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This book provides valuable insights on issues pertaining to
current macroeconomic policy debates and challenges in Bangladesh.
It evaluates various macroeconomic policies and reflects on a
future direction in terms of four central themes: (i) Macroeconomic
Policy, Growth and Poverty; (ii) Monetary and Fiscal Policy; (iii)
International Trade and Finance; and (iv) Finance and Growth. Given
its scope, the book will serve as a useful resource for academics
and macroeconomic practitioners whose work involves developing
countries.
This book assesses the digital Bangladesh initiative of the
government through different lenses: supply-side and demand-side
perspectives and policy diffusions. The Bangladesh government has
been pursuing a big-push policy for digitalization, namely the
"Digital Bangladesh Vision," since 2009 as a shifting development
strategy to leapfrog into the next level of development with the
leverage of demographic dividend. However, historical anecdotes,
dictated policy, international success stories and other related
issues could lead to a rethinking on ICT-based development
strategy. The content of the book draws on the author's
long-standing research works on ICTs and economic growth in
Bangladesh.
In the present investigation an attempt was made to develop a large
scale production of planting materials of two Japanese hybrid
cultivars of muskmelon through micropropagation. Seeds of two
popular Japanese muskmelon cultivars were surface sterilized and
cultured on semisolid MS medium supplemented with different
concentrations of GA3. Seed germination was the highest when MS
medium was supplemented with 0.2 mg/l GA3. In the present work, two
explants of two muskmelon cultivars viz. Sweet Gold and Midori
excised from axenic seedlings were cultured for shoot
proliferation. Nodal segments showed better shoot proliferation
than shoot tip explants. The maximum efficiency of shoot
multiplication was recorded in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l
BA. Maximum number and length of shoots were achieved in case of
nodal explants when cultured on MS medium augmented with 2.0 mg/l
BA. The highest percentage of in vitro grown cultured shoots to
develop roots was obtained when they were cultured in MS rooting
medium containing 0.5 mg/l NAA for two cultivars. Successfully
acclimatized plantlets were transplanted in to field and 80%
plantlets survived.
Micropropagation from shoot tips of one-month-old suckers of six
banana cultivars and subsequent field evaluation for commercial
exploitation, were studied. Among the various growth regulators,
the medium with 5 mg/l BAP was found to be the most effective for
micropropagation. Among the six banana cultivars, Sabari (AAB
genome) was the most responsive genotype to micropropagation.
Micropropagated plants of all cultivars showed significantly
superior performances for yield and yield contributing characters
over sucker-derived plants. In the second part induction of callus
from the male flowers and subsequent somatic embryogenesis were
tested. Among the different media formulations, the medium
fortified with 4 mg/l 2,4-D + 1 mg/l each of IAA, NAA and biotin
was found to be the most effective growth regulator formulation for
callus induction and growth. Among the five cultivars male flowers
of Sabari were found to show the highest response to callus
induction and subsequent embryo formation. Somatic embryo derived
plants of all banana cultivars at maturity exhibited wide range of
variation in yield and yield contributing characters.
The six varieties namely, BSH-2, IBON/97, BB-1, BB-2, KARAN-19 and
KARAN-163 were treated with single stress at crown root initiation
stage, single stress at heading stage, double stresses, one at
crown root initiation and the other at heading stage with a control
(without stress). Yield and yield components and the growth factors
were affected by all soil moisture treatments. Correlation analysis
of grain yield and yield contributing characters indicates a high
positive correlation coefficient with 1000-grain weight, harvest
index, tiller number/plant, fertile tiller number/plant and the
total dry organic matter. Water stress both at crown root
initiation and at heading stage was the most critical than at other
stages. However, in between these two, stress at the heading stage
was the highest. The variety BSH-2 was the most susceptible
whereas; KARAN-163 was the least susceptible one. Out of the six
cultivars of, KARAN-163 gave very good grain yield under all soil
moisture stresses. KARAN-19 might be suitable for cultivation in
unfavorable environments like non-irrigated condition for its
higher grain yield.
Different sugar types were evaluated on microtuberization
efficiencies of potato and sucrose was considered to be the best
sugar type and 8% sucrose in media was optimized. The media with 5
uM Jasmonic acid resulted the highest number and maximum yield of
microtubers than the other growth regulators used and high nitrate
content media increased microtuber size. Application of 2 mg/L
AgNO3 and propionic acid added media favored the in vitro
microtubers formation. Microtuberization in liquid media followed
by incubation at 8 h photoperiod promoted the number and fresh
weight of microtubers than the other physical supports (agar based,
liquid plus cotton and liquid plus sponge) and incubation (0, 8 and
16 h). The larger microtubers (0.5-0.6 cm diameter) showed
significantly higher survival capacity than smaller ones (0.3-0.4
cm dia). The dormancy termination and sprouting efficiencies of
microtubers were noted best in media with GA3 (100 ppm) treatment,
large size of microtubers and dark incubation. The media with 5 uM
Jasmonic acid showed maximum accumulation of total sugar, reducing
sugar and starch. The vitamin C content of microtubers decreased
with the extended storage periods.
Ninety F1 hybrids obtained by diallel cross involving ten tomato
genotypes displayed wide range of variation and heterosis for ten
characters studied. Heritability was the highest for no. of
fruit/cluster, fruits/plant, fruit yield/plant and no. of
seeds/fruit. The highest genetic advance and genetic advance
expressed as percentage were recorded for the characters no. of
fruits/plant and no. of seeds/fruit. The genetic advance,
coefficient of variability and heritability indicated that
selection of superior parents based on these characters might be
effective in hybridization programme to develop high performing
tomato hybrids. Combining ability analysis showed that yield and
yield component characters were found to be controlled by both
additive and non-additive genes. Good combiner genotypes Japany,
Epoch, Namdahri, Ratan and Legend possessed mostly dominant genes
for all the characters. For QTL analysis F2 population was
developed from a cross between two tomato genotypes Dynasagor and
Bari-4. Five QTLs were identified with fruit yield/plant. Of five,
three QTLs were contributed by the parent Dynasagor and two were
contributed by parent Bari-4.
The first part of this investigation deals with induction of callus
and regeneration of haploid plants from anther cultures of rice. Z2
containing 2,4-D 0.5 mg/l+NAA 2.5 mg/l+KIN 0.5 mg/l induced highest
6.36% callus in BRRI dhan-29. Medium containing 4.0% sucrose gave
the highest 7.5% callus formation as well as highest green plants
regeneration. Pretreatment of cold shock is beneficial for callus
induction and regeneration of haploid plants. Chromosomes counting
was made from root tips and observed 69.0% haploids (n=12) in BRRI
dhan-29. In the second part effect of three basal media MS, N6 and
LS supplemented with four growth regulator treatments on the
response of induction of callus from three different sources of
explants like mature seed scutella, roots and immature embryos of
four rice genotypes was studied. The highest callus formation 88.8%
was recorded in Taipei-309 from mature seed scutella. Calli were
subcultured with tryptophan in MS+2,4-D(1.0 & 1.5 mg/l)+NAA 0.5
mg/l for somatic embryogenesis. Regeneration response of
embryogenic calli was tested on RM1, RM2 and RM3 and highest 79.5%
calli formed shoots in BRRI dhan-29 from immature embryos in RM3.
The objective of the present investigation was to establish in
vitro culture and plant regeneration methods from leaf base and
rhizome bud explants of Z. officinale. The MS medium with 1.0 mg/l
2, 4-D proved to be the best for callus induction from leaf base
explants. Shoot regeneration was achieved after subculturing the
calli in different media formulation and 8.0 mg/l BA with 0.2 mg/l
2, 4-D was found to be the best for multiple shoot regeneration
from callus through organogenesis. MS medium supplemented with 5.0
mg/l NAA was the best formulation for successful culture
establishment as well as shoot proliferation from rhizome bud
explant. Multiple shoot proliferation was noticed at 4th subculture
in medium with 5.0 mg/l NAA and shoot proliferation was increased
with the increased number of subculture. Activated charcoal (AC)
enhanced multiple shoot proliferation and the optimum pH level for
shoot formation was 5.5 - 6.0 in the medium. MS + 4.0 mg/l NAA
proved to be the best for root induction. Rooted shoots (plantlets)
were gradually acclimatized and successfully established in polybag
soil.
Different aspects of micropropagation through meristem culture for
the production of virus indexed source plants, callus induction
followed by subsequent plant regeneration, in vitro tuberization
and field evaluation of the in vitro regenerated plants were
studied on four commercial cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum
L.) viz., Diamant, Cardinal, Shilbilati and Lalpakri. Rooted
plantlets of four potato cultivars obtained directly through
meristem culture and indirectly via callus phase were gradually
acclimatized and successfully established in the field. Visual
evaluation of the morphological traits of the meristem-derived
plants showed that all plants were normal and free from virus
diseases. Substantial yield increase was observed from
meristem-derived plants over their source plants. Somaclonal
variation among different plants derived from callus was observed.
The present investigation also addressed in vitro tuberization in
potato. The potato plants derived from microtubers of four
varieties under field condition was similar to look as that of
normal seed propagated plants.
The results show that vitiligo are quite prevalent and constitute a
major psychological health problem in Bangladesh. The occurrence of
diabetes mellitus, liver function test, renal function test,
hypertension related to lipid profile and others biochemical test
like uric acid, hemoglobin and specially performed T3, T4, TSH for
thyroid diseases were more frequent among the patients.
Particularly thyroid diseases and insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus had a great interrelation with vitiligo. Significant
change in serum total protein among the patients of age group below
10 and 11-20 years was observed. No major changes were observed for
ALT, AST, ALP, TC, HDL, TG and LDL. Disease incidence was the
highest 44% among 11-20 years age group. In the case of sex
incidence the female patients were 56%; on the other hand male
recorded 44%. The students were the highest percentage (48%)
suffering with vitiligo. The lesion of the vitiligo patients was
seen 85% on the exposed parts of the body. Family history was the
most important and 32% patients told that they had prior family
history. Eighty percent patients expressed that most of the persons
avoid them for marital relationship.
An efficient protocol for somatic embryogenesis and subsequent
plant regeneration was developed for sugarcane variety Isd-16 using
leaf sheath explants of 3, 6 and 12-months-old field grown plants.
Explants from 6-month-old plant showed the best response and
produced highest percentage of calli on MS + 3.0 mg/l 2,4-D.
L-proline 25mg/l significantly enhanced somatic embryogenesis. The
embryos germinated well on half-strength MS and developed into
plantlets. Somatic embryo derived plants under field condition
showed considerable variation in morphological, agronomical and
biochemical characters. For genetic transformation the calli were
co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring a binary
plasmid pCAMBIA1303 containing hpt (hygromycin phosphotransferase)
gene as a selectable marker and a -glucuronidase (gus) reporter
gene in the T-DNA region. The transient expression of gus in
hygromycin resistant calli and regenerated plants was confirmed by
GUS flurometric assay. PCR analysis of genomic DNA from regenerated
plants revealed that the hpt gene was integrated in the transgenic
plants."
The present investigation was carried out with an aim to studying
some physio-morphological characters of wheat associated with yield
under different soil moisture stress. The soil moisture stress as a
whole reduced the yield and yield contributing characters of wheat.
Correlation analysis of grain yield with yield attributing
characters indicated a high positive correlation coefficient with
total dry matter, crop growth rate, leaf number/plant, harvest
index, spikelet number/spike and 1000 kernel weight. Growth
analysis showed that both crown root initiation and heading stages
were the critical and care is needed at these stages for better
crop yield. However, heading stage was more critical. Stress study
clearly showed that the varieties differed from one another in
their tolerance to stress and among the varieties studied, Gaurab
was comparatively least susceptible one while Aghrani was the
highest highest susceptible. Phenotypic regression analysis also
showed that Gaurab had unit regression slope with low stability
value for grain yield/plant, fertile tiller number and 1000 kernel
weight indicating its stability to varying soil moisture
treatments.
Four epiphytic orchids viz., Dendrobium aphyllum, Vanda roxburghii,
Rhynchostylis retusa, Luisia teretifolia collected from four places
(Khulna, Cox's Bazar, Sylhet and Mymensingh) showed significant
variation in different morphological and reproductive characters.
The seeds of different species upon culture on to growth regulator
free media were able to germinate asymbiotically and subsequent
development into plantlet. Mature explants such as shoot tips,
axilliary buds, leaf segments, flower stalk segments and root tips
were also cultured in various types of culture media formulations.
Morphogenetic differentiation, tissue growth and rate of success of
the cultured explants in resuming new growth were found to vary
with orchid species, culture media and explant types. among the
four orchid taxa V. roxburghii was found to be the most responsive
for in vitro culture followed by D. aphyllum, R. retusa and L.
teretifolia. The plantlets thus developed through in vitro culture
were acclimated and transferred into in vivo condition and were
finally grown to maturity.
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