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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Thermodynamics & statistical physics > Statistical physics
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Collective Effects in Quantum Statistics of Radiation and Matter (Hardcover, 1988 ed.)
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Collective Effects in Quantum Statistics of Radiation and Matter (Hardcover, 1988 ed.)
Series: Mathematical Physics Studies, 9
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Material particles, electrons, atoms, molecules, interact with one
another by means of electromagnetic forces. That is, these forces
are the cause of their being combined into condensed (liquid or
solid) states. In these condensed states, the motion of the
particles relative to one another proceeds in orderly fashion;
their individual properties as well as the electric and magnetic
dipole moments and the radiation and absorption spectra, ordinarily
vary little by comparison with their properties in the free state.
Exceptiotls are the special so-called collective states of
condensed media that are formed under phase transitions of the
second kind. The collective states of matter are characterized to a
high degree by the micro-ordering that arises as a result of the
interaction between the particles and which is broken down by
chaotic thermal motion under heating. Examples of such pheonomena
are the superfluidity of liquid helium, and the superconductivity
and ferromagnetism of metals, which exist only at temperatures
below the critical temperature. At low temperature states the
particles do not exhibit their individual characteristics and
conduct themselves as a single whole in many respects. They flow
along capillaries in ordered fashion and create an undamped current
in a conductor or a macroscopic magnetic moment. In this regard the
material acquires special properties that are not usually inherent
to it.
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