuhl,andStephanWeibelzahl (UniversityofFreiburg,Germany) LinkAugmentation:AContext-BasedApproachto SupportAdaptiveHypermedia...239 ChristopherBailey,SamhaaR. El-Beltagy,andWendyHall (UniversityofSouthampton,UK) XAHM:AnXML-BasedAdaptiveHypermediaModeland ItsImplementation...252 MarioCannataro(ISI-CNR,Italy)andAndreaPugliese (UniversityofCalabria,Italy) RevisitingandVersioninginVirtualSpecialReports ...264 S'ebastienIksalandSergeGarlatti(ENST-Bretagne,France) X TableofContents TailoringtheRecommendationofTouristInformationtoHeterogeneous UserGroups...280 L. Ardissono,A. Goy,G. Petrone,M. Segnan,andP. Torasso (UniversityofTurin,Italy) ApplicationofART2NetworksandSelf-OrganizingMapsto CollaborativeFiltering...296 GuntramGraefandChristianSchaefer(Universityof Karlsruhe,Germany) METIOREW:AnObjectiveOrientedContentBasedandCollaborative RecommendingSystem ...310 DavidBueno,RicardoConejo(UniversityofM'alaga,Spain),and AmosA. David(LORIA,France) IntegratingUserDataandCollaborativeFilteringin aWebRecommendationSystem ...315 PaoloBuono,MariaFrancescaCostabile,StefanoGuida,and AntonioPiccinno(UniversityofBari,Italy) AdaptiveHypermediaSystemforSupportingInformationProvidersin DirectingUsersthroughHyperspace...3 22 YoshinoriHijikata,TetsuyaYoshida,andShogoNishida(Universityof Osaka,Japan) AComplementaryApproachforAdaptiveandAdaptableHypermedia: IntensionalHypertext ...327 WilliamW. Wadge(UniversityofVictoria,Canada)and MonicaM. C. Schraefel(UniversityofToronto,Canada) AuthorIndex...335 ProgramCommitteeMembersofOHS7 ThefollowingpeoplehaveservedontheProgramCommitteeoftheSeventh WorkshoponOpenHypermediaSystems.

This volume contains the papers presented at the "Second International S- posium on Foundations of Information and Knowledge Systems" (FoIKS 2002), which was held in Schloss Salzau, Germany from February 20th to 23rd, 2002. FoIKS is a biennial event focusing on theoretical foundations of information and knowledge systems. It aims to bring together researchers working on the theoretical foundations of information and knowledge systems and to attract researchers working in mathematical ?elds such as discrete mathematics, c- binatorics, logics, and ?nite model theory who are interested in applying their theories to research on database and knowledge base theory. FoIKS took up the tradition of the conference series "Mathematical Fundamentals of Database S- tems" (MFDBS) which enabled East-West collaboration in the ?eld of database theory. The ?rst FoIKS symposium was held in Burg, Spreewald (Germany) in 2000. Former MFDBS conferences were held in Dresden (Germany) in 1987, Visegr ad (Hungary) in 1989, and in Rostock (Germany) in 1991. Proceedings of these previous events were published by Springer-Verlag as volumes 305, 364, 495, and 1762 of the LNCS series. In addition the FoIKS symposium is intended to be a forum for intensive d- cussions. For this reason the time slot of long and short contributions is 60 and 30 minutes respectively, followed by 30 and 15 minutes for discussions, respectively. Furthermore, participants are asked in advance to prepare as correspondents to a contribution of another author. There are also special sessions for the pres- tation and discussion of open research problems."

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed joint post-proceedings of five international workshops organized by the Japanese Society of Artificial Intelligence, JSAI in 2001.The 75 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the volume. In accordance with the five workshops documented, the book offers topical sections on social intelligence design, agent-based approaches in economic and complex social systems, rough set theory and granular computing, chance discovery, and challenges in knowledge discovery and data mining.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Conference on Research in Smart Cards, E-smart 2001, held in Cannes, France, in September 2001. The 20 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions. Among the topics addressed are biometrics, cryptography and electronic signatures on smart card security, formal methods for smart card evaluation and certification, architectures for multi-applications and secure open platforms, and middleware for smart cards and novel applications of smart cards.

This book brings together concepts and approaches from the fields of photogrammetry and computer vision. In particular, it examines techniques relating to quantitative image analysis, such as orientation, camera modelling, system calibration, self-calibration and error handling. The chapters have been contributed by experts in the relevant fields, and there are examples from automated inspection systems and other real-world cases. The book provides study material for students, researchers, developers and practitioners.

This excellent reference proposes and develops new strategies, methodologies and tools for designing low-power and low-area CMOS pipelined A/D converters. The task is tackled by following a scientifically-consistent approach. The book may also be used as a text for advanced reading on the subject.

Smart cards or IC cards offer a huge potential for information processing purposes. The portability and processing power of IC cards allow for highly secure conditional access and reliable distributed information processing. IC cards that can perform highly sophisticated cryptographic computations are already available. Their application in the financial services and telecom industries are well known. But the potential of IC cards go well beyond that. Their applicability in mainstream Information Technology and the Networked Economy is limited mainly by our imagination; the information processing power that can be gained by using IC cards remains as yet mostly untapped and is not well understood. Here lies a vast uncovered research area which we are only beginning to assess, and which will have a great impact on the eventual success of the technology. The research challenges range from electrical engineering on the hardware side to tailor-made cryptographic applications on the software side, and their synergies. This volume comprises the proceedings of the Fourth Working Conference on Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications (CARDIS 2000), which was sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) and held at the Hewlett-Packard Labs in the United Kingdom in September 2000. CARDIS conferences are unique in that they bring together researchers who are active in all aspects of design of IC cards and related devices and environments, thus stimulating synergy between different research communities from both academia and industry. This volume presents the latest advances in smart card research and applications, and will be essential reading for smart card developers, smart card application developers, and computer science researchers involved in computer architecture, computer security, and cryptography.

At last! A one-stop reference that shows how to solve the problems that typically all ink-jet, impact, and laser printers.

CMOS Memory Circuits is a systematic and comprehensive reference work designed to aid in the understanding of CMOS memory circuits, architectures, and design techniques. CMOS technology is the dominant fabrication method and almost the exclusive choice for semiconductor memory designers. Both the quantity and the variety of complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) memories are staggering. CMOS memories are traded as mass-products worldwide and are diversified to satisfy nearly all practical requirements in operational speed, power, size, and environmental tolerance. Without the outstanding speed, power, and packing density characteristics of CMOS memories, neither personal computing, nor space exploration, nor superior defense systems, nor many other feats of human ingenuity could be accomplished. Electronic systems need continuous improvements in speed performance, power consumption, packing density, size, weight, and costs. These needs continue to spur the rapid advancement of CMOS memory processing and circuit technologies. CMOS Memory Circuits is essential for those who intend to (1) understand, (2) apply, (3) design and (4) develop CMOS memories.

Ferroelectric memories have changed in 10 short years from academic curiosities of the university research labs to commercial devices in large-scale production. This is the first text on ferroelectric memories that is not just an edited collection of papers by different authors. Intended for applied physicists, electrical engineers, materials scientists and ceramists, it includes ferroelectric fundamentals, especially for thin films, circuit diagrams and processsing chapters, but emphazises device physics. Breakdown mechanisms, switching kinetics and leakage current mechanisms have lengthly chapters devoted to them. The book will be welcomed by research scientists in industry and government laboratories and in universities. It also contains 76 problems for students, making it particularly useful as a textbook for fourth-year undergraduate or first-year graduate students.

The book is designed to provide graduate students and research novices with an introductory review of recent developments in the field of magneto-optics. The field encompasses many of the most important subjects in solid state physics, chemical physics and electronic engineering. The book deals with (1) optical spectroscopy of paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials, (2) studies of photo-induced magnetism, and (3) their applications to opto-electronics. Many of these studies originate from those of ligand-field spectra of solids, which are considered to have contributed to advances in materials research for solid-state lasers.

Compact Low-Voltage and High-Speed CMOS, BiCMOS and Bipolar Operational Amplifiers discusses the design of integrated operational amplifiers that approach the limits of low supply voltage or very high bandwidth. The resulting realizations span the whole field of applications from micro-power CMOS VLSI amplifiers to 1-GHz bipolar amplifiers. The book presents efficient circuit topologies in order to combine high performance with simple solutions. In total twelve amplifier realizations are discussed. Two bipolar amplifiers are discussed, a 1-GHz operational amplifier and an amplifier with a high ratio between the maximum output current and the quiescent current. Five amplifiers have been designed in CMOS technology, extremely compact circuits that can operate on supply voltages down to one gate-source voltage and two saturation voltages which equals about 1.4 V and, ultimate-low-voltage amplifiers that can operate on supply voltages down to one gate-source voltage and one saturation voltage which amounts to about 1.2 V. In BiCMOS technology five amplifiers have been designed. The first two amplifiers are based on a compact topology. Two other amplifiers are designed to operate on low supply voltages down to 1.3 V. The final amplifier has a unity-gain frequency of 200 MHz and can operate down to 2.5 V. Compact Low-Voltage and High-Speed CMOS, BiCMOS and Bipolar Operational Amplifiers is intended for the professional analog designer. Also, it is suitable as a text book for advanced courses in amplifier design.

A Flash memory is a Non Volatile Memory (NVM) whose "unit cells" are fabricated in CMOS technology and programmed and erased electrically. In 1971, Frohman-Bentchkowsky developed a folating polysilicon gate tran sistor [1, 2], in which hot electrons were injected in the floating gate and removed by either Ultra-Violet (UV) internal photoemission or by Fowler Nordheim tunneling. This is the "unit cell" of EPROM (Electrically Pro grammable Read Only Memory), which, consisting of a single transistor, can be very densely integrated. EPROM memories are electrically programmed and erased by UV exposure for 20-30 mins. In the late 1970s, there have been many efforts to develop an electrically erasable EPROM, which resulted in EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROMs). EEPROMs use hot electron tunneling for program and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling for erase. The EEPROM cell consists of two transistors and a tunnel oxide, thus it is two or three times the size of an EPROM. Successively, the combination of hot carrier programming and tunnel erase was rediscovered to achieve a single transistor EEPROM, called Flash EEPROM. The first cell based on this concept has been presented in 1979 [3]; the first commercial product, a 256K memory chip, has been presented by Toshiba in 1984 [4]. The market did not take off until this technology was proven to be reliable and manufacturable [5].