Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

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Die Entwicklung un seres Planetensystems ist ohne Zweifel eines der wichtigsten Probleme, welche den menschlichen Geist beschaftigen. Schon in den altesten Zeiten, als der Mensch zuerst tiber sich und die Welt nach- zudenken begann, versuchte er, sich auf die Frage nach der Entstehung der Welt eine Antwort zu geben. Weil es ihm jedoch infolge seiner dtirftigen Kenntnisse an tatsachlichen Anhaltspunkten fehlte, so tiberlie13 er sich phantasievollen Spekulationen und kleidete seine Gedanken tiber die Entstehung der Welt in ein mythologisches Gewand. Zwar waren es sicherlich nur wenige hervorragende Geister, welche die Bedeutung des Problems erkannten und durch selbstandiges Denken tiber dasselbe zur Klarheit zu kommen suchten; aber das auch in dem weniger spekulativ veranlagten Menschen schlummernde metaphysische Bedtirfnis lie13 ihre Ge- danken bald eine ausgedehnte Verbreitung gewinnen. Mit dem Charakter einer htiheren gtittlichen Dignitat vererbten sich dann diese zum Teil von tiefer Einsicht zeugenden Reflexionen auf spl1tere Geschlechter und wurden ein Hauptbestandteil des Lehrgebaudes einer Religion. Keine der alten Reli- gionen, weder die der Inder und Perser, noch die der Babylonier, Phtinizier, 1 Agypter, Israeliten, Griechen und Germanen, entbehrt einer Kosmogonie. ) Bei den Griechen kam darauf mit dem Beginn der historischen Zeit, im Gegensatze zu der frtiheren naiven, poetischen Auffassung, zuerst die wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis zurn Durchbruche. . Als nun einigerrna13en richtige Vorstellungen tiber die Gestalt und die Grtille der Erde aufzu- darnrnern begannen, vernachlassigte man die Frage nach der Entstehung der Welt tiber der Erforschung der tatsachlich vorliegenden kosrnischen Erscheinungen.

Relativistic cosmology has in recent years become one of the most exciting and active branches of current research. In conference after conference the view is expressed that cosmology today is where particle physics was forty years ago, with major discoveries just waiting to happen. Also gravitational wave detectors, presently under construction or in the testing phase, promise to open up an entirely novel field of physics.
It is to take into account such recent developments, as well as to improve the basic text, that this second edition has been undertaken. The most affected is the last part on cosmology, but there are smaller additions, corrections, and additional exercises throughout.
The books basic purpose is to make relativity come alive conceptually. Hence the emphasis on the foundations and the logical subtleties rather than on the mathematics or the detailed experiments per se. Aided by some 300 exercises, the book promotes a deep understanding and the confidence to tackle any fundamental relativistic problem.

In this compilation, the theory of gravitational anti-screening is presented as an alternative to the current theory of dark matter. This includes first applying the theory to the rotational curve of the galaxy, to spiral galaxies in general, and to the Coma cluster. Finally, the theory will be applied to the solar system where it will be shown to be compatible with planetary ephemerides. Next, the observable features that allow for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions are collected and characterized, focusing on the available data, uncertainties, missing information and targets of future research work. Furthermore, mineral paragenesis and different types of indicators should be used in conjunction and the missing data represents the directions for future research. The following chapter presents the evaluation of some aspects of the two remaining landing site candidates (Oxia Planum and Mawrth Vallis) for the ESA ExoMars 2020 rover to highlight the geological and astrobiological aspects. These lessons learned should be used in the future to support the scientific outcome. Discussion continues about the nature of the zebrastructure in type IV radio bursts, proposing that even the most protracted mechanism associated with double plasma resonance has been improved in a series of works. The authors demonstrate the possibility of modeling with whistlers to explain many thin components of zebrastructure stripes, taking into account the effects of scattering whistlers on fast particles. The existence of Dark Matter in the Universe is one of the most accepted ideas in modern cosmology to explain a number of puzzling astronomical observations, even though it has not been directly observed. As such, the authors review the motivation for its existence as inferred from its influence on ordinary matter and its properties in terms of specific candidate particles. Broad-lined type Ic supernovae (SNe Ic-BL) have received much attention as of late because they are the only SNe associated with long-duration gamma-ray bursts. In this book, efforts have been made to understand the origin of their huge kinetic energy, peculiar light curve, and spectral features. Lastly, three hygroscopic salts are discussed, calcium perchlorate (Ca(ClO4)2), magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO4)2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2). Examination of past rover landing sites showed that at most of them deliquescence could occur in theory, based on the modeled meteorological values and assuming that hygroscopic salts are at hand.

Working physicists, and especially astrophysicists, value a good `back-of-the-envelope' calculation, meaning a short, elegant computation or argument that starts from general principles and leads to an interesting result. This book guides students on how to understand astrophysics using general principles and concise calculations - endeavouring to be elegant where possible and using short computer programs where necessary. The material proceeds in approximate historical order. The book begins with the Enlightenment-era insight that the orbits of the planets is easy, but the orbit of the Moon is a real headache, and continues to deterministic chaos. This is followed by a chapter on spacetime and black holes. Four chapters reveal how microphysics, especially quantum mechanics, allow us to understand how stars work. The last two chapters are about cosmology, bringing us to 21st-century developments on the microwave background and gravitational waves.

The search for life in the universe, once the stuff of science fiction, is now a robust worldwide research program with a well-defined roadmap probing both scientific and societal issues. This volume examines the humanistic aspects of astrobiology, systematically discussing the approaches, critical issues, and implications of discovering life beyond Earth. What do the concepts of life and intelligence, culture and civilization, technology and communication mean in a cosmic context? What are the theological and philosophical implications if we find life - and if we do not? Steven J. Dick argues that given recent scientific findings, the discovery of life in some form beyond Earth is likely and so we need to study the possible impacts of such a discovery and formulate policies to deal with them. The remarkable and often surprising results are presented here in a form accessible to disciplines across the sciences, social sciences, and humanities.

This textbook on the nature of space and time explains the new theory of Space Dynamics, which describes the dynamics of gravity as the evolution of conformal 3-dimensional geometry. Shape Dynamics is equivalent to Einstein's General Relativity in those situations in which the latter has been tested experimentally, but the theory is based on different first principles. It differs from General Relativity in certain extreme conditions. Shape Dynamics allows us to describe situations in which the spacetime picture is no longer adequate, such as in the presence of singularities, when the idealization of infinitesimal rods measuring scales and infinitesimal clocks measuring proper time fails. This tutorial book contains both a quick introduction for readers curious about Shape Dynamics, and a detailed walk-through of the historical and conceptual motivations for the theory, its logical development from first principles and a description of its present status. It includes an explanation of the origin of the theory, starting from problems posed first by Newton more than 300 years ago. The book will interest scientists from a large community including all foundational fields of physics, from quantum gravity to cosmology and quantum foundations, as well as researchers interested in foundations. The tutorial is sufficiently self-contained for students with some basic background in Lagrangian/Hamiltonian mechanics and General Relativity.

The paradox of global universe rotation, as it seems, is today one of its greatest mysteries of nature. The idea originated less than a hundred years, and getting the most correct answer was possible only after the creation of modern cosmology. In this book, the authors forward their visions on the universal rotation problem. At the same time, the arguments in favor of its global rotation absence are presented as well. In fact, different theoretical and observational aspects of evidence that supports the possible rotation of the universe on different cosmological scales were investigated. It was shown that there are correlations between angular momentum and size of the structures. The presented observational picture is that the galaxies, their pairs and compact groups have a non vanishing angular momentum. Moreover, these momenta have the definite tendency to their alignment. An analysis of the distribution of position angles of more than ten thousand extended radio sources shows that the spatial orientation of axes of these objects is anisotropic: they are mostly oriented not in the direction of the celestial pole, but rather in the equatorial direction. The probability that the sky distribution of axes is isotropic is less than 0.00004. It was argued that our universe rotates differentially. Based on the spinning part of Papapetrous equations, it was shown that the rotation radically depends on the properties of the epoch of universal growth. The universes angular velocities have been calculated for three main cosmological epochs: the matter dominated epoch, the transient from matter to vacuum dominated epoch, and the vacuum dominated epoch. In the framework of general relativity, the nonstationary Bianchi type VIII cosmological models with rotation were proposed. As the sources of gravity have been chosen, they are known as comoving perfect fluid with non-comoving dust, comoving perfect fluid with pure radiation, and comoving anisotropic fluid. All of the models contain a rotating dark energy. Recent observations, such as the anomalies in the temperature angular distribution of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), indicate a preferred direction in the universe. The foundation of modern cosmology, however, relies on a homogeneous and isotropic distribution of matter on large scales. Here, the authors consider the preferred axis in the CMB parity violation. The authors also found that this axis coincides with the preferred axes of the CMB quadrupole and octopole, and they all align with the direction of the CMB kinematic dipole, which does not have a cosmological origin. The several exact non-stationary Goedel-type solutions that belong to a large class of shear-free spatially homogeneous spacetimes were presented. The observational effects of the universal rotation in cosmology are analyzed. It was shown that the pure cosmic rotation does not produce either causality violations, parallax effects, or anisotropy of the microwave background radiation. A possible way to detect the cosmic rotation is to search for the angular dependencies of the standard cosmological tests, and a number of new observations can be proposed.

Mathematical Modeling in Diffraction Theory: Based on A Priori Information on the Analytical Properties of the Solution provides the fundamental physical concepts behind the theory of wave diffraction and scattered wave fields as well as its application in radio physics, acoustics, optics, radio astronomy, biophysics, geophysics, and astrophysics. This book provides a coherent discussion of several advanced topics that have the potential to push forward progress in this field. It begins with examples illustrating the importance of taking a priori information into account when developing algorithms for solving diffraction problems, with subsequent chapters discussing the basic analytical representations of wave fields, the auxiliary current and source methods for solving the problems of diffraction at compact scatterers, the null field and matrix methods that are widely used to solve problems in radio-physics, radio-astronomy, and biophysics, and the continued boundary condition and pattern equation method.

Since its inception, general relativity has been unreceptive to a marriage with the quantum aspects of our universe. Following the ideas of Einstein, one may pursue an approach that allows spacetime itself to take centre stage. The quantum properties of matter are then carried by the dynamics of spacetime shape and connectivity. This monograph introduces the reader to the foundations of quantum spacetime in a manner accessible to researchers and students. Likewise, interested laymen that lack a strong background in quantum mechanics or spacetime studies but are keen to learn would find this information worthwhile. It can be shown from the first principles how spacetime is globally built up by paths which constitute entire histories in four dimensions. The central physical idea is that the collective existence of observers and observed derives from one mimicking the other unremittingly, thereby inducing tangible reality. This world of identity by mimicry creates a multitude of interacting histories. Throughout the text, experiments are used to derive physical principles. Obtained results are therefore intuitive and accessible to non-experts. This monograph also discusses consequences of quantum spacetime for black holes, dark energy, inflation, the Higgs boson, and the multiverse.

"The Virtue of Heresy - Confessions of a Dissident Astronomer" is a narrative account of the 30-year struggle by the author to put the "physical" back into "physics". With sporadic assistance from a fictional alter-ego character named Haquar, the author traces the history of astronomy and physics to the point of their confluence with meta-mathematics. From there on, the fundamental hypotheses of cosmology, and indeed of physical science generally, became increasingly detached from observed reality and more like psychedelic mind games than works of empirical science. Hilton Ratcliffe guilelessly confronts these issues head-on, spicing the tale with humour and fascinating anecdotes of his association with some of the finest scientific minds of our era. His passion for true science and child-like awe at the wonders of the Universe are infused in every line. A classic.

This book is an introductory text in General Relativity, while also focusing some solutions to the cosmological constant problem, which consists in an amazing 100 orders of magnitude discrepancy between the value of this constant in the present Universe, and its estimated value in the very early epoch. The author suggests that the constant is in fact, a time-varying function of the age of the Universe. The book offers a wealth of cosmological models, treats up to date findings, like the verification of the Lense-Thirring effect in the year 2004, and the recently published research by Cooperstock and Tieu (2005) suggesting that "dark" matter is not a necessary concept in order to explain the rotational velocities of stars around galaxies' nuclei. This is a mathematical cosmology textbook that may lead undergraduates, and graduate students to one of the frontiers of research, while keeping the prerequisites to a minimum, because most of the theory in the book requires only prior knowledge of Calculus and a University Physics course.

Fred Hoyle was one of the most widely acclaimed and colourful scientists of the twentieth century, a down-to-earth Yorkshireman who combined a brilliant scientific mind with a relish for communication and controversy. Best known for his steady-state theory of cosmology, he described a universe with both an infinite past and an infinite future. He coined the phrase 'big bang' to describe the main competing theory, and sustained a long-running, sometimes ill-tempered, and typically public debate with his scientific rivals. He showed how the elements are formed by nuclear reactions inside stars, and explained how we are therefore all formed from stardust. He also claimed that diseases fall from the sky, attacked Darwinism, and branded the famous fossil of the feathered Archaeopteryx a fake. Throughout his career, Hoyle played a major role in the popularization of science. Through his radio broadcasts and his highly successful science fiction novels he became a household name, though his outspokenness and support for increasingly outlandish causes later in life at times antagonized the scientific community. Jane Gregory builds up a vivid picture of Hoyle's role in the ideas, the organization, and the popularization of astronomy in post-war Britain, and provides a fascinating examination of the relationship between a maverick scientist, the scientific establishment, and the public. Through the life of Hoyle, this book chronicles the triumphs, jealousies, rewards, and feuds of a rapidly developing scientific field, in a narrative animated by a cast of colourful astronomers, keeping secrets, losing their tempers, and building their careers here on Earth while contemplating the nature of the stars.

Introduction to Relativity is intended to teach physics and astronomy majors at the freshman, sophomore or upper-division levels how to think about special and general relativity in a fundamental, but accessible, way. Designed to render any reader a "master of relativity," everything on the subject is comprehensible and derivable from first principles. The book emphasizes problem solving, contains abundant problem sets, and is conveniently organized to meet the needs of both student and instructor.
* Simplicity: the book teaches space and time in relativity in a physical fashion with minimal mathematics
* Conciseness: the book teaches relativity by emphasizing the basic simplicity of the principles at work
* Visualization: space-time diagrams (Minkowski) illustrate phenomena from simultaneity to the resolution of the twin paradox in a concrete fashion
* Worked problems: two chapters of challenging problems solved in several ways illustrate and teach the principles
* Problem sets: each chapter is accompanied by a full set of problems for the student that teach the principles and some new phenonmena

The book provides a comprehensive overview of the eruptive and wave phenomena in the solar atmosphere. One of the ongoing problems in solar physics is the heating of the solar corona. Currently there is a competition between two mechanisms in explaining the heating, i.e., dissipation of energy by waves and small scale frequent coronal magnetic reconnection. However, some studies indicate this may be a joint effect of these two possible mechanisms. Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability (KHI) of propagating magnetohydrodynamic modes in solar flowing structures plays an important role in the solar atmosphere. It can trigger the onset of wave turbulence leading to effective plasma heating and particle acceleration. KHI is a multifaceted phenomenon and the purpose of this book is to illuminate its (instability) manifestation in various solar jets like spicules, dark mottles, surges, macrospicules, Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray jets, as well as rotating, tornado-like, jets, solar wind, and coronal mass ejections.The modeling of KHI is performed in the framework of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. The book consists of 12 chapters and is intended primarily for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as early career researchers.

Black holes present one of the most fascinating predictions of Einstein's general theory of relativity. There is strong evidence of their existence through observation of active galactic nuclei, including the centre of our galaxy, observations of gravitational waves, and others. There exists a large scientific literature on black holes, including many excellent textbooks at various levels. However, most of these steer clear from the mathematical niceties needed to make the theory of black holes a mathematical theory. Those which maintain a high mathematical standard are either focused on specific topics, or skip many details. The objective of this book is to fill this gap and present a detailed, mathematically oriented, extended introduction to the subject. The book provides a wide background to the current research on all mathematical aspects of the geometry of black hole spacetimes.

"Ptolemy's Universe" is a modern examination of the cosmological and philosophical dimensions of Ptolemy's thought as presented in his astronomical works. Claudius Ptolemy (second century AD) ranks as one of the most important figures in the history of science, especially renowned for his contribution to mathematical astronomy. Within astronomical works such as "The Mathematical Syntaxis", Ptolemy presented some of his views on natural philosophy, epistemology and ethics, and explained their pertinence to his astronomy. While much has been written about Ptolemy's mathematical work, few attempts have been made to understand his philosophical and cosmological ideas. In this book, Dr Taub shows how Ptolemy's conception of the celestial bodies as divine beings shaped his philosophical thinking, and how this in turn influenced his study of the heavens. Dr Taub's examination of the place of Ptolemy's ideas within the broader context of Greek philosophy, mathematics and culture, provides insights into the nature of Greek scientific thought.

The two-volume book Gravitational Waves provides a comprehensive and detailed account of the physics of gravitational waves. While Volume 1 is devoted to the theory and experiments, Volume 2 discusses what can be learned from gravitational waves in astrophysics and in cosmology, by systematizing a large body of theoretical developments that have taken place over the last decades. The second volume also includes a detailed discussion of the first direct detections of gravitational waves. In the author's typical style, the theoretical results are generally derived afresh, clarifying or streamlining the existing derivations whenever possible, and providing a coherent and consistent picture of the field. The first volume of Gravitational Waves, which appeared in 2007, has established itself as the standard reference in the field. The scientific community has eagerly awaited this second volume. The recent direct detection of gravitational waves makes the topics in this book particularly timely.

The two-volume book Gravitational Waves provides a comprehensive and detailed account of the physics of gravitational waves. While Volume 1 is devoted to the theory and experiments, Volume 2 discusses what can be learned from gravitational waves in astrophysics and in cosmology, by systematizing a large body of theoretical developments that have taken place over the last decades. The second volume also includes a detailed discussion of the first direct detections of gravitational waves. In the author's typical style, the theoretical results are generally derived afresh, clarifying or streamlining the existing derivations whenever possible, and providing a coherent and consistent picture of the field. The first volume of Gravitational Waves , which appeared in 2007, has established itself as the standard reference in the field. The scientific community has eagerly awaited this second volume. The recent direct detection of gravitational waves makes the topics in this book particularly timely.