PREFACE. THE reader who is sufficiently acquainted with the
progress in vertebrate physiology during the last phase of
physiological methods, and who knows how scattered and incomplete
are the investigations which have been made by the same kind of
physical and chemical inquiries on invertebrate animals, will not
expect to find in the present volume any complete statement of the
physiology of animals, in the sense in which that term is now used.
Such observations as have been made without especial reference to
the vital processes of man are, for the most part, very valuable
and suggestive but the time to write a text- book of Comparative
Physiology, aswe now understand it, has not yet arrived. All that I
have attempted to do in this little book has been to illustrate the
details of structure by a notice of such experimental inquiries as
I have con- vinced myself, or have adequate reason to believe, are,
in their broad outlines, correctly stated. I have much more
attempted to make use of what were long since called the
experiments that Nature makes for us, by referring to, sometimes
perhaps insisting on, the dif- ferent methods by which similar
results are attained by different animals. That which I have most
constantly kept before myself, and which I hope the student will
faithfully bear in mind, is, that there has been an evolution of
organs as well as of animals, and that he who desires to understand
the most complicated organs must first know the structure of such
as are more simply constituted. In pursuit of this object, I have
written about organs rather than about groups of animals but I have
added an index in which the various parts of an animal are
collected under the head ofits name so that the student who desires
to use this manual as a zoological text-book will have no
difficulty in selecting the portions of the chapters which bear on
a particular form or set of forms. I have departed a little from
the ordinary method of writing a handbook, in somewhat plentifully
inter- spersing the names of my authorities for various statements.
I have done this, not only because it recommends itself to my sense
of justice, but becau.se zoological science is just now advancing
so rapidly that many observations and suggestions have to be
incorporated, even in a text-book, before they become the general
property of zoological workers. My indebtedness to the personal
teaching and the published writings of Professor Ray Lankester must
be by no means thought to be limited to the statements with which
his name will be found to be connected indeed, I owe him more than
I can well express. I have been careful to acknowledge the source
whence the illustrations are taken, and I have to return my thanks
to the Publication Committee of the Zoological Society to Professor
Flower, who only added one more to a number of acts of personal
kindness when he generously put at my disposal all the wood-blocks
which were in his own possession and to those other friends who
have allowed me to copy figures from their works. As this manual is
written on lines that are rarely followed, I shall be greatly
obliged for any suggestions as to its improvement, or for
corrections of any errors which may have found their way into it.
Kings College, May, 1885. F. JEFFKEY BELL. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE
I. INTRODUCTORY 1 II. AMCEBA 18 III.- THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF
ANIMALS ... 23 IV...
General
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