It is good to mark the new Millennium by looking back as well as
forward. Whatever Shines Should Be Observed looks to the nineteenth
century to celebrate the achievements of five distinguished women,
four of whom were born in Ireland while the fifth married into an
Irish family, who made pioneering contributions to photography,
microscopy, astronomy and astrophysics.
The women featured came from either aristocratic or professional
families. Thus, at first sight, they had many material advantages
among their peers. In the ranks of the aristocracy there was often
a great passion for learning, and the mansions in which these
families lived contained libraries, technical equipment
(microscopes and telescopes) and collections from the world of
nature. More modest professional households of the time were rich
in books, while activities such as observing the stars, collecting
plants etc. typically formed an integral part of the children's
education.
To balance this it was the prevailing philosophy that boys could
learn, in addition to basic subjects, mathematics, mechanics,
physics, chemistry and classical languages, while girls were
channelled into 'polite' subjects like music and needlework. This
arrangement allowed boys to progress to University should they so
wish, where a range of interesting career choices (including
science and engineering) was open to them. Girls, on the other
hand, usually received their education at home, often under the
tutelage of a governess who would not herself had had any serious
contact with scientific or technical subjects. In particular,
progress to University was not during most of the nineteenth
century an option for women, and access toscientific libraries and
institutions was also prohibited.
Although those women with aristocratic and professional
backgrounds were in a materially privileged position and had an
opportunity to 'see' through the activities of their male friends
and relatives how professional scientific life was lived, to
progress from their places in society to the professions required
very special determination. Firstly, they had to individually
acquire scientific and technical knowledge, as well as necessary
laboratory methodology, without the advantage of formal training.
Then, it was necessary to carve out a niche in a particular field,
despite the special difficulties attending the publication of
scientific books or articles by a woman. There was no easy road to
science, or even any well worn track. To achieve recognition was a
pioneering activity without discernible ground rules.
With the hindsight of history, we recognise that the heroic
efforts which the women featured in this volume made to overcome
the social constraints that held them back from learning about, and
participating in, scientific and technical subjects, had a
consequence on a much broader canvas. In addition to what they each
achieved professionally they contributed within society to a
gradual erosion of those barriers raised against the participation
of women in academic life, thereby assisting in allowing University
places and professional opportunities to gradually become generally
available. It is a privilege to salute and thank the wonderful
women of the nineteenth century herein described for what they have
contributed to the women of today. William Herschel's famous motto
quicquid nitet notandum (whatever shinesshould be observed) applies
in a particular way to the luminous quality of their individual
lives, and those of us who presently observe their shining, as well
as those who now wait in the wings of the coming centuries to
emerge upon the scene, can each see a little further by their
light.
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