Real-Time Video Compression: Techniques and Algorithms introduces the XYZ video compression technique, which operates in three dimensions, eliminating the overhead of motion estimation. First, video compression standards, MPEG and H.261/H.263, are described. They both use asymmetric compression algorithms, based on motion estimation. Their encoders are much more complex than decoders. The XYZ technique uses a symmetric algorithm, based on the Three-Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform (3D-DCT). 3D-DCT was originally suggested for compression about twenty years ago; however, at that time the computational complexity of the algorithm was too high, it required large buffer memory, and was not as effective as motion estimation. We have resurrected the 3D-DCT-based video compression algorithm by developing several enhancements to the original algorithm. These enhancements make the algorithm feasible for real-time video compression in applications such as video-on-demand, interactive multimedia, and videoconferencing. The demonstrated results, presented in this book, suggest that the XYZ video compression technique is not only a fast algorithm, but also provides superior compression ratios and high quality of the video compared to existing standard techniques, such as MPEG and H.261/H.263. The elegance of the XYZ technique is in its simplicity, which leads to inexpensive VLSI implementation of any XYZ codec. Real-Time Video Compression: Techniques and Algorithms can be used as a text for graduate students and researchers working in the area of real-time video compression. In addition, the book serves as an essential reference for professionals in the field.

The labor costs of even a minor VCR repair are very high, and warranties typically only cover the first 90 days of ownership. The first four chapters of this practical guide allow do-it-yourselfers to take charge of maintaining and repairing their own VCRs for optimum performance. Basic VCR and recording principles are explained so you can gain a better understanding of how your machine operates.
Advanced troubleshooting techniques covered in the later chapters allow technicians and advanced hobbyists to make more complex repairs and adjustments. Basic troubleshooting guidelines and flow charts aid in diagnosis, including chassis and mechanical failures.
VCR Troubleshooting & Repair, focuses on preventative maintenance. Basic electronics principles are presented as they relate to VCR performance.
THE AUTHORS
Gregory R. Capelo is the owner of a VCR and VTR repair facility in El Cajon, California. He has serviced broadcast, consumer, and industrial video equipment for more than 14 years. He has taught numerous technical courses to private, government, and industrial technicians on the theory and maintenance of video and television equipment. Currently a trainer for Panasonic, he has been an expert witness in VCR patent infringement cases.
Robert C. Brenner is an engineer and lecturer with extensive experience in microcomputers and system repair. He has written several successful books, including earlier editions of VCR Troubleshooting and Repair.

Revised with technical input from major VCR manufacturers
Step-by-step details to maximize performance
How to avoid breakdowns

Video Object Extraction and Representation: Theory and Applications is an essential reference for electrical engineers working in video; computer scientists researching or building multimedia databases; video system designers; students of video processing; video technicians; and designers working in the graphic arts. In the coming years, the explosion of computer technology will enable a new form of digital media. Along with broadband Internet access and MPEG standards, this new media requires a computational infrastructure to allow users to grab and manipulate content. The book reviews relevant technologies and standards for content-based processing and their interrelations. Within this overview, the book focuses upon two problems at the heart of the algorithmic/computational infrastructure: video object extraction, or how to automatically package raw visual information by content; and video object representation, or how to automatically index and catalogue extracted content for browsing and retrieval. The book analyzes the designs of two novel, working systems for content-based extraction and representation in the support of MPEG-4 and MPEG-7 video standards, respectively. Features of the book include: Overview of MPEG standards; A working system for automatic video object segmentation; A working system for video object query by shape; Novel technology for a wide range of recognition problems; Overview of neural network and vision technologies Video Object Extraction and Representation: Theory and Applications will be of interest to research scientists and practitioners working in fields related to the topic. It may also be used as an advanced-level graduate text.

TV viewers today are exposed to overwhelming amounts of information, and challenged by the plethora of interactive functionality provided by current set-top boxes. To ensure broad adoption of this technology by consumers, future Digital Television will have to take usability issues thoroughly into account. In particular, serious attention must be paid to facilitate the selection of content on an individual basis, and to provide easy-to-use interfaces that satisfy viewers' interaction requirements.

This volume collects selected research reports on the development of personalized services for Interactive TV. Drawing upon contributions from academia and industry in the US, Europe and Asia, this book represents a comprehensive picture of leading edge research in personalized television.

Coding and Modulation for Digital Television presents a comprehensive description of all error control coding and digital modulation techniques used in Digital Television (DTV). This book illustrates the relevant elements from the expansive theory of channel coding to how the transmission environment dictates the choice of error control coding and digital modulation schemes. These elements are presented in such a way that both the mathematical integrity' and understanding for engineers' are combined in a complete form and supported by a number of practical examples. In addition, the book contains descriptions of the existing standards and provides a valuable source of corresponding references. Coding and Modulation for Digital Television also features a description of the latest techniques, providing the reader with a glimpse of future digital broadcasting. These include the concepts of soft-in-soft-out decoding, turbo-coding and cross-correlated quadrature modulation, all of which will have a prominent future in improving efficiency of the next generation DTV systems. Coding and Modulation for Digital Television is essential reading for all undergraduate and postgraduate students, broadcasting and communication engineers, researchers, marketing managers, regulatory bodies, governmental organizations and standardization institutions of the digital television industry.

For better or worse, television has been the dominant medium of communication for 50 years. Almost all American households have a television set; many have more than one. Transmitting images and sounds electronically is a relatively recent invention, one that required passionate inventors, determined businessmen, government regulators, and willing consumers. This volume in the Greenwood Technographies series covers the history of television from 19th-century European conceptions of transmitting moving images electrically to the death of TV as a discrete system in a digital age. Magoun also discusses the changing face of television in the displays that people watch around the globe. Television: The Life Story of a Technology discusses significant developments in the technological and social lives of people during the history of the television. It appeals to students and lay readers alike by highlighting key events and people: BLthe American engineers and entrepreneurs such as Vladimir Zworykin and David Sarnoff who ignited the television industry; BLthe bloom of programming choices in tandem with the Baby Boom generation; BLthe developmetn of cable and satellite TV; BLthe Asians who innovated American inventions in videorecording and flat-panel displays; BLthe use of TV in wartime; BLand the new worlds of digital and high-definition television. Based on the latest research, this crisply written, sometimes provocative survey includes a glossary, timeline, and bibliography for further information. Vladimir Zworykin -- whose work ignited the entire television industry BLHow the television industry and commercial programming bloomed in tandem with the Baby Boom generation The late-twentiethcentury expansion of cable television and the decline of the broadcast networks, and the new world of high-definition television. The volume includes a glossary of terms, a timeline of important events, and a selected bibliography of resources for further information.

This book covers the MPEG H.264 and MS VC-1 video coding standards as well as issues in broadband video delivery over IP networks. This professional reference is designed for industry practitioners, including video engineers, and professionals in consumer electronics, telecommunications and media compression industries. The book is also suitable as a secondary text for advanced-level students in computer science and electrical engineering.

Three-Dimensional Television, Video and Display Technologies presents new advances in 3D TV and display techniques. It will discuss both theory and applications of these techniques. The theoretical concepts are illustrated by applied examples, numerical simulations, and experimental results. This is the first monograph of this rapidly evolving area of research and development. The book will be very useful for graduate students, scientists and engineers working in the field.

Recent years have brought many changes to the world of mass media. The In ternet and mobile communications technology have provided consumers with interactive digital services. Television is catching up with this trend through the digitalization process. Digital television is a hybrid platform combining elements from classical analog television and the Internet, providing modern multimedia services on a familiar platform. In short, digital TV is a gateway to the world of interactive digital media. Digital TV brings consumers into the television service arena and offers them new degrees of freedom. However, as the service and multimedia content types diversify and the services and their content increase, television is facing many of the same challenges of complexity and information overflow faced by other digital media. Metadata can handle the diverse services and content of digital TV effi. ciently and in a consumer-friendly way. Metadata means that the data are accompanied by other data which describe them. As data about data, meta data can provide an insight into syntactically and semantically complex data by distilling their essence to a set of simple descriptors. Metadata also helps to structure and manage information in diverse settings. The use of metadata in broadcast multimedia should not be restricted to being merely a tool for coping with the challenges of a complex networked multimedia environment. Instead, metadata ofTers new opportunities for the development of innovative services.

Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Networks approachs the existing framework for digital terrrestrial broadcasting, particularly the results of the Regional Radiocommunication Conference held in 2006. That conference established a new frequency plan for Europe, Africa and parts of Asia for digital terrestrial broadcasting. The book introduces the currently existing terrestrial broadcasting systems as well as the regulatory framework by which they can begin operating. Most importantly the book explains details of the GE06 Agreement, particularly Articles 4 and 5. It also discusses the frequency plan itself and the constraints it has been derived under. The book addresses the implementation of the GE06 Plan, which leads directly to all issues related to network planning and optimization of networks. Finally, the future development of the Plan and the digital dividend is addressed. This covers issues like sharing the UHF spectrum with mobile communication services and also touches upon the World Radio Conference 07 to be held in the fall in Geneva.

Although sophisticated wireless radio technologies make it possible for unlicensed wireless devices to take advantage of un-used broadcast TV spectra, those looking to advance the field have lacked a book that covers cognitive radio in TV white spaces (TVWS). Filling this need, TV White Space Spectrum Technologies: Regulations, Standards and Applications explains how white space technology can be used to enable the additional spectrum access that is so badly needed. Providing a comprehensive overview and analysis of the topics related to TVWS, this forward-looking reference contains contributions from key industry players, standards developers, and researchers from around the world in TV white space, dynamic spectrum access, and cognitive radio fields. It supplies an extensive survey of new technologies, applications, regulations, and open research areas in TVWS. The book is organized in four parts: Regulations and Profiles-Covers regulations, spectrum policies, channelization, and system requirements Standards-Examines TVWS standards efforts in different standard-developing organizations, with emphasis on the IEEE 802.22 wireless network standard Coexistence-Presents coexistence techniques between all potential TVWS standards, technologies, devices, and service providers, with emphasis on the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) recent regulations and policies, and IEEE 802.19 coexistence study group efforts Important Aspects-Considers spectrum allocation, use cases, and security issues in the TVWS network This complete reference includes coverage of system requirements, collaborative sensing, spectrum sharing, privacy, and interoperability. Suggesting a number of applications that can be deployed to provide new services to users, including broadband Internet applications, the book highlights potential business opportunities and addresses the deployment challenges that are likely to arise.

This is the first book about the rapidly evolving field of operational rate distortion (ORD) based video compression. ORD is concerned with the allocation of available bits among the different sources of information in an established coding framework. Today's video compression standards leave great freedom in the selection of key parameters, such as quantizers and motion vectors. The main distinction among different vendors is in the selection of these parameters, and this book presents a mathematical foundation for this selection process. The book contains a review chapter on video compression, a background chapter on optimal bit allocation and the necessary mathematical tools, such as the Lagrangian multiplier method and Dynamic Programming. These two introductory chapters make the book self-contained and provide a fast way of entering this exciting field. Rate-Distortion Based Video Compression establishes a general theory for the optimal bit allocation among dependent quantizers. The minimum total (average) distortion and the minimum maximum distortion cases are discussed. This theory is then used to design efficient motion estimation schemes, video compression schemes and object boundary encoding schemes. For the motion estimation schemes, the theory is used to optimally trade the reduction of energy in the displaced frame difference (DFD) for the increase in the rate required to encode the displacement vector field (DVF). These optimal motion estimators are then used to formulate video compression schemes which achieve an optimal distribution of the available bit rate among DVF, DFD and segmentation. This optimal bit allocation results in very efficient video coders. In the lastpart of the book, the proposed theory is applied to the optimal encoding of object boundaries, where the bit rate needed to encode a given boundary is traded for the resulting geometrical distortion. Again, the resulting boundary encoding schemes are very efficient. Rate-Distortion Based Video Compression is ideally suited for anyone interested in this booming field of research and development, especially engineers who are concerned with the implementation and design of efficient video compression schemes. It also represents a foundation for future research, since all the key elements needed are collected and presented uniformly. Therefore, it is ideally suited for graduate students and researchers working in this field.

This book is the condensed result of an extensive European project developing the future of 3D-Television. The book describes the state of the art in relevant topics: Capture of 3D scene for input to 3DTV system; Abstract representation of captured 3D scene information in digital form; Specifying data exchange format; Transmission of coded data; Conversion of 3DTV data for holographic and other displays; Equipment to decode and display 3DTV signal.

The industry "bible" is back and it's better than ever. The Art of Digital Video has served as the ultimate reference guide for those working with digital video for generations. Now this classic has been revised and re-written by international consultant and industry leader John Watkinson to include important technical updates on this ever-evolving topic.
The format has also been improved to include optional sections that provide additional information that you can choose to skip or investigate further, depending on your interests and comfort level with the subject. As the worlds of film, digital imaging, and computing have converged, this book has evolved to remain current and relevant, while still remaining the classic that experts in the field have trusted for years.
* Must-have updates throughout this must-have guide
* Re-written by a widely acclaimed author and authority in the field
* More information on emerging technologies

"Hitch Your Antenna to the Stars" is the first cultural and industrial history of early television stardom. Susan Murray argues that television stars were central to the growth and development of American broadcasting. They were used not only to promote programs and the sale of television sets and advertised consumer goods, but also to established network identities. Through profiles of well-known performers including Milton Berle, Sid Caesar, Jackie Gleason, and Lucille Ball, she shows how the television industry gave birth to the idea of TV stars and established a system of star production and management notably different from the Hollywood star system of the studio era.

Internet TV is the quintessential digital convergence medium, linking television, telecommunications, the Internet, computer applications, games, and more. Soon, venturing beyond the convenience of viewer choice and control, Internet TV will enable and encourage new types of entertainment, education, and games that take advantage of the Internet's interactive capabilities. What Internet TV is today and can be in the future forms the context for this book.
Arising from collaboration between the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information (CITI) and the European Institute for the Media (EIM), this volume investigates the advent of widely available individual broadband Internet communications and their impact on the development of Internet TV. Editors Eli Noam, Jo Groebel, and Darcy Gerbarg have collected seminal papers by leaders from the U.S. and European media and technology industries that offer a critical look at the impact of interactivity on television content, and address the need for media organizations to create interactive programming in this untapped realm with unclear consumer interest and desires.
Each section of the volume fleshes out key issues and concepts of television and the Internet:
*Part I, "Infrastructure Implications of Internet TV," discusses questions about the required network capacity for various quality grades to deliver individualized broadband to homes.
*Part II, "Network Business Models and Strategies," addresses the business challenges of making Internet TV a financial success.
*Part III, "Policy," examines policy issues, including copyright and regulation.
*Part IV, "Content and Culture," reviews available content, thosecreating it, and how consumers view Internet TV content.
*Part V, "Future Impacts," considers future global prospects for Internet TV content creation and distribution.
"Internet Television" is an essential resource for professionals and scholars in new technology and media studies, media policy, telecommunication, broadcasting, and related areas. It is also appropriate for graduate seminars in telecommunications, media and new technologies, and broadcasting and the Internet.

We present queueing-based algorithms to calculate the bandwidth required for a video stream so that the three main Quality of Service constraints, i.e., end-to-end delay, jitter and packet loss, are ensured. Conversational and streaming video-based applications are becoming a major part of the everyday Internet usage. The quality of these applications (QoS), as experienced by the user, depends on three main metrics of the underlying network, namely, end-to-end delay, jitter and packet loss. These metrics are, in turn, directly related to the capacity of the links that the video traffic traverses from its source to destination. The main problem that this book addresses is how much bandwidth we should allocate on the path from source to destination of a video traffic flow such that the end-to-end delay, jitter and packet loss of the video packets are within some expected required bounds.

An international team of experts explores how streaming services are disrupting traditional storytelling. The rise of streaming has dramatically transformed how audiences consume media. Over the last decade, subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services, including Netflix, Prime Video, and Disney+, have begun commissioning and financing their own original movies and TV shows, changing the way and the rate at which content is produced across the globe, from Mexico City to Mumbai. Streaming Video maps this international production boom and what it means for producers, audiences, and storytellers. Through eighteen richly textured case studies, ranging from original Korean dramas on Netflix to BluTV’s experimental Turkish series, the book investigates how streaming services both disrupt and maintain storytelling traditions in specific national contexts. To what extent, and how, are streamers expanding norms of television and film storytelling in different parts of the world? Are streamers enabling the creation of content that would not otherwise exist? What are the implications for different viewers, in different countries, with different tastes? Together, the chapters critically assess the impacts of streaming on twenty-first century audiovisual storytelling and rethink established understandings of transnational screen flows.

The first history of Spanish-language television in the United States In the most comprehensive history of Spanish-language television in the United States to date, Craig Allen traces the development of two prominent yet little-studied powerhouses, Univision and Telemundo. Allen tells the inside story of how these networks fought enormous odds to rise as giants of mass communication within an English-dominated society. The book begins in San Antonio, Texas, in 1961 with the launch of the first Spanish-language station in the country. From it rose the Spanish International Network (SIN), which would later become Univision. Conceived by Mexican broadcasting mogul Emilio Azcarraga Vidaurreta and created by unsung American television pioneers, Unvision grew to provide a vast amount of international programming, including popular telenovelas, and was the first U.S. network delivered by satellite. After Telemundo was founded in the 1980s by Saul Steinberg and Harry Silverman, the two networks battled over audiences and saw dramatic changes in leadership. Today, Univision and Telemundo are multibillion-dollar television providers that equal ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox in scale and stature. While Univision remains a beacon of U.S. television's internationalization, Telemundo-owned by NBC-is a worldwide leader in producing Spanish-language programs. Using archival sources and original interviews to reconstruct power struggles and behind-the-scenes intrigue, Allen uses this exciting narrative to question monolingual and Anglo-centered versions of U.S. television history. He demonstrates the endurance, innovation, and popularity of Spanish-language television, arguing that its story is essential to understanding the Latinx history of contemporary America. A volume in the series Reframing Media, Technology, and Culture in Latin/o America, edited by Hector Fernandez L'Hoeste and Juan Carlos Rodriguez

MPEG-4 is the multimedia standard for combining interactivity, natural and synthetic digital video, audio and computer-graphics. Typical applications are: internet, video conferencing, mobile videophones, multimedia cooperative work, teleteaching and games. With MPEG-4 the next step from block-based video (ISO/IEC MPEG-1, MPEG-2, CCITT H.261, ITU-T H.263) to arbitrarily-shaped visual objects is taken. This significant step demands a new methodology for system analysis and design to meet the considerably higher flexibility of MPEG-4. Motion estimation is a central part of MPEG-1/2/4 and H.261/H.263 video compression standards and has attracted much attention in research and industry, for the following reasons: it is computationally the most demanding algorithm of a video encoder (about 60-80% of the total computation time), it has a high impact on the visual quality of a video encoder, and it is not standardized, thus being open to competition. Algorithms, Complexity Analysis, and VLSI Architectures for MPEG-4 Motion Estimation covers in detail every single step in the design of a MPEG-1/2/4 or H.261/H.263 compliant video encoder: Fast motion estimation algorithms Complexity analysis tools Detailed complexity analysis of a software implementation of MPEG-4 video Complexity and visual quality analysis of fast motion estimation algorithms within MPEG-4 Design space on motion estimation VLSI architectures Detailed VLSI design examples of (1) a high throughput and (2) a low-power MPEG-4 motion estimator. Algorithms, Complexity Analysis and VLSI Architectures for MPEG-4 Motion Estimation is an important introduction to numerous algorithmic, architectural and system design aspects of the multimedia standard MPEG-4. As such, all researchers, students and practitioners working in image processing, video coding or system and VLSI design will find this book of interest.

The only single, comprehensive textbook on all aspects of digital television
The next few years will see a major revolution in the technology used to deliver television services as the world moves from analog to digital television. Presently, all existing textbooks dealing with analog television standards (NTSC and PAL) are becoming obsolete as the prevalence of digital technology continues to become more widespread. Now, Digital Television: Technology and Standards fills the need for a single, authoritative textbook that covers all aspects of digital television technology.
Divided into three main sections, Digital Television explores:
*
Video: MPEG-2, which is at the heart of all digital video broadcasting services
*
Audio: MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding and Dolby AC-3, which will be used internationally in digital video broadcasting systems
*
Systems: MPEG, modulation transmission, forward error correction, datacasting, conditional access, and digital storage media command and control
Complete with tables, illustrations, and figures, this valuable textbook includes problems and laboratories at the end of each chapter and also offers a number of exercises that allow students to implement the various techniques discussed using MATLAB. The authors' coverage of implementation and theory makes this a practical reference for professionals, as well as an indispensable textbook for advanced undergraduates and graduate-level students in electrical engineering and computer science programs.

Algorithmic Culture: How Big Data and Artificial Intelligence are Transforming Everyday Life explores the complex ways in which algorithms and big data, or algorithmic culture, are simultaneously reshaping everyday culture while perpetuating inequality and intersectional discrimination. Contributors situate issues of humanity, identity, and culture in relation to free will, surveillance, capitalism, neoliberalism, consumerism, solipsism, and creativity, offering a critique of the myriad constraints enacted by algorithms. This book argues that consumers are undergoing an ontological overhaul due to the enhanced manipulability and increasingly mandatory nature of algorithms in the market, while also positing that algorithms may help navigate through chaos that is intrinsically present in the market democracy. Ultimately, Algorithmic Culture calls attention to the present-day cultural landscape as a whole as it has been reconfigured and re-presented by algorithms.

Detailed coverage of the underlying technologies required to build an end-to-end IPTV system

The television entertainment industry is currently experiencing a major transformation as broadband subscribers and improvements in compression techniques for digital video content continue to grow. This growth is fueling the demand for a new generation of technology professionals who will be responsible for implementing IP-based video services and digital home services around the world. Next Generation IPTV Services and Technologies explores key challenges associated with successfully managing the technical operation of an IPTV networking infrastructure and provides networking and IT specialists entering the IPTV sector with sound coverage of state-of-the-art technologies used to build end-to-end IPTV systems. Coverage includes:

IPTV network distribution technologies

IPTV real-time encoding and transportation

Broadcasting linear programming over IPTV

IPTV consumer devices

IPTV conditional access and DRM systems

Moving IPTV around the house

Video-on-demand over IP delivery networks

Additionally, this book examines IPTV technical subjects that are not included in any other single reference to date: Quality of Experience (QoE), techniques for speeding up IPTV channel changing times, IPTV CD software architecture, Whole Home Media Networking (WHMN), IP-based high-definition TV, interactive IPTV applications, and managing an IPTV network on a daily basis.

With a focus on changing job tasks and knowledge requirements for professionals, Next Generation IPTV Services and Technologies enables telecom operators, wireless mobile providers, cable TV companies, mediacompanies, broadcasters, video production companies, and Internet portal companies to meet the demands of designing, implementing, and supporting end-to-end IPTV systems. Complete with helpful flowcharts and engineering schematics, it also serves as an ideal supplemental text for graduate- and postgraduate-level networking and IP protocol courses.

This book describes the fundamentals and details of MPEG-2 Systems technology Written by an expert in the field, this book examines the MPEG-2 system specification as developed in the early 1990 s, as well as its evolution into the fourth edition of the MPEG-2 systems standard, published in 2013. While MPEG-2 systems will continue to evolve further, this book describes the MPEG-2 system functionality as of October 2013. Furthermore, relevant background information is provided. The discussion of MPEG-2 system functionality requires knowledge of various fundamental issues, such as timing, and supported content formats. Therefore also some basic information on video and audio coding is provided, including their evolution. Also other content formats supported in MPEG-2 systems are described, as far as needed to understand MPEG-2 systems. * Ordered logically working from the basics and background through to the details and fundamentals of MPEG-2 transport streams and program streams * Explores important issues within the standardization process itself * Puts the developments on MPEG-2 systems into historic perspective * Includes support of 3D Video and transport of AVC, SVC and MVC * Concludes with additional issues such as real-time interface, delivery over IP networks and usage by application standardization bodies * Predicts a continuing promising future for MPEG-2 transport streams