The Atacama Desert, a coastal area where the borders of Chile,
Peru, and Bolivia meet, was a region of little interest in the late
nineteenth century until European research on the use of nitrates
in fertilizers and explosives rendered the droppings of millions of
sea birds a valuable commodity. In a move that echoed the
California Gold Rush, the three neighboring countries soon battled
for control of the region. In 1879, a comparatively modern and
powerful Chile seized Bolivia's coastal province, and a secret
alliance between Peru and Bolivia soon led to a full-scale war, one
which saw the employment of much new military technology.
Using such new weapons as the breech-loading rifle, rapid-fire
cannon, ironclad warships, torpedoes, and electronic mines, Chile
quickly crushed the allied armies, but a guerrilla war would drag
on for years. While the three armies fought over some of the most
inhospitable terrain imaginable, from burning, waterless deserts to
snow-clogged mountain passes at 15,000 feet, their governments
bumbled and wrangled. In the end, the lure of easy wealth
undermined the economies of all three nations and served no good
purpose when the market for nitrates soon evaporated, leaving all
three much poorer for the experience.
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