Of all the horrors of the last century--perhaps the bloodiest
century of the past millennium--ethnic cleansing ranks among the
worst. The term burst forth in public discourse in the spring of
1992 as a way to describe Serbian attacks on the Muslims of
Bosnia-Herzegovina, but as this landmark book attests, ethnic
cleansing is neither new nor likely to cease in our time.
Norman Naimark, distinguished historian of Europe and Russia,
provides an insightful history of ethnic cleansing and its
relationship to genocide and population transfer. Focusing on five
specific cases, he exposes the myths about ethnic cleansing, in
particular the commonly held belief that the practice stems from
ancient hatreds. Naimark shows that this face of genocide had its
roots in the European nationalism of the late nineteenth century
but found its most virulent expression in the twentieth century as
modern states and societies began to organize themselves by ethnic
criteria. The most obvious example, and one of Naimark's cases, is
the Nazi attack on the Jews that culminated in the Holocaust.
Naimark also discusses the Armenian genocide of 1915 and the
expulsion of Greeks from Anatolia during the Greco-Turkish War of
1921-22; the Soviet forced deportation of the Chechens-Ingush and
the Crimean Tatars in 1944; the Polish and Czechoslovak expulsion
of the Germans in 1944-47; and Bosnia and Kosovo.
In this harrowing history, Naimark reveals how over and over,
as racism and religious hatreds picked up an ethnic name tag, war
provided a cover for violence and mayhem, an evil tapestry behind
which nations acted with impunity.
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