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Principles of Proteomics (Hardcover)
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Principles of Proteomics (Hardcover)
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Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteomes. A proteome is a
set of proteins produced in an organism, system, or biological
context. We may refer to, for instance, the proteome of a species
(for example, Homo sapiens) or an organ (for example, the liver).
The proteome is not constant; it differs from cell tofficell and
changes over time. However, protein activity (often assessed by the
reaction rate of the processes in which the protein is involved) is
also modulated by many factors in addition to the expression level
of the relevant gene. Several high-throughput technologies have
been developed to investigate proteomes in depth. The most commonly
applied are mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques such as
Tandem-MS and gel-based techniques such as differential in-gel
electrophoresis (DIGE). These high-throughput technologies generate
huge amounts of data. Databases are critical for recording and
carefully storing this data, allowing the researcher to make
connections between their results and existing knowledge.
Proteomics is a rapidly growing field of molecular biology that is
concerned with the systematic, high-throughput approach to protein
expression analysis of a cell or an organism. Typical results of
proteomics studies are inventories of the protein content of
differentially expressed proteins across multiple conditions.
Post-translational modifications, alternative splice products, and
proteins intractable to classic separation techniques have
presented a challenge towards the realization of the conventional
definition of the word. Today, many different areas of study are
explored by proteomics. Amongst them are protein-protein
interaction studies, protein function, protein modifications, and
protein localization studies. The fundamental goal of proteomics is
not only to pinpoint all the proteins in a cell, but also to
generate a complete three-dimensional map of the cell indicating
their exact location. In many ways, proteomics runs parallel to
genomics. The starting point for genomics is a gene in order to
make inferences about its products (i.e. proteins), whereas
proteomics begins with the functionally modified protein and works
back to the gene responsible for its production. The techniques for
proteome analysis are not as straightforward as those used in
transcriptomics. However, the advantage of proteomics is that the
real functional molecules of the cell are being studied. Strong
gene expression, resulting in an abundant mRNA, does not
necessarily mean that the corresponding protein is also abundant or
indeed active in the cell. This Text is intended to give the
molecular biologist a rudimentary understanding of the technologies
behind proteomics and their application to address biological
questions.
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