Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process by which a cell
se- destructs. This mechanism of programmed cell death plays an
important role in normal development and control of cell numbers in
mature a- mals. Apoptosis was initially defined by morphological
criteria to describe the distinctive appearance of dying cells that
developed nuclear conden- tion, cell shrinkage, and cytoplasmic
blebbing. Initiation of the apoptotic process can come from
external or internal stimuli and is highly regulated both by
molecules that facilitate and by molecules that inhibit the
process. Common features of apoptosis include activation of
proteases and - cleases, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization,
chromatin disruption, and translocation of phosphatidylserine from
the inner to the outer s- face of the plasma membrane. Apoptotic
cells attract phagocytes that - gulf the apoptotic bodies and
prevent tissue damage in the region. Intense investigation of the
cell death process has defined many molecular features of the
pathway by which regulation and execution can be exploited by
pathogens.
General
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