"The Great Confusion is essential to understanding Indian affairs
during and since the Progressive period." -- History "In the end,
this is a valuable study because Holm offerfs a new approach to a
period that deserves further analysis." -- Journal of the West
The United States government thought it could make Indians
"vanish." After the Indian Wars ended in the 1880s, the government
gave allotments of land to individual Native Americans in order to
turn them into farmers and sent their children to boarding schools
for indoctrination into the English language, Christianity, and the
ways of white people. Federal officials believed that these
policies would assimilate Native Americans into white society
within a generation or two. But even after decades of governmental
efforts to obliterate Indian culture, Native Americans refused to
vanish into the mainstream, and tribal identities remained
intact.
This revisionist history reveals how Native Americans' sense of
identity and "peoplehood" helped them resist and eventually defeat
the U.S. government's attempts to assimilate them into white
society during the Progressive Era (1890s-1920s). Tom Holm
discusses how Native Americans, though effectively colonial
subjects without political power, nonetheless maintained their
group identity through their native languages, religious practices,
works of art, and sense of homeland and sacred history. He also
describes how Euro-Americans became increasingly fascinated by and
supportive of Native American culture, spirituality, and
environmental consciousness. In the face of such Native resiliency
and non-Native advocacy, the government's assimilation policy
became irrelevant and inevitablycollapsed. The great confusion in
Indian affairs during the Progressive Era, Holm concludes,
ultimately paved the way for Native American tribes to be
recognized as nations with certain sovereign rights.
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