Many legal theorists maintain that laws are effective because we
internalize them, obeying even when not compelled to do so. In a
comprehensive reassessment of the role of force in law, Frederick
Schauer disagrees, demonstrating that coercion, more than
internalized thinking and behaving, distinguishes law from society
s other rules.
Reinvigorating ideas from Jeremy Bentham and John Austin, and
drawing on empirical research as well as philosophical analysis,
Schauer presents an account of legal compliance based on sanction
and compulsion, showing that law s effectiveness depends
fundamentally on its coercive potential. Law, in short, is about
telling people what to do and threatening them with bad
consequences if they fail to comply. Although people may sometimes
obey the law out of deference to legal authority rather than fear
of sanctions, Schauer challenges the assumption that legal coercion
is marginal in society. Force is more pervasive than the state s
efforts to control a minority of disobedient citizens. When people
believe that what they should do differs from what the law
commands, compliance is less common than assumed, and the necessity
of coercion becomes apparent.
Challenging prevailing modes of jurisprudential inquiry,
Schauer makes clear that the question of legal force has
sociological, psychological, political, and economic dimensions
that transcend purely conceptual concerns. Grappling with the legal
system s dependence on force helps us understand what law is, how
it operates, and how it helps organize society."
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