The notion of right-ordered groups is fundamental in theories of I-groups, ordered groups, torsion-free groups, and the theory of zero-divisors free rings, as well as in theoretical physics. Right-Ordered Groups is the first book to provide a systematic presentation of right-ordered group theory, describing all known and new results in the field. The volume addresses topics such as right-ordered groups and order permutation groups, the system of convex subgroups of a right-ordered group, and free products of right-ordered groups.

ThesubjectofthisbookisSemi-In?niteAlgebra,ormorespeci?cally,Semi-In?nite Homological Algebra. The term "semi-in?nite" is loosely associated with objects that can be viewed as extending in both a "positive" and a "negative" direction, withsomenaturalpositioninbetween,perhapsde?nedupto a"?nite"movement. Geometrically, this would mean an in?nite-dimensional variety with a natural class of "semi-in?nite" cycles or subvarieties, having always a ?nite codimension in each other, but in?nite dimension and codimension in the whole variety [37]. (For further instances of semi-in?nite mathematics see, e. g. , [38] and [57], and references below. ) Examples of algebraic objects of the semi-in?nite type range from certain in?nite-dimensional Lie algebras to locally compact totally disconnected topolo- cal groups to ind-schemes of ind-in?nite type to discrete valuation ?elds. From an abstract point of view, these are ind-pro-objects in various categories, often - dowed with additional structures. One contribution we make in this monograph is the demonstration of another class of algebraic objects that should be thought of as "semi-in?nite", even though they do not at ?rst glance look quite similar to the ones in the above list. These are semialgebras over coalgebras, or more generally over corings - the associative algebraic structures of semi-in?nite nature. The subject lies on the border of Homological Algebra with Representation Theory, and the introduction of semialgebras into it provides an additional link with the theory of corings [23], as the semialgebrasare the natural objects dual to corings.

Bifurcation theory studies how the structure of solutions to equations changes as parameters are varied. The nature of these changes depends both on the number of parameters and on the symmetries of the equations. Volume I discusses how singularity-theoretic techniques aid the understanding of transitions in multiparameter systems. This volume focuses on bifurcation problems with symmetry and shows how group-theoretic techniques aid the understanding of transitions in symmetric systems. Four broad topics are covered: group theory and steady-state bifurcation, equicariant singularity theory, Hopf bifurcation with symmetry, and mode interactions. The opening chapter provides an introduction to these subjects and motivates the study of systems with symmetry. Detailed case studies illustrate how group-theoretic methods can be used to analyze specific problems arising in applications.

The fundamental theorem of algebra states that any complex polynomial must have a complex root. This book examines three pairs of proofs of the theorem from three different areas of mathematics: abstract algebra, complex analysis and topology. The first proof in each pair is fairly straightforward and depends only on what could be considered elementary mathematics. However, each of these first proofs leads to more general results from which the fundamental theorem can be deduced as a direct consequence. These general results constitute the second proof in each pair. To arrive at each of the proofs, enough of the general theory of each relevant area is developed to understand the proof. In addition to the proofs and techniques themselves, many applications such as the insolvability of the quintic and the transcendence of e and pi are presented. Finally, a series of appendices give six additional proofs including a version of Gauss'original first proof. The book is intended for junior/senior level undergraduate mathematics students or first year graduate students, and would make an ideal "capstone" course in mathematics.

Lie group analysis, based on symmetry and invariance principles, is the only systematic method for solving nonlinear differential equations analytically. One of Lie’s striking achievements was the discovery that the majority of classical devices for integration of special types of ordinary differential equations could be explained and deduced by his theory. Moreover, this theory provides a universal tool for tackling considerable numbers of differential equations when other means of integration fail.

• This is the first modern text on ordinary differential equations where the basic integration methods are derived from Lie group theory
• Includes a concise and self contained introduction to differential equations
• Easy to follow and comprehensive introduction to Lie group analysis
• The methods described in this book have many applications

The book describes the history of Jordan algebras, and describes in full mathematical detail the recent structure theory for Jordan algebras of arbitrary dimension due to Efim Zel'manov. To keep the exposition elementary, the structure theory is developed for linear Jordan algebras (where the scalar ring contains 1/2, avoiding the nuisancy distractions of characteristic 2), though the modern quadratic methods are used throughout. Both the quadratic methods and the Zelmanov results go beyond the previous textbooks on Jordan Theory, written in the 1960's and early 1980's before the theory reached its final form. The book is written to serve either as a text for a 2nd year graduate course, or for independent reading, for students who need or wish to know a bit about Jordan algebras. It is not primaily aimed at experts or students going on to do research in the area, and no knowledge is required beyond standard first-year graduate algebra courses. General students of algebra can profit from exposure to nonassociative algebras, and students or professional mathematicians working in areas such as Lie algebras, differential geometry Äsymmetric spaces or bounded symmetric domainsÜ, functional analysis ÄJB algebras and triplesÜ, or exceptional groups and geometry Ärelated to the 27- dimensional Albert algebraÜ can also profit from acquaintance with the material. Jordan algebras crop up in many surprising settings, and find application to a variety of mathematical areas.

The notion of group is fundamental in our days, not only in mathematics, but also in classical mechanics, electromagnetism, theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, theory of elementary particles, etc. This notion has developed during a century and this development is connected with the names of great mathematicians as E. Galois, A. L. Cauchy, C. F. Gauss, W. R. Hamilton, C. Jordan, S. Lie, E. Cartan, H. Weyl, E. Wigner, and of many others. In mathematics, as in other sciences, the simple and fertile ideas make their way with difficulty and slowly; however, this long history would have been of a minor interest, had the notion of group remained connected only with rather restricted domains of mathematics, those in which it occurred at the beginning. But at present, groups have invaded almost all mathematical disciplines, mechanics, the largest part of physics, of chemistry, etc. We may say, without exaggeration, that this is the most important idea that occurred in mathematics since the invention of infinitesimal calculus; indeed, the notion of group expresses, in a precise and operational form, the vague and universal ideas of regularity and symmetry. The notion of group led to a profound understanding of the character of the laws which govern natural phenomena, permitting to formulate new laws, correcting certain inadequate formulations and providing unitary and non contradictory formulations for the investigated phenomena."

This volume is based on the presentations and discussions of a national symposium on "Couples in Conflict" that focused on family issues. A common thread throughout is that constructive conflict and negotiation are beneficial for relationships. Together, the chapters provide a foundation for thinking about creative ways in which our society can work to prevent or minimize destructive couple conflict and to enhance couples' abilities to constructively handle their differences. Divided into four parts, this book: *addresses the societal and bioevolutionary underpinnings of couple conflict; *presents the interpersonal roots of couple conflict and the consequences for individuals and couples; *discusses what effects couple conflict have on children and how individual differences in children moderate these effects; and *outlines the issue of policies and programs that address couple conflict. This book concludes with an essay that pulls these four themes together and points to new directions for research and program efforts.

This is a textbook for a course (or self-instruction) in cryptography with emphasis on algebraic methods. The first half of the book is a self-contained informal introduction to areas of algebra, number theory, and computer science that are used in cryptography. Most of the material in the second half - "hidden monomial" systems, combinatorial-algebraic systems, and hyperelliptic systems - has not previously appeared in monograph form. The Appendix by Menezes, Wu, and Zuccherato gives an elementary treatment of hyperelliptic curves. This book is intended for graduate students, advanced undergraduates, and scientists working in various fields of data security.

This self-contained monograph presents matrix algorithms and their analysis. The new technique enables not only the solution of linear systems but also the approximation of matrix functions, e.g., the matrix exponential. Other applications include the solution of matrix equations, e.g., the Lyapunov or Riccati equation. The required mathematical background can be found in the appendix. The numerical treatment of fully populated large-scale matrices is usually rather costly. However, the technique of hierarchical matrices makes it possible to store matrices and to perform matrix operations approximately with almost linear cost and a controllable degree of approximation error. For important classes of matrices, the computational cost increases only logarithmically with the approximation error. The operations provided include the matrix inversion and LU decomposition. Since large-scale linear algebra problems are standard in scientific computing, the subject of hierarchical matrices is of interest to scientists in computational mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering.

Algebra is the gateway to college and careers, yet it functions as the eye of the needle because of low pass rates for the middle school/high school course and students' struggles to understand. We have forty years of research that discusses the ways students think and their cognitive challenges as they engage with algebra. This book is a response to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics' (NCTM) call to better link research and practice by capturing what we have learned about students' algebraic thinking in a way that is usable by teachers as they prepare lessons or reflect on their experiences in the classroom. Through a Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education (FIPSE) grant, 17 teachers and mathematics educators read through the past 40 years of research on students' algebraic thinking to capture what might be useful information for teachers to know-over 1000 articles altogether. The resulting five domains addressed in the book (Variables & Expressions, Algebraic Relations, Analysis of Change, Patterns & Functions, and Modeling & Word Problems) are closely tied to CCSS topics. Over time, veteran math teachers develop extensive knowledge of how students engage with algebraic concepts-their misconceptions, ways of thinking, and when and how they are challenged to understand-and use that knowledge to anticipate students' struggles with particular lessons and plan accordingly. Veteran teachers learn to evaluate whether an incorrect response is a simple error or the symptom of a faulty or naive understanding of a concept. Novice teachers, on the other hand, lack the experience to anticipate important moments in the learning of their students. They often struggle to make sense of what students say in the classroom and determine whether the response is useful or can further discussion (Leatham, Stockero, Peterson, & Van Zoest 2011; Peterson & Leatham, 2009). The purpose of this book is to accelerate early career teachers' "experience" with how students think when doing algebra in middle or high school as well as to supplement veteran teachers' knowledge of content and students. The research that this book is based upon can provide teachers with insight into the nature of the student's struggles with particular algebraic ideas-to help teachers identify patterns that imply underlying thinking. Our book, How Students Think When Doing Algebra, is not intended to be a "how to" book for teachers. Instead, it is intended to orient new teachers to the ways students think and be a book that teachers at all points in their career continually pull of the shelf when they wonder, "how might my students struggle with this algebraic concept I am about to teach?" The primary audience for this book is early career mathematics teachers who don't have extensive experience working with students engaged in mathematics. However, the book can also be useful to veteran teachers to supplement their knowledge and is an ideal resource for mathematics educators who are preparing preservice teachers.

* Examines fragments of real multimodal communication, which provides insights on the universal mechanisms and devices of power and social influence * Enhances the readers awareness of how people may use multimodal communication to achieve and maintain power, and of how, by their own body, they may influence others and defend themselves from their influence, making this essential reading for students and academics * Refers to a variety of contexts in which communication is used and adapted, including in everyday life, at work, at school, and in politics to show the similarities and differences in these environments

The volume is a follow-up to the INdAM meeting "Special metrics and quaternionic geometry" held in Rome in November 2015. It offers a panoramic view of a selection of cutting-edge topics in differential geometry, including 4-manifolds, quaternionic and octonionic geometry, twistor spaces, harmonic maps, spinors, complex and conformal geometry, homogeneous spaces and nilmanifolds, special geometries in dimensions 5-8, gauge theory, symplectic and toric manifolds, exceptional holonomy and integrable systems. The workshop was held in honor of Simon Salamon, a leading international scholar at the forefront of academic research who has made significant contributions to all these subjects. The articles published here represent a compelling testimony to Salamon's profound and longstanding impact on the mathematical community. Target readership includes graduate students and researchers working in Riemannian and complex geometry, Lie theory and mathematical physics.

This is a memorial volume dedicated to A. L. S. Corner, previously Professor in Oxford, who published important results on algebra, especially on the connections of modules with endomorphism algebras. The volume contains refereed contributions which are related to the work of Corner.It contains also an unpublished extended paper of Corner himself. A memorial volume with important contributions related to algebra.

There has been considerable interest recently in the subject of patterns in permutations and words, a new branch of combinatorics with its roots in the works of Rotem, Rogers, and Knuth in the 1970s. Consideration of the patterns in question has been extremely interesting from the combinatorial point of view, and it has proved to be a useful language in a variety of seemingly unrelated problems, including the theory of Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials, singularities of Schubert varieties, interval orders, Chebyshev polynomials, models in statistical mechanics, and various sorting algorithms, including sorting stacks and sortable permutations.

The author collects the main results in the field in this up-to-date, comprehensive reference volume. He highlights significant achievements in the area, and points to research directions and open problems. The book will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in theoretical computer science and mathematics, in particular those working in algebraic combinatorics and combinatorics on words. It will also be of interest to specialists in other branches of mathematics, theoretical physics, and computational biology.

The author collects the main results in the field in this up-to-date, comprehensive reference volume. He highlights significant achievements in the area, and points to research directions and open problems. The book will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in theoretical computer science and mathematics, in particular those working in algebraic combinatorics and combinatorics on words. It will also be of interest to specialists in other branches of mathematics, theoretical physics, and computational biology.

This popular and successful text was originally written for a one-semester course in linear algebra at the sophomore undergraduate level. Students at this level generally have had little contact with complex numbers or abstract mathematics, so the book deals almost exclusively with real finite dimensional vector spaces, but in a setting and formulation that permits easy generalization to abstract vector spaces. The goal of the first two editions was the principal axis theorem for real symmetric linear transformation. The principal axis theorem becomes the first of two goals for this new edition, which follows a straight path to its solution. A wide selection of examples of vector spaces and linear transformation is presented to serve as a testing ground for the theory. In the second edition, a new chapter on Jordan normal form was added which reappears here in expanded form as the second goal of this new edition, along with applications to differential systems. To achieve the principal axis theorem in one semester a straight path to these two goals is followed. As compensation, there is a wide selection of examples and exercises. In addition, the author includes an introduction to invariant theory to show students that linear algebra alone is not capable of solving these canonical forms problems. The book continues to offer a compact, but mathematically clean introduction to linear algebra with particular emphasis on topics that are used in abstract algebra, the theory of differential equations, and group representation theory.

This textbook provides a readable account of the examples and fundamental results of groups from a theoretical and geometrical point of view. This is the second book of the set of two books on groups theory. Topics on linear transformation and linear groups, group actions on sets, Sylow's theorem, simple groups, products of groups, normal series, free groups, platonic solids, Frieze and wallpaper symmetry groups and characters of groups have been discussed in depth. Covering all major topics, this book is targeted to advanced undergraduate students of mathematics with no prerequisite knowledge of the discussed topics. Each section ends with a set of worked-out problems and supplementary exercises to challenge the knowledge and ability of the reader.

This proceedings volume presents selected, peer-reviewed contributions from the 26th National School on Algebra, which was held in Constanta, Romania, on August 26-September 1, 2018. The works cover three fields of mathematics: algebra, geometry and discrete mathematics, discussing the latest developments in the theory of monomial ideals, algebras of graphs and local positivity of line bundles. Whereas interactions between algebra and geometry go back at least to Hilbert, the ties to combinatorics are much more recent and are subject of immense interest at the forefront of contemporary mathematics research. Transplanting methods between different branches of mathematics has proved very fruitful in the past - for example, the application of fixed point theorems in topology to solving nonlinear differential equations in analysis. Similarly, combinatorial structures, e.g., Newton-Okounkov bodies, have led to significant advances in our understanding of the asymptotic properties of line bundles in geometry and multiplier ideals in algebra. This book is intended for advanced graduate students, young scientists and established researchers with an interest in the overlaps between different fields of mathematics. A volume for the 24th edition of this conference was previously published with Springer under the title "Multigraded Algebra and Applications" (ISBN 978-3-319-90493-1).

This book discusses the application of independent continuous mapping method in predicting and the optimization of the mechanical performance of buckling with displacement, stress and static constrains. Each model is explained by mathematical theories and followed by simulation with frequently-used softwares. With abundant project data, the book is an essential reference for mechanical engineers, structural engineers and industrial designers.

The book presents an introduction to the geometry of Hilbert spaces and operator theory, targeting graduate and senior undergraduate students of mathematics. Major topics discussed in the book are inner product spaces, linear operators, spectral theory and special classes of operators, and Banach spaces. On vector spaces, the structure of inner product is imposed. After discussing geometry of Hilbert spaces, its applications to diverse branches of mathematics have been studied. Along the way are introduced orthogonal polynomials and their use in Fourier series and approximations. Spectrum of an operator is the key to the understanding of the operator. Properties of the spectrum of different classes of operators, such as normal operators, self-adjoint operators, unitaries, isometries and compact operators have been discussed. A large number of examples of operators, along with their spectrum and its splitting into point spectrum, continuous spectrum, residual spectrum, approximate point spectrum and compression spectrum, have been worked out. Spectral theorems for self-adjoint operators, and normal operators, follow the spectral theorem for compact normal operators. The book also discusses invariant subspaces with special attention to the Volterra operator and unbounded operators. In order to make the text as accessible as possible, motivation for the topics is introduced and a greater amount of explanation than is usually found in standard texts on the subject is provided. The abstract theory in the book is supplemented with concrete examples. It is expected that these features will help the reader get a good grasp of the topics discussed. Hints and solutions to all the problems are collected at the end of the book. Additional features are introduced in the book when it becomes imperative. This spirit is kept alive throughout the book.

Motivated by some notorious open problems, such as the Jacobian conjecture and the tame generators problem, the subject of polynomial automorphisms has become a rapidly growing field of interest. This book, the first in the field, collects many of the results scattered throughout the literature. It introduces the reader to a fascinating subject and brings him to the forefront of research in this area. Some of the topics treated are invertibility criteria, face polynomials, the tame generators problem, the cancellation problem, exotic spaces, DNA for polynomial automorphisms, the Abhyankar-Moh theorem, stabilization methods, dynamical systems, the Markus-Yamabe conjecture, group actions, Hilbert's 14th problem, various linearization problems and the Jacobian conjecture. The work is essentially self-contained and aimed at the level of beginning graduate students. Exercises are included at the end of each section. At the end of the book there are appendices to cover used material from algebra, algebraic geometry, D-modules and GrAbner basis theory. A long list of ''strong'' examples and an extensive bibliography conclude the book.

The contributions by leading experts in this book focus on a variety of topics of current interest related to information-based complexity, ranging from function approximation, numerical integration, numerical methods for the sphere, and algorithms with random information, to Bayesian probabilistic numerical methods and numerical methods for stochastic differential equations.

Bibliograpby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Critical point dominance in quantum field models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 lp, ' quantum fieId model in the single-phase regioni: Differentiability of the mass and bounds on critical exponents . . . . 341 Remark on the existence of lp: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 On the approach to the critical point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Critical exponents and elementary partic1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 V Particle Structure Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 The entropy principle for vertex funetions in quantum fieId models . . . . . 372 Three-partic1e structure of lp' interactions and the sealing limit . . . . . . . . . 397 Two and three body equations in quantum field models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Partic1es and scaling for lattice fields and Ising models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 The resununation of one particIe lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 VI Bounds on Coupling Constants Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Absolute bounds on vertices and couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 The coupling constant in a lp' field theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 VII Confinement and Instantons Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Instantons in a U(I) lattice gauge theory: A coulomb dipole gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 Charges, vortiees and confinement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 vi VIII ReOectioD Positivity Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 A note on reflection positivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 vii Collected Papers - Volume 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 I Infinite Renormalization of the Hamiltonian Is Necessary 9 II Quantum Field Theory Models: Parti. The ep;" Model 13 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Fock space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Q space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 The Hamiltonian H(g). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Basic Algebra and Advanced Algebra systematically develop concepts and tools in algebra that are vital to every mathematician, whether pure or applied, aspiring or established. Together, the two books give the reader a global view of algebra and its role in mathematics as a whole.

Key topics and features of Advanced Algebra:

*Topics build upon the linear algebra, group theory, factorization of ideals, structure of fields, Galois theory, and elementary theory of modules as developed in Basic Algebra

*Chapters treat various topics in commutative and noncommutative algebra, providing introductions to the theory of associative algebras, homological algebra, algebraic number theory, and algebraic geometry

*Sections in two chapters relate the theory to the subject of GrAbner bases, the foundation for handling systems of polynomial equations in computer applications

*Text emphasizes connections between algebra and other branches of mathematics, particularly topology and complex analysis

*Book carries on two prominent themes recurring in Basic Algebra: the analogy between integers and polynomials in one variable over a field, and the relationship between number theory and geometry

*Many examples and hundreds of problems are included, along with hints or complete solutions for most of the problems

*The exposition proceeds from the particular to the general, often providing examples well before a theory that incorporates them; it includes blocks of problems that illuminate aspects of the text and introduce additional topics

Advanced Algebra presents its subject matter in a forward-looking way that takes into account the historical development of thesubject. It is suitable as a text for the more advanced parts of a two-semester first-year graduate sequence in algebra. It requires of the reader only a familiarity with the topics developed in Basic Algebra.