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""Red Seas" is biographical history at its best. It provides a
glimpse into the life of one of the most powerful Black labor
leaders in U.S. history, describes the trials and tribulations, the
successes and failures, of building an independent, Communist-led
union, and gives the reader a general feeling for the times. Horne
has done all trade-unionist and working-class people a service with
"Red Seas," It is highly recommended."
--"Political Affairs"
"The political connections of Harlem and the British West Indies
have been crucial for at least a century, but until recent times
almost invisible except to those intimately involveda]. We are now,
at long last, beginning to get a better grasp, and Gerald Horneas
"Red Seas" is a huge contribution to our understanding."
--Paul Buhle, "Monthly Review"
"Horne's latest work is a forceful tract that all scholars
writing about radical maritime politics, unionism, and race must
take into account. Horne thus sets the standard for future scholars
in this area."
--"Working USA"
"In our own age of global commerce and U.S. hyperpower, what
could be more instructive than the story of Ferdinand Smith, the
Caribbean Communist who led a genuinely international,
multicultural union in the years that birthed the American century?
Gerald Horne's remarkable biography should be required reading for
those who want to glimpse the potential power of that seafaring
proletariat, in the last century as well as ours."
--Nelson Lichtenstein, author of "State of the Union: A Century of
American Labor"
aA major achievement. It not only illuminates the maritime
sources of 20th centuryworking class black radicalism, but reveals
its ongoing and complicated interplay with racism and class
struggle on a global scale.a
--Joe W. Trotter, Jr., Carnegie Mellon University
"A brilliant political biography--we are in Gerald Horne's debt
for bringing to life a towering figure of the 20th century. A
radical labor leader in the US and Jamaica who felt the sting of
anticommunism on both shores, Ferdinand Smith also laid the
groundwork for the modern civil rights movement."
--Martha Biondi, author of "To Stand and Fight: the Struggle for
Civil Rights in Postwar New York City"
"Exhaustively researched, this is a pioneering, insightful,
sympathetic, and brilliant portrait of the life of Ferdinand Smith.
A wonderful book."
--Colin Palmer, Dodge Professor of History, Princeton
University
aRed Seas offers a rich account of the Communist Partyas
centrality in twentieth- century anti-racist struggles, the
critical role workers of colour and anti-racism played in the rise
and decline of organized labor, and the tragedy of paths not taken,
particularly toward the international labour alliances and
organizing that might have forestalled the current international
arace to the bottom.a
--"International Journal of Maritime History"
During the heyday of the U.S. and international labor movements
in the 1930s and 1940s, Ferdinand Smith, the Jamaican-born
co-founder and second-in-command of the National Maritime Union
(NMU), stands out as one of the most--if not the most--powerful
black labor leaders in the United States. Smithas active membership
in the Communist Party, however, coupled with his bold labor
radicalism and shaky immigration status, brought him undercontinual
surveillance by U.S. authorities, especially during the Red Scare
in the 1950s. Smith was eventually deported to his homeland of
Jamaica, where he continued his radical labor and political
organizing until his death in 1961.
Gerald Horne draws on Smithas life to make insightful
connections between labor radicalism and the Civil Rights
Movement--demonstrating that the gains of the latter were propelled
by the former and undermined by anticommunism. Moreover, Red Seas
uncovers the little-known experiences of black sailors and their
contribution to the struggle for labor and civil rights, the
history of the Communist Party and its black members, and the
significant dimensions of Jamaican labor and political
radicalism.