Coding and Modulation for Digital Television presents a comprehensive description of all error control coding and digital modulation techniques used in Digital Television (DTV). This book illustrates the relevant elements from the expansive theory of channel coding to how the transmission environment dictates the choice of error control coding and digital modulation schemes. These elements are presented in such a way that both the mathematical integrity' and understanding for engineers' are combined in a complete form and supported by a number of practical examples. In addition, the book contains descriptions of the existing standards and provides a valuable source of corresponding references. Coding and Modulation for Digital Television also features a description of the latest techniques, providing the reader with a glimpse of future digital broadcasting. These include the concepts of soft-in-soft-out decoding, turbo-coding and cross-correlated quadrature modulation, all of which will have a prominent future in improving efficiency of the next generation DTV systems. Coding and Modulation for Digital Television is essential reading for all undergraduate and postgraduate students, broadcasting and communication engineers, researchers, marketing managers, regulatory bodies, governmental organizations and standardization institutions of the digital television industry.

For better or worse, television has been the dominant medium of communication for 50 years. Almost all American households have a television set; many have more than one. Transmitting images and sounds electronically is a relatively recent invention, one that required passionate inventors, determined businessmen, government regulators, and willing consumers. This volume in the Greenwood Technographies series covers the history of television from 19th-century European conceptions of transmitting moving images electrically to the death of TV as a discrete system in a digital age. Magoun also discusses the changing face of television in the displays that people watch around the globe. Television: The Life Story of a Technology discusses significant developments in the technological and social lives of people during the history of the television. It appeals to students and lay readers alike by highlighting key events and people: BLthe American engineers and entrepreneurs such as Vladimir Zworykin and David Sarnoff who ignited the television industry; BLthe bloom of programming choices in tandem with the Baby Boom generation; BLthe developmetn of cable and satellite TV; BLthe Asians who innovated American inventions in videorecording and flat-panel displays; BLthe use of TV in wartime; BLand the new worlds of digital and high-definition television. Based on the latest research, this crisply written, sometimes provocative survey includes a glossary, timeline, and bibliography for further information. Vladimir Zworykin -- whose work ignited the entire television industry BLHow the television industry and commercial programming bloomed in tandem with the Baby Boom generation The late-twentiethcentury expansion of cable television and the decline of the broadcast networks, and the new world of high-definition television. The volume includes a glossary of terms, a timeline of important events, and a selected bibliography of resources for further information.

This book covers the MPEG H.264 and MS VC-1 video coding standards as well as issues in broadband video delivery over IP networks. This professional reference is designed for industry practitioners, including video engineers, and professionals in consumer electronics, telecommunications and media compression industries. The book is also suitable as a secondary text for advanced-level students in computer science and electrical engineering.

Three-Dimensional Television, Video and Display Technologies presents new advances in 3D TV and display techniques. It will discuss both theory and applications of these techniques. The theoretical concepts are illustrated by applied examples, numerical simulations, and experimental results. This is the first monograph of this rapidly evolving area of research and development. The book will be very useful for graduate students, scientists and engineers working in the field.

Recent years have brought many changes to the world of mass media. The In ternet and mobile communications technology have provided consumers with interactive digital services. Television is catching up with this trend through the digitalization process. Digital television is a hybrid platform combining elements from classical analog television and the Internet, providing modern multimedia services on a familiar platform. In short, digital TV is a gateway to the world of interactive digital media. Digital TV brings consumers into the television service arena and offers them new degrees of freedom. However, as the service and multimedia content types diversify and the services and their content increase, television is facing many of the same challenges of complexity and information overflow faced by other digital media. Metadata can handle the diverse services and content of digital TV effi. ciently and in a consumer-friendly way. Metadata means that the data are accompanied by other data which describe them. As data about data, meta data can provide an insight into syntactically and semantically complex data by distilling their essence to a set of simple descriptors. Metadata also helps to structure and manage information in diverse settings. The use of metadata in broadcast multimedia should not be restricted to being merely a tool for coping with the challenges of a complex networked multimedia environment. Instead, metadata ofTers new opportunities for the development of innovative services.

Although sophisticated wireless radio technologies make it possible for unlicensed wireless devices to take advantage of un-used broadcast TV spectra, those looking to advance the field have lacked a book that covers cognitive radio in TV white spaces (TVWS). Filling this need, TV White Space Spectrum Technologies: Regulations, Standards and Applications explains how white space technology can be used to enable the additional spectrum access that is so badly needed. Providing a comprehensive overview and analysis of the topics related to TVWS, this forward-looking reference contains contributions from key industry players, standards developers, and researchers from around the world in TV white space, dynamic spectrum access, and cognitive radio fields. It supplies an extensive survey of new technologies, applications, regulations, and open research areas in TVWS. The book is organized in four parts: Regulations and Profiles-Covers regulations, spectrum policies, channelization, and system requirements Standards-Examines TVWS standards efforts in different standard-developing organizations, with emphasis on the IEEE 802.22 wireless network standard Coexistence-Presents coexistence techniques between all potential TVWS standards, technologies, devices, and service providers, with emphasis on the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) recent regulations and policies, and IEEE 802.19 coexistence study group efforts Important Aspects-Considers spectrum allocation, use cases, and security issues in the TVWS network This complete reference includes coverage of system requirements, collaborative sensing, spectrum sharing, privacy, and interoperability. Suggesting a number of applications that can be deployed to provide new services to users, including broadband Internet applications, the book highlights potential business opportunities and addresses the deployment challenges that are likely to arise.

Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Networks approachs the existing framework for digital terrrestrial broadcasting, particularly the results of the Regional Radiocommunication Conference held in 2006. That conference established a new frequency plan for Europe, Africa and parts of Asia for digital terrestrial broadcasting. The book introduces the currently existing terrestrial broadcasting systems as well as the regulatory framework by which they can begin operating. Most importantly the book explains details of the GE06 Agreement, particularly Articles 4 and 5. It also discusses the frequency plan itself and the constraints it has been derived under. The book addresses the implementation of the GE06 Plan, which leads directly to all issues related to network planning and optimization of networks. Finally, the future development of the Plan and the digital dividend is addressed. This covers issues like sharing the UHF spectrum with mobile communication services and also touches upon the World Radio Conference 07 to be held in the fall in Geneva.

This is the first book about the rapidly evolving field of operational rate distortion (ORD) based video compression. ORD is concerned with the allocation of available bits among the different sources of information in an established coding framework. Today's video compression standards leave great freedom in the selection of key parameters, such as quantizers and motion vectors. The main distinction among different vendors is in the selection of these parameters, and this book presents a mathematical foundation for this selection process. The book contains a review chapter on video compression, a background chapter on optimal bit allocation and the necessary mathematical tools, such as the Lagrangian multiplier method and Dynamic Programming. These two introductory chapters make the book self-contained and provide a fast way of entering this exciting field. Rate-Distortion Based Video Compression establishes a general theory for the optimal bit allocation among dependent quantizers. The minimum total (average) distortion and the minimum maximum distortion cases are discussed. This theory is then used to design efficient motion estimation schemes, video compression schemes and object boundary encoding schemes. For the motion estimation schemes, the theory is used to optimally trade the reduction of energy in the displaced frame difference (DFD) for the increase in the rate required to encode the displacement vector field (DVF). These optimal motion estimators are then used to formulate video compression schemes which achieve an optimal distribution of the available bit rate among DVF, DFD and segmentation. This optimal bit allocation results in very efficient video coders. In the lastpart of the book, the proposed theory is applied to the optimal encoding of object boundaries, where the bit rate needed to encode a given boundary is traded for the resulting geometrical distortion. Again, the resulting boundary encoding schemes are very efficient. Rate-Distortion Based Video Compression is ideally suited for anyone interested in this booming field of research and development, especially engineers who are concerned with the implementation and design of efficient video compression schemes. It also represents a foundation for future research, since all the key elements needed are collected and presented uniformly. Therefore, it is ideally suited for graduate students and researchers working in this field.

This book is the condensed result of an extensive European project developing the future of 3D-Television. The book describes the state of the art in relevant topics: Capture of 3D scene for input to 3DTV system; Abstract representation of captured 3D scene information in digital form; Specifying data exchange format; Transmission of coded data; Conversion of 3DTV data for holographic and other displays; Equipment to decode and display 3DTV signal.

Video Over IP gives you everything you need to know to choose from among the many ways of transferring your video over a network. The information is presented in an easy to read format, with comparison charts provided to help you understand the benefits and drawbacks of different technologies for a variety of practical applications. This new edition is expanded to fully cover HD and wireless technologies and new case studies.
Whether your background is video, networking, broadcast, or telecommunications, you will benefit from the breadth of coverage that this book provides. Real-life application examples give readers successful examples of a variety of Video over IP networks that are up and running today.
*This edition is expanded to include HD, Wireless, and IPTV technologies
*Understand video transport over IP networks - learn how to take advantage of technologies like MPEG, multicasting, RTP, and streaming
*Provides clear, easy to comprehend explanations of both video and networking technologies

The industry "bible" is back and it's better than ever. The Art of Digital Video has served as the ultimate reference guide for those working with digital video for generations. Now this classic has been revised and re-written by international consultant and industry leader John Watkinson to include important technical updates on this ever-evolving topic.
The format has also been improved to include optional sections that provide additional information that you can choose to skip or investigate further, depending on your interests and comfort level with the subject. As the worlds of film, digital imaging, and computing have converged, this book has evolved to remain current and relevant, while still remaining the classic that experts in the field have trusted for years.
* Must-have updates throughout this must-have guide
* Re-written by a widely acclaimed author and authority in the field
* More information on emerging technologies

"Hitch Your Antenna to the Stars" is the first cultural and industrial history of early television stardom. Susan Murray argues that television stars were central to the growth and development of American broadcasting. They were used not only to promote programs and the sale of television sets and advertised consumer goods, but also to established network identities. Through profiles of well-known performers including Milton Berle, Sid Caesar, Jackie Gleason, and Lucille Ball, she shows how the television industry gave birth to the idea of TV stars and established a system of star production and management notably different from the Hollywood star system of the studio era.

Internet TV is the quintessential digital convergence medium, linking television, telecommunications, the Internet, computer applications, games, and more. Soon, venturing beyond the convenience of viewer choice and control, Internet TV will enable and encourage new types of entertainment, education, and games that take advantage of the Internet's interactive capabilities. What Internet TV is today and can be in the future forms the context for this book.
Arising from collaboration between the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information (CITI) and the European Institute for the Media (EIM), this volume investigates the advent of widely available individual broadband Internet communications and their impact on the development of Internet TV. Editors Eli Noam, Jo Groebel, and Darcy Gerbarg have collected seminal papers by leaders from the U.S. and European media and technology industries that offer a critical look at the impact of interactivity on television content, and address the need for media organizations to create interactive programming in this untapped realm with unclear consumer interest and desires.
Each section of the volume fleshes out key issues and concepts of television and the Internet:
*Part I, "Infrastructure Implications of Internet TV," discusses questions about the required network capacity for various quality grades to deliver individualized broadband to homes.
*Part II, "Network Business Models and Strategies," addresses the business challenges of making Internet TV a financial success.
*Part III, "Policy," examines policy issues, including copyright and regulation.
*Part IV, "Content and Culture," reviews available content, thosecreating it, and how consumers view Internet TV content.
*Part V, "Future Impacts," considers future global prospects for Internet TV content creation and distribution.
"Internet Television" is an essential resource for professionals and scholars in new technology and media studies, media policy, telecommunication, broadcasting, and related areas. It is also appropriate for graduate seminars in telecommunications, media and new technologies, and broadcasting and the Internet.

MPEG-4 is the multimedia standard for combining interactivity, natural and synthetic digital video, audio and computer-graphics. Typical applications are: internet, video conferencing, mobile videophones, multimedia cooperative work, teleteaching and games. With MPEG-4 the next step from block-based video (ISO/IEC MPEG-1, MPEG-2, CCITT H.261, ITU-T H.263) to arbitrarily-shaped visual objects is taken. This significant step demands a new methodology for system analysis and design to meet the considerably higher flexibility of MPEG-4. Motion estimation is a central part of MPEG-1/2/4 and H.261/H.263 video compression standards and has attracted much attention in research and industry, for the following reasons: it is computationally the most demanding algorithm of a video encoder (about 60-80% of the total computation time), it has a high impact on the visual quality of a video encoder, and it is not standardized, thus being open to competition. Algorithms, Complexity Analysis, and VLSI Architectures for MPEG-4 Motion Estimation covers in detail every single step in the design of a MPEG-1/2/4 or H.261/H.263 compliant video encoder: Fast motion estimation algorithms Complexity analysis tools Detailed complexity analysis of a software implementation of MPEG-4 video Complexity and visual quality analysis of fast motion estimation algorithms within MPEG-4 Design space on motion estimation VLSI architectures Detailed VLSI design examples of (1) a high throughput and (2) a low-power MPEG-4 motion estimator. Algorithms, Complexity Analysis and VLSI Architectures for MPEG-4 Motion Estimation is an important introduction to numerous algorithmic, architectural and system design aspects of the multimedia standard MPEG-4. As such, all researchers, students and practitioners working in image processing, video coding or system and VLSI design will find this book of interest.

Algorithmic Culture: How Big Data and Artificial Intelligence are Transforming Everyday Life explores the complex ways in which algorithms and big data, or algorithmic culture, are simultaneously reshaping everyday culture while perpetuating inequality and intersectional discrimination. Contributors situate issues of humanity, identity, and culture in relation to free will, surveillance, capitalism, neoliberalism, consumerism, solipsism, and creativity, offering a critique of the myriad constraints enacted by algorithms. This book argues that consumers are undergoing an ontological overhaul due to the enhanced manipulability and increasingly mandatory nature of algorithms in the market, while also positing that algorithms may help navigate through chaos that is intrinsically present in the market democracy. Ultimately, Algorithmic Culture calls attention to the present-day cultural landscape as a whole as it has been reconfigured and re-presented by algorithms.

Algorithmic Culture: How Big Data and Artificial Intelligence are Transforming Everyday Life explores the complex ways in which algorithms and big data, or algorithmic culture, are simultaneously reshaping everyday culture while perpetuating inequality and intersectional discrimination. Contributors situate issues of humanity, identity, and culture in relation to free will, surveillance, capitalism, neoliberalism, consumerism, solipsism, and creativity, offering a critique of the myriad constraints enacted by algorithms. This book argues that consumers are undergoing an ontological overhaul due to the enhanced manipulability and increasingly mandatory nature of algorithms in the market, while also positing that algorithms may help navigate through chaos that is intrinsically present in the market democracy. Ultimately, Algorithmic Culture calls attention to the present-day cultural landscape as a whole as it has been reconfigured and re-presented by algorithms.

Detailed coverage of the underlying technologies required to build an end-to-end IPTV system

The television entertainment industry is currently experiencing a major transformation as broadband subscribers and improvements in compression techniques for digital video content continue to grow. This growth is fueling the demand for a new generation of technology professionals who will be responsible for implementing IP-based video services and digital home services around the world. Next Generation IPTV Services and Technologies explores key challenges associated with successfully managing the technical operation of an IPTV networking infrastructure and provides networking and IT specialists entering the IPTV sector with sound coverage of state-of-the-art technologies used to build end-to-end IPTV systems. Coverage includes:

IPTV network distribution technologies

IPTV real-time encoding and transportation

Broadcasting linear programming over IPTV

IPTV consumer devices

IPTV conditional access and DRM systems

Moving IPTV around the house

Video-on-demand over IP delivery networks

Additionally, this book examines IPTV technical subjects that are not included in any other single reference to date: Quality of Experience (QoE), techniques for speeding up IPTV channel changing times, IPTV CD software architecture, Whole Home Media Networking (WHMN), IP-based high-definition TV, interactive IPTV applications, and managing an IPTV network on a daily basis.

With a focus on changing job tasks and knowledge requirements for professionals, Next Generation IPTV Services and Technologies enables telecom operators, wireless mobile providers, cable TV companies, mediacompanies, broadcasters, video production companies, and Internet portal companies to meet the demands of designing, implementing, and supporting end-to-end IPTV systems. Complete with helpful flowcharts and engineering schematics, it also serves as an ideal supplemental text for graduate- and postgraduate-level networking and IP protocol courses.

The new edition of "CCTV," a high-level professional reference, is expanded to cover all video compression techniques used in the ever-increasing assortment of digital video recorders (DVRs) available on the market today. In addition to demystifying DVR technology, the third edition also clarifies the technology of data networking and explains various compression techniques. Along with all this, the book retains the particulars that made the previous editions convenient and valuable, including details of CCD cameras, lenses, coaxial cables, fiber-optics, and system design.
Updated to address digital techniques, networking, and the Internet in closed-circuit television Includes brand new sections on CCTV networking, digital video recorders (DVRs), various video compression techniques, and understanding pixels and digital image quality Fully illustrated with dozens of photographs, tables, checklists, charts, diagrams, and instructions

An international team of experts explores how streaming services are disrupting traditional storytelling. The rise of streaming has dramatically transformed how audiences consume media. Over the last decade, subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services, including Netflix, Prime Video, and Disney+, have begun commissioning and financing their own original movies and TV shows, changing the way and the rate at which content is produced across the globe, from Mexico City to Mumbai. Streaming Video maps this international production boom and what it means for producers, audiences, and storytellers. Through eighteen richly textured case studies, ranging from original Korean dramas on Netflix to BluTV’s experimental Turkish series, the book investigates how streaming services both disrupt and maintain storytelling traditions in specific national contexts. To what extent, and how, are streamers expanding norms of television and film storytelling in different parts of the world? Are streamers enabling the creation of content that would not otherwise exist? What are the implications for different viewers, in different countries, with different tastes? Together, the chapters critically assess the impacts of streaming on twenty-first century audiovisual storytelling and rethink established understandings of transnational screen flows.

For any digital TV developer or manager, the maze of standards and specifications related to MHP and OCAP is daunting-you have to patch together pieces from several standards to gather all the necessary knowledge you need to compete worldwide. The standards themselves can be confusing, and contain many inconsistencies and missing pieces. Interactive TV Standards provides a guide for actually deploying these technologies for a broadcaster or product and application developer. Understanding what the APIs do is essential for your job, but understanding how the APIs work and how they relate to each other at a deeper level helps you do it better, faster and easier. Learn how to spot when something that looks like a good solution to a problem really isn't. Understand how the many standards that make up MHP fit together, and implement them effectively and quickly. Two DVB insiders teach you which elements of the standards that are needed for digital TV, highlight those elements that are not needed, and explain the special requirements that MHP places on implementations of these standards. Once you've mastered the basics, you will learn how to develop products for US, European, and Asian markets--saving time and money. By detailing how a team can develop products for both the OCAP and MHP markets, Interactive TV Standards teaches you how to to leverage your experience with one of these standards into the skills and knowledge needed to work with the critical, related standards. Does the team developing a receiver have all the knowledge they need to succeed, or have they missed important information in an apparently unrelated standard? Does an application developer really know how to write a reliable piece of software that runs on any MHP or OCAP receiver? Does the broadcaster understand the business and technical issues well enough to deploy MHP successfully, or will their project fail? Increase your chances of success the first time with Interactive TV Standards.

The authoritative work on file formats for global film and television! The FILE INTERCHANGE HANDBOOK is a must-have reference for every film and video professional moving to computer based production and distribution. It is the only book that gives a complete scrutiny and breakdown of all file formats for the transfer of images, sound and metadata. Geared to a global audience, this text will get you the information that you need to learn this brand-new technology. Upcoming industry trends are mapped out alongside technology standards in this complete guide. Learn the purpose, functionality, and structure of each standard format with this single major reference on file interchange. This handbook is the one-stop resource you want for this essential technology. Table of contents: Intro--Brad Gilmer, Gilmer & Associates, Inc. 1. History / background--Hans Hoffman, EBU 2. Metadata dictionary--Oliver Morgan, Metaglue Corporation 3. Digital Picture eXchange (DPX)--Dave Bancroft, Thomson 4. General eXchange Format (GXF)--Bob Edge and Ray Baldock, Thomson Grass Valley 5. Material eXchange Format (MXF)--Jim Wilkinson, Sony, and Bruce Devlin, Snell & Wilcox, Ltd 6. Advanced Authoring Format (AAF)--Phil Tudor, BBC 7. Windows Media 9-Advanced System Format (ASF)--Nick Vicars-Harris, Microsoft Corporation 8. Apple QuickTime--George Towner, Apple Computer, Inc. Praise for the File Interchange Handbook: "Brad Gilmer has assembled a timely and valuable reference work covering the technical and structural aspects of file formats and wrappers used for processing program content. The book provides a clear, concise description of the file wrappers together with valuable background and applications information. It has been tailored for the practicing engineer and technical manager. Chapters on the SMPTE Metadata Dictionary and the Advanced Authoring Format are particularly relevant. This book is a valuable reference work for every practicing broadcast and teleproduction engineer, every Information Technology professional, and those in the telecommunications field who are actively involved in the manufacturing, management, transport or delivery of media and entertainment content." - Gavin Schutz, Chief Technology Officer, Ascent Media Group "I found this book to be an excellent up to date reference manual and a "must read" for anyone currently involved in the design and implementation of multimedia facilities. It helped me to gain a better understanding of issues that must be addressed as we transition our stations from traditional base band audio video environments to a file based IT infrastructures." - Ira Goldstone, VP chief technology officer Tribune Broadcasting "In the mid '90s, CNN and other broadcasters recognized the need for standardized file exchange of broadcast material. Our technology plans mapped a path to an integrated production environment that was based on video files instead of video streams. With these new systems, we wanted to ensure that we could continue to leverage the best technology for the various parts of our production systems while taking advantage of more efficient content access. This created a strong need for open, standardized methods of exchanging video files that would support a variety of compressions and Metadata. These protocols needed to handle everything from simple file exchange to complex authoring formats for content in active production. Because of these needs, CNN pushed the industry to create several of the formats discussed in detail in this book and provided active user requirements during their creation. Within the next year, CNN will have systems in place that use MXF for file exchange between our production editing, playback and archive systems. And we have decided that all future systems will support MXF and AAF. - Gordon Castle, Senior Vice President, CNN Technology "Worldwide, the transition from traditional video systems to those based on IT is creating opportunities in all quarters. Enter the ubiquitous use of the file; files for archive, streamed files, just-in-time file transfers, proxy files, video server files, compositional metadata files, digital cinema files and the list goes on. Our industry was in desperate need for a file format guidebook until this reference came along. This is just what the doctor ordered. The formats in this book will become the cornerstones of all professional video systems for years to come. Don't get left behind. The file format train is leaving now and this book is your ticket to ride. - Al Kovalick, Strategist and Pinnacle Fellow, Pinnacle Systems

TV Technical Operations is an introduction for new entrants to the broadcast industry and is designed to prepare them for working in mainstream television by discussing essential techniques, technologies and work attitudes. The author explores: * the need to develop a professional approach * the occupational skills needed to meet deadlines, work under pressure and within budget * the importance of understanding the potential of broadcast equipment in program making * the need to keep up to date with the technique and technology * the responsibility to ensure continuity of experience and training in all craft skills that technical operators are required to work with * the need to maintain a critical appraisal of what and who influences working practices and how these influences affect production and viewers * an introduction to the basic skills needed to work as a multi-skilling technical operator in television * an introduction to broadcast equipment in general production use Peter Ward is a freelance cameraman and camerawork trainer working with international training and television consultancy. He was formerly head of cameras at Television South West.

Virtual Reality in Higher Education: Instruction for the Digital Age brings to the foreground how Virtual Reality, using headsets in educational and training programs, is already beginning to be used in higher education. The book is the result of research to determine where and how virtual reality is being used in higher education, recruitment, and athletics. The book cites specific examples and methods used in teaching, training, and recruitment that would be of interest to faculty and administrators in community colleges and universities. The book is written to help faculty to understand the potential of VR for education, administrators to see possibilities for student recruitment, and athletic directors and sports program coaches to determine the advantage of new avenues for successful training. It is critical that faculty and administrators investigate the potential of VR for teaching, learning, recruitment, and athletics. This technology provides an immersive method that could create serious changes in how faculty teach, students learn, institutions recruit, and athletic programs train.

Virtual Reality in Higher Education: Instruction for the Digital Age brings to the foreground how Virtual Reality, using headsets in educational and training programs, is already beginning to be used in higher education. The book is the result of research to determine where and how virtual reality is being used in higher education, recruitment, and athletics. The book cites specific examples and methods used in teaching, training, and recruitment that would be of interest to faculty and administrators in community colleges and universities. The book is written to help faculty to understand the potential of VR for education, administrators to see possibilities for student recruitment, and athletic directors and sports program coaches to determine the advantage of new avenues for successful training. It is critical that faculty and administrators investigate the potential of VR for teaching, learning, recruitment, and athletics. This technology provides an immersive method that could create serious changes in how faculty teach, students learn, institutions recruit, and athletic programs train.