Chemokines represent a family of over 40 small proteins that,
for the most part, are secreted into the environment and function
by binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are
expressed on numerous different cell types. When initially
identified close to 30 years ago, these molecules were associated
with various human inflammatory diseases and it was recognized that
expression may be integral in leukocyte recruitment to inflamed
tissue. Within a relatively short period of time, early
participants within the field determined that these proteins
displayed distinct and conserved structural features and exerted
potent chemotactic effects on defined lymphocyte subsets. There are
now four sub-families of chemokines identified based on defined
structural criteria relating to the positional location of
conserved cysteine residues within the amino-terminus of the
protein. Chemokines are now recognized as important in numerous
biological processes ranging from maintaining the organizational
integrity of secondary lymphoid tissue to participating in various
aspects of both innate and adaptive immune responses following
microbial infection.
The host response to viral infection represents a
well-orchestrated ballet consisting of numerous participants with
diverse roles in defense but with the ultimate goal of generating
virus-specific lymphocytes whose job is to control and eliminate
the invading viral pathogen from infected tissues. Over the years,
an emerging picture has developed that indicates that chemokines
and their receptors are intimately involved in development of
effective host responses to viral pathogens. Chemokine expression
is now associated with all facets of defense against viral
infection including linking innate and adaptive immune
responses.
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