Nuclei and nuclear reactions offer a unique setting for
investigating three (and in some cases even all four) of the
fundamental forces in nature. Nuclei have been shown mainly by
performing scattering experiments with electrons, muons and
neutrinos to be extended objects with complex internal structures:
constituent quarks; gluons, whose exchange binds the quarks
together; sea-quarks, the ubiquitous virtual quark-antiquark pairs
and last but not least, clouds of virtual mesons, surrounding an
inner nuclear region, their exchange being the source of the
nucleon-nucleon interaction.
The interplay between the (mostly attractive) hadronic
nucleon-nucleon interaction and the repulsive Coulomb force is
responsible for the existence of nuclei; their degree of stability,
expressed in the details and limits of the chart of nuclides; their
rich structure and the variety of their interactions. Despite the
impressive successes of the classical nuclear models and of
ab-initio approaches, there is clearly no end in sight for either
theoretical or experimental developments as shown e.g. by the
recent need to introduce more sophisticated three-body interactions
to account for an improved picture of nuclear structure and
reactions. Yet, it turns out that the internal structure of the
nucleons has comparatively little influence on the behavior of the
nucleons in nuclei and nuclear physics especially nuclear structure
and reactions is thus a field of science in its own right, without
much recourse to subnuclear degrees of freedom.
This book collects essential material that was presented in the
form of lectures notes in nuclear physics courses for graduate
students at the University of Cologne. It follows the course's
approach, conveying the subject matter by combining experimental
facts and experimental methods and tools with basic theoretical
knowledge. Emphasis is placed on the importance of spin and orbital
angular momentum (leading e.g. to applications in energy research,
such as fusion with polarized nuclei) and on the operational
definition of observables in nuclear physics. The end-of-chapter
problems serve above all to elucidate and detail physical ideas
that could not be presented in full detail in the main text.
Readers are assumed to have a working knowledge of quantum
mechanics and a basic grasp of both non-relativistic and
relativistic kinematics; the latter in particular is a prerequisite
for interpreting nuclear reactions and the connections to particle
and high-energy physics."
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