This book explores environmental challenges in the Baltic region from an economic perspective. Featuring contributions from regional experts from Nordic, Baltic and Eastern European countries it addresses the response to eutrophication caused by increased loads of nutrients to the sea from agriculture, wastewater, industry and traffic, and cost-effective solutions to reach the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) targets, set up through the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM). Contributions also explore the environmental impacts of rural landscape change during the post-communist period in the Baltic Sea region and a review of the ex-post evaluations of the costs and benefits generated by Baltic Sea nutrient abatement policies. Public policies towards marine protection, wind power establishment, and attitudes to paying for environmental protection, environmental resilience and the international cooperation in the Baltic region are also discussed.

This volume offers an overview of the occurrence and distribution of personal care products in continental and marine waters, presents analytical methods and degradation technologies and discusses their impact on human health. Experts from different disciplines highlight major issues for each family of compounds related to their occurrence in the water column as well as in solid and biota samples, methodological strategies for their analysis, non-conventional degradation technologies, (eco)toxicity data and their human and environmental risk assessment. The book also includes a general introduction to personal care products, covering their properties, use, behaviour and regulatory framework, and a final chapter identifying knowledge gaps and future research trends. It will appeal to experts from various fields of research, including analytical and environmental chemistry, toxicology and environmental engineering.

* Water is a growing area of interest and a central topic of environmental history * Martin Melosi is an internationally recognized scholar of environmental history * Covers regions of Canada, US and Mexico * Broad topical scope within Water history * Uses case studies to provide real world examples * Will appeal to historians, geographers and anthropologists

Foodandwatersecurityissuesareregardedassinequanonif asocietywants to p- mote health, peace and prosperity. People who are well fed are also people with the means to changetheir situation. However, this is still an immense challengefor Asia especiallyintheglobalenvironmentalperspectiveinthe21stcentury. Peoplearound the globe will be facing a combination of problems concerning both environmental as well as social changes; therefore, the policy for future food and water security has to be upgraded in an integrated and holistic way. The need to put into persp- tive the ever-mounting body of new information on environmental security of food and water issues in Asia beyond the boundaries of separate disciplines provided the impetus for the development of this book. It is a compilation of selected ar- cles from two international symposiums entitled "Food and Water Sustainability in China 2007" and "Food and Water Sustainability in Asia 2008" which were held in Macau, China. Eminent scientists/researchers from different parts of Asia spoke at the symposium on topics such as the challenges in sustainable water resource m- agement, future projection of development strategies for sheries, increased yield of food grains by rainwater management in arid lands, multi-functional role of rice paddy area for food and water sustainability, the impact of biofuel production on food security, reclaimed wastewater for sustainable urban water use, heavy metal removal from contaminated soil and water, and adaptation strategies to cope with the climate change issues for food and water.

This book comprises select papers from the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Civil Engineering (ICETCE 2018). Latest research findings in different branches of civil engineering such as structural engineering, construction materials, geotechnical engineering, water resources engineering, environmental engineering, and transportation infrastructure are covered in this book. The book also gives an overview of emerging topics like smart materials and structures, green building technologies, and intelligent transportation system. The contents of this book will be beneficial for students, academicians, industrialists and researchers working in the field of civil engineering.

This book outlines the current status of water resources management in Central Asia countries, and provides a review of the history, policies and transboundary cooperation regarding water resources in the region. Particular attention is given to the water-energy-food-environmental nexus, and to the application of the UNECE Environmental Conventions in Central Asia. Readers will also learn about the US and German environmental policies applied in Central Asia, and will discover specific case studies on water resources policies in Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan. Together with the companion volumes on Water Bodies and Climate Change in Central Asia and Water Resources Management in Central Asia, it offers a valuable source of information for a broad readership, from students and scientists interested in the environmental sciences, to policymakers and practitioners working in the fields of water resources policy and management, international relations, and environmental issues.

This volume discusses the theoretical fundamentals and potential applications of the original electro-Fenton (EF) process and its most innovative and promising versions, all of which are classified as electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. It consists of 15 chapters that review the latest advances and trends, material selection, reaction and reactor modeling and EF scale-up. It particularly focuses on the applications of EF process in the treatment of toxic and persistent organic pollutants in water and soil, showing highly efficient removal for both lab-scale and pre-pilot setups. Indeed, the EF technology is now mature enough to be brought to market, and this collection of contributions from leading experts in the field constitutes a timely milestone for scientists and engineers.

This book deals with water policy in Israel. It offers a detailed examination of the main sources of Israel s water, its principle consumers, the gap between supply and demand, and the complex, contentious work of analyzing and devising the nation s water management and use policies.

Water Policy in Israel is arranged in five broad sections: The dynamics of moving from one policy era to another; Supply management; Demand management; The importance of the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea; and Regional and global issues including water conflict and cooperation and climate change.

This book argues that groundwater pollution risk assessment is the essential foundation of groundwater pollution prevention and control. It is on this basis that economic leverage is used to make new breakthroughs in groundwater protection and governance. Presenting a case study on the Jilin Section of the Songhua River, the book applies the overlay index method to assess the shallow groundwater pollution risk and identify high-risk areas and major pollution sources in an effort to identify the mechanism of interaction between industrial structures and groundwater pollution. Further, it proposes concrete measures for preventing and controlling groundwater pollution from an industrial economics perspective. As such, the book offers a valuable resource for all graduate students, lecturers and researchers who are interested in learning about resources and environmental economics.

Leading experts present methodologies for basinwide approaches to water quality restoration. In 15 chapters the identification of pollution sources, definition of standards and their attainability, surface and groundwater modeling, remediation of contaminated soils and sediments, development and implementation of low cost treatment technologies, basinwide water quality management and remediation, and economic and institutional issues are covered. The book focuses on the situation in central and eastern European countries; however, the topics and solutions are of general interest and have worldwide applications.

Provides a detailed description of perchlorate chemistry and recent advances in innovative remediation technologies for perchlorate contamination and their pros and cons

Additionally, the first book to describe the natural occurrence of perchlorate and its unique isotopic signatures for environmental forensics and its detection in the environment, particularly the real-time analysis using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

This book presents state-of-the-art knowledge concerning water quality in Poland. It offers a wide variety of cases and issues on water resource quality management. The book also presents different methods and strategies to effectively use the most advanced water resource quality problems such as water pollution, whether physical, chemical, or biological, of surface water resources and groundwater resources. The authors pay exceptional attention to water quality monitoring in agricultural, urban catchments, and water reservoirs. More light into the water quality is required to assess water's physicochemical status accurately and plan suitable protection actions against recognized threats. This book addresses the needs of professional engineers, researchers, policy planners, decision-makers, stakeholders, and anyone looking to learn more about the quality situation of water resources in Poland and other similar countries and regions.

Water is a paramount determinant of quality of life. The WHO experts believe that the sickness and death rates of the world population could be reduced by 75% by maintaining good quality of drinking water. That is why thirty-one leading scientists and specialists from fifteen countries gathered in November 2003 at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on "Modern Tools and Methods of Water Treatment for Improving Living Standards" in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, to discuss the scientific concepts and practical means for the solution of the complex social, economic and ecological problems associated with water purification, consumption, conservation, and protection. All this is covered in this book of proceedings of the NATO ARW.

This book contains four parts. In Part 1, the readers will find recent advances in drinking water treatment in the United States, biological control in water-cooling towers, analytical control of drinking water quality, and the use of radionuclides for monitoring global contamination. In Part 2, some innovative methods and tools, such as electrochemically-stimulated sorption and sorption-membrane methods, a bubble-extraction method, fibroid sorbents, in-situ oxygen curtain technology, use of ion-exchange membranes, electrochemically-generated silver and copper ions and colloidal gold for water purification and post-purification are presented. In Part 3, recent studies into the treatment of wastewaters could be found. Among them: water reclamation and recycling in Danish industry, biocide polymers as a new opportunity in water treatment, optimization of galvanic wastewater treatment processes, efficiency of nitrification and denitrification processes inwastewater treatment plants, electrochemical processes for wastewater purification employing fluidized beds of particles, cold plasma as a new tool for purification of wastewater from chemical contaminants, bacteria and viruses. In Part 4, examples of management of water resources in the United Kingdom, Bulgaria, Poland, Croatia, and Romania using a variety of case studies are presented. Also, the important issue of industry-university cooperation for postgraduate education and training in the water treatment area is discussed.

We believe that this book will be helpful to the international community of scientists, specialists and students dealing with water treatment, purification, conservation and protection.

This book critically analyzes the water quality in the lower Gangetic delta, and examines the environmental conditions and physical processes operating in this rich ecosystem. Readers with an interest in environmental science, geography, oceanography, marine biology, environmental biology, aquatic pollution and ecology will find the research presented here most appealing. Readers will discover critical aspects of the chemistry of the estuarine water (particularly that of Hooghly and Matla estuaries) in the lower stretch of the delta region along with the causes and effects of pollution in and around this region. Particular attention is given to the bioaccumulation of conservative pollutants in edible fishes and floral communities thriving in this region. Several case studies are also incorporated to highlight the vulnerability of pollution in this region. Chapters also address the impacts of climate change (specifically acidification) on the concentration and behavior of conservative pollutants. Finally, the book highlights some mitigation measures at the technology and policy level to minimize the negative impacts posed by different groups of pollutants on the estuarine biodiversity.

This proceedings book provides the latest developments on water as a unique resource that can meet the fundamental needs of human beings and ecosystems. Wastewater generated in industrial, commercial, residential and sensible places must take care as it may pollute the ground and surface water if not treated properly. Environmental pollution discharged from industrial, commercial, residential and sensible places must take care as it may pollute the air, water and land if not treated properly. Most of the design and development of wastewater technologies and environmental treatment were unable to take load as there is huge amount of wastewater and environmental pollution that was generating every day. This threatens the sustainable development, and it needs to solve in accurate, reliable, urgent and timely. Our interest is sustainable innovative and technological transfer approaches which can be used available for supporting, operationalizing and delivering sustainable wastewater technologies and environmental treatment. The authors hope that the book covers possible spectrum of wastewater technologies and environmental treatment to high level of environmental protection, clean and green management lessons, identifies the barriers for transformative change and then informs agenda and initiatives for the sustainable development. ICWTET2020 is dedicated to wastewater technologies and environmental treatment, with a focus on the high level of environmental protection. The aim of the ICWTET2020 is to disseminate current knowledge and sustainable development, share experience and lessons learned and stimulate discussion and reflection, thus promoting a sustainable paradigm shift. The final purpose is to contribute transformative change towards sustainable development through dissemination of sustainable wastewater technologies and environmental treatment.

The NATO Advanced Research Workshop, "Decision Support for Natural Disasters and Intentional Threats to Water Security" was the result of close collaboration between environmental, security, water resource, and health officials in the United States and Croatia. The premise of the Workshop is that multiple, disparate threats to water security exist, and that shared decision support structures provide effective means for avoiding and responding to potential or actual situations. The Workshop was co-directed by Professors Tissa Illangasekare of the Colorado School of Mines, and Dragutin Geres of Hrvatske vode. The Workshop was organized into a series of case studies, presentation of management tools, or a combination of the two. Presentations were further organized as to (1) Natural Occurrences, (2) Anthropogenic Causes, and (3) Decision Support Tools. Delegates from eleven countries assembled to explore these topics at the Hotel Dubrovnik President in Dubrovnik from April 22-25, 2007. A total of thirty delegates from NATO, Partner, Mediterranean Dialog, or other countries were in attendance. The final program included technical sessions using a presentation and dialog format, a field trip, and networking sessions. There were twenty five technical presentations supported by seventeen formal papers (many updated in late-2008 and 2009), and these form the basis for these proceedings. xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The co-directors and organizers of this Advanced Research Workshop a- nowledge the NATO Science Programme for major financial support and for providing detailed guidance on how best to organize and execute a meeting of this nature.

This book examines the role of The International Maritime Organization (IMO) in the prevention and control of pollution of the marine environment from vessels with a particular reference to the current north-south tensions regarding the strategy for combating climate change in the maritime sector as well as the prevention of marine pollution from the ship-breaking industry. The IMO, a United Nations specialized agency, has been entrusted with the duty to provide machinery for cooperation among governments for the prevention and control of pollution of the marine environment from vessels. The organization is responsible for drafting legal instruments as well as for facilitating technical cooperation for the protection of the marine environment. Although IMO legal instruments are mainly targeted at the prevention of pollution of the marine environment from vessels, there is a trend towards a liberal interpretation of this, and the organization has expanded its work to areas like shipbreaking, which is essentially a land-based industry.

When Europeans first arrived at what is now California's San Joaquin Valley, they found a vast landscape of wetlands, small ponds, riparian forests, and grasslands surrounding three large swampland lakes. What greets a visitor to the region today is a dramatically different view of mile after mile of row crops, vineyards, orchards, and grazing acreage - some of the most fertile and productive agricultural land in the world. This remarkable transformation, with its enduring consequences, is at the center of Ruling the Waters, a legal, social, and environmental history of how western water law shaped, and was shaped by, the subjugation of the largest freshwater wetlands wildlife habitat in the West. At the heart of efforts to wrest arable land from the region was the Kern River, which rises in the Sierra Nevada and carries snowmelt to what was once a great network of lakes, sloughs, and marshes at the southern end of California's Central Valley. In Ruling the Waters Douglas R. Littlefield describes how, over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, pioneers and entrepreneurs diverted water out of this network of waterways to extract gold in the mountains and irrigate farms lower down the river, and how the law was made to accommodate these practices. Struggles over the Kern River's water established one of the most important concepts in water law in some parts of the United States - that prior appropriation, dependent on the chronological order of diversions from waterways, could legally coexist with riparian rights, which restrict water usage to landownership directly next to a river or stream. Littlefield traces this concept to the 1886 California Supreme Court case of Lux v. Haggin - which pitted the giant farming and cattle company of Miller & Lux against a prominent land baron, James B. Haggin - and shows how the lawsuit profoundly shaped future waters issues, which in turn influenced water laws in other western states that were grappling with similar questions. Far from a dry legal history, Ruling the Waters tells a story with world-wide historical environmental ramifications, a tale of competing personalities and values and visions that forever changed both the economy and the ecology of the American West.

This book highlights the application of Geographical Information System (GIS) and nature based algorithms to solve the problems of water and water based renewable energy resources. The irregularity in availability of resources and inefficiency in utilization of the available resources has reduced the potentiality of water and water based renewable energy resources. In recent years various soft computation methods (SCM) along with GIS were adopted to solve critical problems. The book collects various studies where many SCMs were used along with GIS to provide a solution for optimal utilization of natural resources for satisfying the basic needs of the population as well as fulfilling their burgeoning energy demands. The articles depict innovative application of soft computation techniques to identify the root cause and to mitigate the uncertainty for optimal utilization of the available water resources. The advantage of SCM and GIS were used to maximize the utilization of water resources under cost and time constraints in face of climatic abnormalities and effect of rapid urbanization.

This book deals with water management, one of the most challenging issues of contemporary society. Research and innovation in the field of water management must address certain fundamental aspects: access to water, water quality, water treatment, transboundary effect of water, etc. A comprehensive analysis was performed in a national research program of Moldova, entitled "Research and management of water quality". The main goal of the research program was to create and improve the legal, scientific and methodological, technological basis and sustainable development of water, implementation of modern technologies in water supply, treatment and reuse. Other priorities include expansion of access to water sources, improvement of environmental protection, especially water protection against pollution and depletion, efficient water use and establishing an effective monitoring system for disaster prevention. The topics concern research of water structure and quality, surface water, groundwater, water treatment, irrigation technologies and water pollution by remains from industry, one of the main environmental problems of our time. The book helps to get to coherent water policies of states.

The main objective of the Water Framework Directive in the European countries is to achieve a good status of all the water bodies, in the integrated management of river basins. In order to assess the impact of improvement measures, water quality models are necessary. During the previous decades the progress in computer technology and computational methods has supported the development of advanced mathematical models for pollutant transport in rivers and streams. This book is intended to provide the fundamental knowledge needed for a deeper understanding of these models and the development of new ones, which will fulfil future quality requirements in water resources management. This book focuses on the fundamentals of computational techniques required in water quality modelling.

Advection, dispersion and concentrated sources or sinks of contaminants lead to the formulation of the fundamental differential equation of pollutant transport. Its integration, according to appropriate initial and boundary conditions and with the knowledge of the velocity field, allows for pollutant behaviour to be assessed in the entire water body. An analytical integration is convenient only in one-dimensional approach with considerable simplification. Integration in the numerical field is useful for taking into account particular aspects of water body and pollutants.

To ensure their reliability, the models require accurate calibration and validation, based on proper data, taken from direct measurements. In addition, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis are also of utmost importance.

All the above items are discussed in detail in the 21 chapters of the book, which is written in a didactic form for professionals and students.

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The book presents chapters from world leaders on water desalination advances with respect to processes, separations materials, and energy and environmental considerations. It provides a balanced discussion of the mature and newer desalination technologies and provides a fundamental assessment of the potential of emerging approaches. Realistic assessments for the feasibility of energy extraction from salinity gradients, desalting high salinity source water, membrane distillation, capacitive deionization, are among the topics discussed. Also, among the topics discussed in the book are recent advances in the desalination application of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, and surface structuring of membranes.

This open access textbook provides a concise introduction to economic approaches and mathematical methods for the study of water allocation and distribution problems. Written in an accessible and straightforward style, it discusses and analyzes central issues in integrated water resource management, water tariffs, water markets, and transboundary water management. By illustrating the interplay between the hydrological cycle and the rules and institutions that govern today's water allocation policies, the authors develop a modern perspective on water management. Moreover, the book presents an in-depth assessment of the political and ethical dimensions of water management and its institutional embeddedness, by discussing distribution issues and issues of the enforceability of human rights in managing water resources. Given its scope, the book will appeal to advanced undergraduate and graduate students of economics and engineering, as well as practitioners in the water sector, seeking a deeper understanding of economic approaches to the study of water management.