Verification of real-time requirements in systems-on-chip becomes more complex as more applications are integrated. Predictable and composable systems can manage the increasing complexity using formal verification and simulation. This book explains the concepts of predictability and composability and shows how to apply them to the design and analysis of a memory controller, which is a key component in any real-time system.

This is the first comprehensive book on ferroelectric memories which contains chapters on device design, processing, testing, and device physics, as well as on breakdown, leakage currents, switching mechanisms, and fatigue. State-of-the-art device designs are included and illustrated among the books many figures. More than 500 up-to-date references and 76 problems make it useful as a research reference for physicists, engineers and students.

Current issues and approaches in the reliability and safety analysis of dynamic process systems are the subject of this book. The authors of the chapters are experts from nuclear, chemical, mechanical, aerospace and defense system industries, and from institutions including universities, national laboratories, private consulting companies, and regulatory bodies. Both the conventional approaches and dynamic methodologies which explicitly account for the time element in system evolution in failure modeling are represented. The papers on conventional approaches concentrate on the modeling of dynamic effects and the need for improved methods. The dynamic methodologies covered include the DYLAM methodology, the theory of continuous event trees, several Markov model construction procedures, Monte Carlo simulation, and utilization of logic flowgraphs in conjunction with Petri nets. Special emphasis is placed on human factors such as procedures and training.

Kevin Zhang Advancement of semiconductor technology has driven the rapid growth of very large scale integrated (VLSI) systems for increasingly broad applications, incl- ing high-end and mobile computing, consumer electronics such as 3D gaming, multi-function or smart phone, and various set-top players and ubiquitous sensor and medical devices. To meet the increasing demand for higher performance and lower power consumption in many different system applications, it is often required to have a large amount of on-die or embedded memory to support the need of data bandwidth in a system. The varieties of embedded memory in a given system have alsobecome increasingly more complex, ranging fromstatictodynamic and volatile to nonvolatile. Among embedded memories, six-transistor (6T)-based static random access memory (SRAM) continues to play a pivotal role in nearly all VLSI systems due to its superior speed and full compatibility with logic process technology. But as the technology scaling continues, SRAM design is facing severe challenge in mainta- ing suf?cient cell stability margin under relentless area scaling. Meanwhile, rapid expansion in mobile application, including new emerging application in sensor and medical devices, requires far more aggressive voltage scaling to meet very str- gent power constraint. Many innovative circuit topologies and techniques have been extensively explored in recent years to address these challenges.

The architectural concept of a memory hierarchy has been immensely successful, making possible today's spectacular pace of technology evolution in both the volume of data and the speed of data access. Its success is difficult to understand, however, when examined within the traditional "memoryless" framework of performance analysis. The memoryless' framework cannot properly reflect a memory hierarchy's ability to take advantage of patterns of data use that are transient. The Fractal Structure of Data Reference: Applications to the Memory Hierarchy both introduces, and justifies empirically, an alternative modeling framework in which arrivals are driven by a statistically self-similar underlying process, and are transient in nature. The substance of this book comes from the ability of the model to impose a mathematically tractable structure on important problems involving the operation and performance of a memory hierarchy. It describes events as they play out at a wide range of time scales, from the operation of file buffers and storage control cache, to a statistical view of entire disk storage applications. Striking insights are obtained about how memory hierarchies work, and how to exploit them to best advantage. The emphasis is on the practical application of such results. The Fractal Structure of Data Reference: Applications to the Memory Hierarchy will be of interest to professionals working in the area of applied computer performance and capacity planning, particularly those with a focus on disk storage. The book is also an excellent reference for those interested in database and data structure research.

Web caching and content delivery technologies provide the infrastructure on which systems are built for the scalable distribution of information. This proceedings of the eighth annual workshop, captures a cross-section of the latest issues and techniques of interest to network architects and researchers in large-scale content delivery. Topics covered include the distribution of streaming multimedia, edge caching and computation, multicast, delivery of dynamic content, enterprise content delivery, streaming proxies and servers, content transcoding, replication and caching strategies, peer-to-peer content delivery, and Web prefetching.
Web Content Caching and Distribution encompasses all areas relating to the intersection of storage and networking for Internet content services. The book is divided into eight parts: mobility, applications, architectures, multimedia, customization, peer-to-peer, performance and measurement, and delta encoding.

For the technological progress in communication technology it is necessary that the advanced studies in circuit and software design are accompanied with recent results of the technological research and physics in order to exceed its limitations. This book is a guide which treats many components used in mobile communications, and in particular focuses on non-volatile memories. It emerges following the conducting line of the non-volatile memory in the wireless system: On the one hand it develops the foundations of the interdisciplinary issues needed for design analysis and testing of the system. On the other hand it deals with many of the problems appearing when the systems are realized in industrial production. These cover the difficulties from the mobile system to the different types of non-volatile memories. The book explores memory cards, multichip technologies, and algorithms of the software management as well as error handling. It also presents techniques of assurance for the single components and a guide through the Datasheet lectures.

This book is concerned with studying the co-design methodology in general, and how to determine the more suitable interface mechanism in a co-design system in particular. This is based on the characteristics of the application and those of the target architecture of the system. Guidelines are provided to support the designer's choice of the interface mechanism. Some new trends in co-design and system acceleration are also introduced.

This book proposes novel memory hierarchies and software optimization techniques for the optimal utilization of memory hierarchies. It presents a wide range of optimizations, progressively increasing in the complexity of analysis and of memory hierarchies. The final chapter covers optimization techniques for applications consisting of multiple processes found in most modern embedded devices.

With the semiconductor market growth, new Integrated Circuit designs are pushing the limit of the technology and in some cases, require speci?c ?ne-tuning of certain process modules in manufacturing. Thus the communities of design and technology are increasingly intertwined. The issues that require close interactions and colla- ration for trade-off and optimization across the design/device/process ?elds are addressed in this book. It contains a set of outstanding papers, keynote and tutorials presented during 3 days at the International Conference on Integrated Circuit Design and Technology (ICICDT) held in June 2008 in Minatec, Grenoble. The selected papers are spread over ?ve chapters covering various aspects of emerging technologies and devices, advanced circuit design, reliability, variability issues and solutions, advanced memories and analog and mixed signals. All these papers are focusing on design and technology interactions and comply with the scope of the conference. v . Contents Part I Introduction 1 Synergy Between Design and Technology: A Key Factor in the Evolving Microelectronic Landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Michel Brilloue]t Part II Emerging Technologies and Circuits 2 New State Variable Opportunities Beyond CMOS: A System Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Victor V. Zhirnov, Ralph K. Cavin, and George I. Bourianoff 3 A Simple Compact Model to Analyze the Impact of Ballistic and Quasi-Ballistic Transport on Ring Oscillator Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 S. Martinie, D. Munteanu, G. Le Carval, and J. L. Autran Part III Advanced Devices and Circuits 4 Low-Voltage Scaled 6T FinFET SRAM Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 N. Collaert, K. von Arnim, R. Rooyackers, T."

This supplemental volume of selected articles with 68 full-color illustrations from "Memory Dump Analysis Anthology" offers unprecedented insight into the world of Windows software and draws profound scientific and metaphysical implications.

The monograph will be dedicated to SRAM (memory) design and test issues in nano-scaled technologies by adapting the cell design and chip design considerations to the growing process variations with associated test issues. Purpose: provide process-aware solutions for SRAM design and test challenges.

Hardware Based Packet Classification for High Speed Internet Routers presents the most recent developments in hardware based packet classification algorithms and architectures. This book describes five methods which reduce the space that classifiers occupy within TCAMs; TCAM Razor, All-Match Redundancy Removal, Bit Weaving, Sequential Decomposition, and Topological Transformations. These methods demonstrate that in most cases a substantial reduction of space is achieved. Case studies and examples are provided throughout this book. About this book: * Presents the only book in the market that exclusively covers hardware based packet classification algorithms and architectures. * Describes five methods which reduce the space that classifiers occupy within TCAMs: TCAM Razor, All-Match Redundancy Removal, Bit Weaving, Sequential Decomposition, and Topological Transformations. * Provides case studies and examples throughout. Hardware Based Packet Classification for High Speed Internet Routers is designed for professionals and researchers who work within the related field of router design. Advanced-level students concentrating on computer science and electrical engineering will also find this book valuable as a text or reference book.

This volume contains invited and contributed papers presented at the 12th edition of the International Summer School on Neural Networks "Eduardo R. Caianiello," co-organized by the RIKEN BSI (Japan) and the Department of Physics of the U- versity of Salerno (Italy). The 12th edition of the school was directed by Maria Marinaro (University of Salerno), Silvia Scarpetta (University of Salerno) and Yoko Yamaguchi (RIKEN BSI Japan) and hosted in the Ettore Majoranca Center in Erice in Italy. The contributions collected in this book are aimed at providing primarily high-level tutorial coverage of the fields related to neural dynamics, reporting recent experim- tal and theoretical results investigating the role of collective dynamics in hippocampal and parahippocampal regions and in the mammalian olfactory system. This book is devoted to graduate students and researchers with different scientific background (including physics, mathematics, biology, neuroscience, etc.) who wish to learn about brain science beyond the boundary of their fields. Each lecture aimed to include basic guidance in each field. Topics of lectures include the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex dynamics and mammalian olfactory system dynamics, memory and phase coding, mechanisms for spatial navigation and for episodic memory function, oscillations in neural assemblies, cortical up and down states, and related topics where frontier efforts in recent decades have been successfully linked to a remarkable evolution of the field. April 2008 M. Marinaro S. Scarpetta Y. Yamaguchi

Storage Management in Data Centers helps administrators tackle the complexity of data center mass storage. It shows how to exploit the potential of Veritas Storage Foundation by conveying information about the design concepts of the software as well as its architectural background. Rather than merely showing how to use Storage Foundation, it explains why to use it in a particular way, along with what goes on inside. Chapters are split into three sections: An introductory part for the novice user, a full-featured part for the experienced, and a technical deep dive for the seasoned expert. An extensive troubleshooting section shows how to fix problems with volumes, plexes, disks and disk groups. A snapshot chapter gives detailed instructions on how to use the most advanced point-in-time copies. A tuning chapter will help you speed up and benchmark your volumes. And a special chapter on split data centers discusses latency issues as well as remote mirroring mechanisms and cross-site volume maintenance. All topics are covered with the technical know how gathered from an aggregate thirty years of experience in consulting and training in data centers all over the world.

With the multiple overwrite feature, rewritable optical discs have found application in consumer DVD+RW video recorders, professional archiving systems and computer drives for data storage, replacing the floppy disc in the latter case. Optical Data Storage provides an overview of the recording principles, materials aspects, and application areas of phase-change optical storage. Some theoretical background is given to familiarize the reader with the basics of the phase-change processes. Elements of data recording, including mark formation, eraseability, direct overwrite strategies, data quality and data stability, etc. are explained and extensively discussed. A mark formation model is described and used throughout the whole book to back up measurement results and support the applications discussed. Two major aspects - high-speed and dual-layer recording are considered in depth and solutions to achieve higher performance are analyzed.

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Magnetic recording is expected to become core technology in a multi-billion dollar industry in the in the very near future. Some of the most critical discoveries regarding perpendicular write and playback heads and perpendicular media were made only during the last several years as a result of extensive and intensive research in both academia and industry in their fierce race to extend the superparamagnetic limit in the magnetic recording media. These discoveries appear to be critical for implementing perpendicular magnetic recording into an actual disk drive.

This book addresses all the open questions and issues which need to be resolved before perpendicular recording can finally be implemented successfully, and is the first monograph in many years to address this subject.

This book is intended for graduate students, young engineers and even senior and more experienced researchers in this field who need to acquire adequate knowledge of the physics of perpendicular magnetic recording in order to further develop the field of perpendicular recording.

Scan this book! Or, read it cover-to-cover. Either way, you’ll learn which scanner to purchase to suite your needs, important technical information about pixels and digital images, installation and calibration tips, and plenty of tricks to make scanning easier and more effective. Written for both PC and Mac users.

In fabrication of FeRAMs, various academic and technological backgrounds are necessary, which include ferroelectric materials, thin film formation, device physics, circuit design, and so on. This book covers from fundamentals to applications of ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAMs). The book consists of 5 parts: (1) ferroelectric thin films, (2) deposition and characterization methods, (3) fabrication process and circuit design, (4) advanced-type memories, and (5) applications and future prospects; each part is further divided into several chapters. Because of the wide range of topics discussed, each chapter in this book was written by one of the best authors knowing the specific topic very well. Thus, this is a good introductory book on FeRAM for graduate students and newcomers to this field; it also helps specialists to understand FeRAMs more deeply.

Floating Gate Devices: Operation and Compact Modeling focuses on standard operations and compact modeling of memory devices based on Floating Gate architecture. Floating Gate devices are the building blocks of Flash, EPROM, EEPROM memories. Flash memories, which are the most versatile nonvolatile memories, are widely used to store code (BIOS, Communication protocol, Identification code, ) and data (solid-state Hard Disks, Flash cards for digital cameras, ).
The reader, who deals with Floating Gate memory devices at different levels - from test-structures to complex circuit design - will find an essential explanation on device physics and technology, and also circuit issues which must be fully understood while developing a new device. Device engineers will use this book to find simplified models to design new process steps or new architectures. Circuit designers will find the basic theory to understand the use of compact models to validate circuits against process variations and to evaluate the impact of parameter variations on circuit performances.
Floating Gate Devices: Operation and Compact Modeling is meant to be a basic tool for designing the next generation of memory devices based on FG technologies.

This friendly, solutions-oriented guide is filled with step-by-step examples that illustrate how to set up and navigate your Zire, and make the most of the hardware, built-in applications, and third-party tools. Each chapter begins with the specific how-to topics that will be covered. Within the chapter, each topic is accompanied by a solid, easy-to-follow walkthrough of the process.